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-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/.gitignore4
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/Makefile12
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/book.toml11
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/components.md114
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/default.nix42
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/SUMMARY.md10
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/TODO.md129
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/architecture.md147
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/figures/component-flow.puml (renamed from tvix/docs/component-flow.puml)20
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/lang-version.md62
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/language-spec.md (renamed from tvix/docs/language-spec.md)13
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/src/value-pointer-equality.md338
-rw-r--r--tvix/docs/theme/highlight.js590
13 files changed, 1302 insertions, 190 deletions
diff --git a/tvix/docs/.gitignore b/tvix/docs/.gitignore
index 77699ee8a3..8117055463 100644
--- a/tvix/docs/.gitignore
+++ b/tvix/docs/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-*.svg
-*.html
+book
+.mdbook-plantuml-cache/
diff --git a/tvix/docs/Makefile b/tvix/docs/Makefile
deleted file mode 100644
index ba9e2bdef6..0000000000
--- a/tvix/docs/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-all: build
-
-puml:
-	plantuml *.puml -tsvg
-
-html:
-	pandoc *.md -f markdown --self-contained -t html -s -o tvix.html --csl=${CSL}
-
-build: puml html
-
-clean:
-	rm -f *.tex *.pdf *.png *.svg
diff --git a/tvix/docs/book.toml b/tvix/docs/book.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7318a90233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/book.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[book]
+authors = ["The Tvix Authors"]
+language = "en"
+multilingual = false
+src = "src"
+title = "Tvix Docs"
+
+[preprocessor.plantuml]
+# override the /usr/bin/plantuml default
+plantuml-cmd = "plantuml"
+use-data-uris = true
diff --git a/tvix/docs/components.md b/tvix/docs/components.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 19e7baa3ec..0000000000
--- a/tvix/docs/components.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "Tvix - Architecture & data flow"
-numbersections: true
-author:
-- adisbladis
-- flokli
-- tazjin
-email:
-- adis@blad.is
-- mail@tazj.in
-lang: en-GB
-classoption:
-- twocolumn
-header-includes:
-- \usepackage{caption, graphicx, tikz, aeguill, pdflscape}
----
-
-# Background
-
-We intend for Tvix tooling to be more decoupled than the existing,
-monolithic Nix implementation. In practice, we expect to gain several
-benefits from this, such as:
-
-- Ability to use different builders
-- Ability to use different store implementations
-- No monopolisation of the implementation, allowing users to replace
-  components that they are unhappy with (up to and including the
-  language evaluator)
-- Less hidden intra-dependencies between tools due to explicit RPC/IPC
-  boundaries
-
-Communication between different components of the system will use
-gRPC. The rest of this document outlines the components.
-
-# Components
-
-## Coordinator
-
-*Purpose:* The coordinator (in the simplest case, the Tvix CLI tool)
-oversees the flow of a build process and delegates tasks to the right
-subcomponents. For example, if a user runs the equivalent of
-`nix-build` in a folder containing a `default.nix` file, the
-coordinator will invoke the evaluator, pass the resulting derivations
-to the builder and coordinate any necessary store interactions (for
-substitution and other purposes).
-
-While many users are likely to use the CLI tool as their primary
-method of interacting with Tvix, it is not unlikely that alternative
-coordinators (e.g. for a distributed, "Nix-native" CI system) would be
-implemented. To facilitate this, we are considering implementing the
-coordinator on top of a state-machine model that would make it
-possible to reuse the FSM logic without tying it to any particular
-kind of application.
-
-## Evaluator
-
-*Purpose:* Eval takes care of evaluating Nix code. In a typical build
-flow it would be responsible for producing derivations. It can also be
-used as a standalone tool, for example, in use-cases where Nix is used
-to generate configuration without any build or store involvement.
-
-*Requirements:* For now, it will run on the machine invoking the build
-command itself. We give it filesystem access to handle things like
-imports or `builtins.readFile`.
-
-In the future, we might abstract away raw filesystem access by
-allowing the evaluator to request files from the coordinator (which
-will query the store for it). This might get messy, and the benefits
-are questionable. We might be okay with running the evaluator with
-filesystem access for now and can extend the interface if the need
-arises.
-
-## Builder
-
-*Purpose:* A builder receives derivations from the coordinator and
-builds them.
-
-By making builder a standardised interface it's possible to make the
-sandboxing mechanism used by the build process pluggable.
-
-Nix is currently using a hard-coded
-[libseccomp](https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp) based sandboxing
-mechanism and another one based on
-[sandboxd](https://www.unix.com/man-page/mojave/8/sandboxd/) on macOS.
-These are only separated by [compiler preprocessor
-macros](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Ifdef.html) within the same
-source files despite having very little in common with each other.
-
-This makes experimentation with alternative backends difficult and
-porting Nix to other platforms harder than it has to be. We want to
-write a new Linux builder which uses
-[OCI](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec), the current
-dominant Linux containerisation technology, by default.
-
-With a well-defined builder abstraction, it's also easy to imagine
-other backends such as a Kubernetes-based one in the future.
-
-## Store
-
-*Purpose:* Store takes care of storing build results. It provides a
-unified interface to get file paths and upload new ones.
-
-Most likely, we will end up with multiple implementations of store, a
-few possible ones that come to mind are:
-
-- Local
-- SSH
-- GCP
-- S3
-- Ceph
-
-# Figures
-
-![component flow](./component-flow.svg)
diff --git a/tvix/docs/default.nix b/tvix/docs/default.nix
index 016d641df5..9fc2f76576 100644
--- a/tvix/docs/default.nix
+++ b/tvix/docs/default.nix
@@ -1,47 +1,23 @@
 { pkgs, lib, ... }:
 
-let
-
-  tl = pkgs.texlive.combine {
-    inherit (pkgs.texlive) scheme-medium wrapfig ulem capt-of
-      titlesec preprint enumitem paralist ctex environ svg
-      beamer trimspaces zhnumber changepage framed pdfpages
-      fvextra minted upquote ifplatform xstring;
-  };
-
-  csl = pkgs.fetchurl {
-    name = "numeric.csl";
-    url = "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/bwiernik/8c6f39cf51ceb3a03107/raw/1d75c2d62113ffbba6ed03a47ad99bde86934f2b/APA%2520Numeric";
-    sha256 = "1yfhhnhbzvhrv93baz98frmgsx5y442nzhb0l956l4j35fb0cc3h";
-  };
-
-in
 pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation {
-  pname = "tvix-doc";
+  pname = "tvix-docs";
   version = "0.1";
 
-  outputs = [ "out" "svg" ];
+  outputs = [ "out" ];
 
   src = lib.cleanSource ./.;
 
-  CSL = csl;
-
   nativeBuildInputs = [
-    pkgs.pandoc
+    pkgs.mdbook
+    pkgs.mdbook-plantuml
     pkgs.plantuml
-    tl
   ];
 
-  installPhase = ''
-    runHook preInstall
-
-    mkdir -p $out
-    cp -v *.html $out/
-
-    mkdir -p $svg
-    cp -v *.svg $svg/
-
-    runHook postSubmit
+  # plantuml wants to create ./.mdbook-plantuml-cache, which fails as $src is r/o.
+  # copy all sources elsewhere to workaround.
+  buildCommand = ''
+    cp -R $src/. .
+    mdbook build -d $out
   '';
-
 }
diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/SUMMARY.md b/tvix/docs/src/SUMMARY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0e47a0011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/SUMMARY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Summary
+
+# Tvix
+- [Architecture & data flow](./architecture.md)
+- [TODOs](./TODO.md)
+
+# Nix
+- [Specification of the Nix Language](./language-spec.md)
+- [Nix language version history](./lang-version.md)
+- [Value Pointer Equality](./value-pointer-equality.md)
diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/TODO.md b/tvix/docs/src/TODO.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6644bb6bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/TODO.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# TODO
+
+This contains a rough collection of ideas on the TODO list, trying to keep track
+of it somewhere.
+
+Of course, there's no guarantee these things will get addressed, but it helps
+dumping the backlog somewhere.
+
+Feel free to add new ideas. Before picking something, ask in `#tvix-dev` to make
+sure noone is working on this, or has some specific design in mind already.
+
+## Cleanups
+ - move some of the rstest cases in `tvix-glue` to the `.nix`/`.exp` mechanism.
+   - Parts requiring test fixtures need some special convention.
+     Some of these also cannot be checked into the repo, like the import tests
+     adding special files to test filtering.
+ - add `nix_oracle` mechanism from `tvix-eval` to `tvix-glue`.
+
+## Fixes towards correctness
+ - `builtins.toXML` is missing string context. See b/398.
+ - `builtins.toXML` self-closing tags need to be configurable in a more granular
+   fashion, requires third-party crate support. See b/399.
+ - `rnix` only supports string source files, but `NixString` uses bytes (and Nix
+   source code might be no valid UTF-8).
+
+## Documentation
+Extend the other pages in here. Some ideas on what should be tackled:
+ - Document what Tvix is, and what it is not yet. What it is now, what it is not
+   (yet), explaining some of the architectural choices (castore, more hermetic
+   `Build` repr), while still being compatible. Explain how it's possible to
+   plug in other frontends, and use `tvix-{[ca]store,build}` without Nixlang even.
+   And how `nix-compat` is a useful crate for all sorts of formats and data
+   types of Nix.
+ - Update the Architecture diagram to model the current state of things.
+   There's no gRPC between Coordinator and Evaluator.
+ - Add a dedicated section/page explaining the separation between tvix-glue and
+   tvix-eval, and how more annoying builtins get injected into tvix-eval through
+   tvix-glue.
+   Maybe restructure to only explain the component structure potentially
+   crossing process boundaries (those with gRPC), and make the rest more crate
+   and trait-focused?
+ - Restructure docs on castore vs store, this seems to be duplicated a bit and
+   is probably still not too clear.
+ - Describe store composition(s) in more detail. There's some notes on granular
+   fetching which probably can be repurposed.
+ - Absorb the rest of //tvix/website into this.
+
+## Features
+
+### CLI
+ - `nix repl` can set variables and effectively mutates a global scope. We
+  should update the existing / add another repl that allows the same. We don't
+  want to mutate the evaluator, but should construct a new one, passing in the
+  root scope returned from the previous evaluation.
+
+### Fetchers
+Some more fetcher-related builtins need work:
+ - `fetchGit`
+ - `fetchTree` (hairy, seems there's no proper spec and the URL syntax seems
+   subject to change/underdocumented)
+
+### Convert builtins:fetchurl to Fetches
+We need to convert `builtins:fetchurl`-style calls to `builtins.derivation` to
+fetches, not Derivations (tracked in `KnownPaths`).
+
+### Derivation -> Build
+While we have some support for `structuredAttrs` and `fetchClosure` (at least
+enough to calculate output hashes, aka produce identical ATerm), the code
+populating the `Build` struct doesn't exist it yet.
+
+Similarly, we also don't properly populate the build environment for
+`fetchClosure` yet. (Note there already is `ExportedPathInfo`, so once
+`structuredAttrs` is there this should be easy.
+
+### Builders
+Once builds are proven to work with real-world builds, and the corner cases
+there are ruled out, adding other types of builders might be interesting.
+
+ - bwrap
+ - gVisor
+ - Cloud Hypervisor (using similar technique as `//tvix//boot`).
+
+Long-term, we want to extend traits and gRPC protocol to expose more telemetry,
+logs etc, but this is something requiring a lot of designing.
+
+### Store composition
+ - Combinators: list-by-priority, first-come-first-serve, cache
+ - How do describe hierarchies. URL format too one-dimensional, but we might get
+   quite far with a similar "substituters" concept that Nix uses, to construct
+   the composed stores.
+### Store Config
+   There's already serde for some store options (bigtable uses `serde_qs`).
+   We might also have common options global over all backends, like chunking
+   parameters for chunking blobservices. Think where this would fit in.
+ - Rework the URL syntax for object_store. We should support the default s3/gcs
+   URLs at least.
+
+### BlobService
+ - On the trait side, currently there's no way to distinguish reading a
+   known-chunk vs blob, so we might be calling `.chunks()` unnecessarily often.
+   At least for the `object_store` backend, this might be a problem.
+ - While `object_store` recently got support for `Content-Type`
+   (https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/pull/5650), there's no support on the
+   local filesystem yet. We'd need to add support to this (through xattrs).
+
+### DirectoryService
+ - Add an `object_store` variant, storing a Directory *closure* keyed by the
+   root `Directory` digest. This won't allow indexing intermediate Directory
+   nodes, but once we have `DirectoryService` composition, it shouldn't be an
+   issue.
+ - [redb](https://www.redb.org/) backend
+
+### PathInfoService
+ - [redb](https://www.redb.org/) backend
+ - sqlite backend (different schema than the Nix one, we need the root nodes data!)
+
+### Nix-compat
+- Async NAR reader (@edef?)
+
+### Nix Daemon protocol
+- Some work ongoing on the worker operation parsing. Partially blocked on the async NAR reader.
+
+### O11Y
+ - gRPC trace propagation (cl/10532)
+ - `tracing-tracy` (cl/10952)
+ - `[tracing-]indicatif` for progress/log reporting (floklis stash)
+ - unification into `tvix-tracing` crate, currently a lot of boilerplate
+   in `tvix-store` CLI entrypoint, and half of the boilerplate copied over to
+   `tvix-cli`.
diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/architecture.md b/tvix/docs/src/architecture.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e0aa95f1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/architecture.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Tvix - Architecture & data flow
+
+## Background
+
+We intend for Tvix tooling to be more decoupled than the existing,
+monolithic Nix implementation. In practice, we expect to gain several
+benefits from this, such as:
+
+- Ability to use different builders
+- Ability to use different store implementations
+- No monopolisation of the implementation, allowing users to replace
+  components that they are unhappy with (up to and including the
+  language evaluator)
+- Less hidden intra-dependencies between tools due to explicit RPC/IPC
+  boundaries
+
+Communication between different components of the system will use
+gRPC. The rest of this document outlines the components.
+
+## Components
+
+### Coordinator
+
+*Purpose:* The coordinator (in the simplest case, the Tvix CLI tool)
+oversees the flow of a build process and delegates tasks to the right
+subcomponents. For example, if a user runs the equivalent of
+`nix-build` in a folder containing a `default.nix` file, the
+coordinator will invoke the evaluator, pass the resulting derivations
+to the builder and coordinate any necessary store interactions (for
+substitution and other purposes).
+
+While many users are likely to use the CLI tool as their primary
+method of interacting with Tvix, it is not unlikely that alternative
+coordinators (e.g. for a distributed, "Nix-native" CI system) would be
+implemented. To facilitate this, we are considering implementing the
+coordinator on top of a state-machine model that would make it
+possible to reuse the FSM logic without tying it to any particular
+kind of application.
+
+### Evaluator
+
+*Purpose:* Eval takes care of evaluating Nix code. In a typical build
+flow it would be responsible for producing derivations. It can also be
+used as a standalone tool, for example, in use-cases where Nix is used
+to generate configuration without any build or store involvement.
+
+*Requirements:* For now, it will run on the machine invoking the build
+command itself. We give it filesystem access to handle things like
+imports or `builtins.readFile`.
+
+To support IFD, the Evaluator also needs access to store paths. This
+could be implemented by having the coordinator provide an interface to retrieve
+files from a store path, or by ensuring a "realized version of the store" is
+accessible by the evaluator (this could be a FUSE filesystem, or the "real"
+/nix/store on disk.
+
+We might be okay with running the evaluator with filesystem access for now and
+can extend the interface if the need arises.
+
+### Builder
+
+*Purpose:* A builder receives derivations from the coordinator and
+builds them.
+
+By making builder a standardised interface it's possible to make the
+sandboxing mechanism used by the build process pluggable.
+
+Nix is currently using a hard-coded
+[libseccomp](https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp) based sandboxing
+mechanism and another one based on
+[sandboxd](https://www.unix.com/man-page/mojave/8/sandboxd/) on macOS.
+These are only separated by [compiler preprocessor
+macros](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Ifdef.html) within the same
+source files despite having very little in common with each other.
+
+This makes experimentation with alternative backends difficult and
+porting Nix to other platforms harder than it has to be. We want to
+write a new Linux builder which uses
+[OCI](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec), the current
+dominant Linux containerisation technology, by default.
+
+With a well-defined builder abstraction, it's also easy to imagine
+other backends such as a Kubernetes-based one in the future.
+
+The environment in which builds happen is currently very Nix-specific. We might
+want to avoid having to maintain all the intricacies of a Nix-specific
+sandboxing environment in every builder, and instead only provide a more
+generic interface, receiving build requests (and have the coordinator translate
+derivations to that format). [^1]
+
+To build, the builder needs to be able to mount all build inputs into the build
+environment. For this, it needs the store to expose a filesystem interface.
+
+### Store
+
+*Purpose:* Store takes care of storing build results. It provides a
+unified interface to get store paths and upload new ones, as well as querying
+for the existence of a store path and its metadata (references, signatures, …).
+
+Tvix natively uses an improved store protocol. Instead of transferring around
+NAR files, which don't provide an index and don't allow seekable access, a
+concept similar to git tree hashing is used.
+
+This allows more granular substitution, chunk reusage and parallel download of
+individual files, reducing bandwidth usage.
+As these chunks are content-addressed, it opens up the potential for
+peer-to-peer trustless substitution of most of the data, as long as we sign the
+root of the index.
+
+Tvix still keeps the old-style signatures, NAR hashes and NAR size around. In
+the case of NAR hash / NAR size, this data is strictly required in some cases.
+The old-style signatures are valuable for communication with existing
+implementations.
+
+Old-style binary caches (like cache.nixos.org) can still be exposed via the new
+interface, by doing on-the-fly (re)chunking/ingestion.
+
+Most likely, there will be multiple implementations of store, some storing
+things locally, some exposing a "remote view".
+
+A few possible ones that come to mind are:
+
+- Local store
+- SFTP/ GCP / S3 / HTTP
+- NAR/NARInfo protocol: HTTP, S3
+
+A remote Tvix store can be connected by simply connecting to its gRPC
+interface, possibly using SSH tunneling, but there doesn't need to be an
+additional "wire format" like the Nix `ssh(+ng)://` protocol.
+
+Settling on one interface allows composition of stores, meaning it becomes
+possible to express substitution from remote caches as a proxy layer.
+
+It'd also be possible to write a FUSE implementation on top of the RPC
+interface, exposing a lazily-substituting /nix/store mountpoint. Using this in
+remote build context dramatically reduces the amount of data transferred to a
+builder, as only the files really accessed during the build are substituted.
+
+## Figures
+
+```plantuml,format=svg
+{{#include figures/component-flow.puml}}
+```
+
+[^1]: There have already been some discussions in the Nix community, to switch
+  to REAPI:
+  https://discourse.nixos.org/t/a-proposal-for-replacing-the-nix-worker-protocol/20926/22
diff --git a/tvix/docs/component-flow.puml b/tvix/docs/src/figures/component-flow.puml
index 3bcddbe746..5b6d79b823 100644
--- a/tvix/docs/component-flow.puml
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/figures/component-flow.puml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ note right
     Immediately starts streaming derivations as they are instantiated across
     the dependency graph so they can be built while the evaluation is still running.
 
-    There are two types of build requests: One for regular "fire and forget" builds
+    There are two types of build requests: One for regular "fire and forget" builds,
     and another for IFD (import from derivation).
 
     These are distinct because IFD needs to be fed back into the evaluator for
@@ -42,27 +42,13 @@ loop while has more derivations
         Coord<--Store: Success response
     else Store does not have path
         Coord-->Build: Request derivation to be built
-        note left
-            The build request optionally includes a desired store.
-            If a builder is aware of how to push to the store it will do so
-            directly when the build is finished.
-
-            If the store is not known by the builder results will be streamed
-            back to the coordinator for store addition.
-        end note
 
         alt Build failure
             Coord<--Build: Fail response
             note left: It's up to the coordinator whether to exit on build failure
         else Build success
-            alt Known store
-                Build-->Store: Push outputs to store
-                Build<--Coord: Send success & pushed response
-            else Unknown store
-                Build<--Coord: Send success & not pushed response
-                Coord<--Build: Stream build outputs
-                Coord-->Store: Push outputs to store
-            end
+            Build-->Store: Push outputs to store
+            Build<--Coord: Send success & pushed response
         end
 
     end
diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/lang-version.md b/tvix/docs/src/lang-version.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c288274c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/lang-version.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Nix language version history
+
+The Nix language (“Nix”) has its own versioning mechanism independent from its
+most popular implementation (“C++ Nix”): `builtins.langVersion`. It has been
+increased whenever the language has changed syntactically or semantically in a
+way that would not be introspectable otherwise. In particular, this does not
+include addition (or removal) of `builtins`, as this can be introspected using
+standard attribute set operations.
+
+Changes to `builtins.langVersion` are best found by viewing the git history of
+C++ Nix using `git log -G 'mkInt\\(v, [0-9]\\)'` for `builtins.langVersion` < 7.
+After that point `git log -G 'v\\.mkInt\\([0-9]+\\)'` should work. To reduce the
+amount of false positives, specify the version number you are interested in
+explicitly.
+
+## 1
+
+The first version of the Nix language is its state at the point when
+`builtins.langVersion` was added in [8b8ee53] which was first released
+as part of C++ Nix 1.2.
+
+## 2
+
+Nix version 2 changed the behavior of `builtins.storePath`: It would now [try to
+substitute the given path if missing][storePath-substitute], instead of creating
+an evaluation failure. `builtins.langVersion` was increased in [e36229d].
+
+## 3
+
+Nix version 3 changed the behavior of the `==` behavior. Strings would now be
+considered [equal even if they had differing string context][equal-no-ctx].
+
+## 4
+
+Nix version 4 [added the float type][float] to the language.
+
+## 5
+
+The [increase of `builtins.langVersion` to 5][langVersion-5] did not signify a
+language change, but added support for structured attributes to the Nix daemon.
+Eelco Dolstra writes as to what changed:
+
+> The structured attributes support. Unfortunately that's not so much a language
+> change as a build.cc (i.e. daemon) change, but we don't really have a way to
+> express that...
+
+Maybe `builtins.nixVersion` (which was added in version 1) should have been
+used instead. In any case, the [only `langVersion` check][nixpkgs-langVersion-5]
+in nixpkgs verifies a lower bound of 5.
+
+## 6
+
+Nix version 6 added support for [comparing two lists][list-comparison].
+
+[8b8ee53]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/8b8ee53bc73769bb25d967ba259dabc9b23e2e6f
+[storePath-substitute]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/22d665019a3770148929b7504c73bcdbe025ec12
+[e36229d]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/e36229d27f9ab508e0abf1892f3e8c263d2f8c58
+[equal-no-ctx]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/ee7fe64c0ac00f2be11604a2a6509eb86dc19f0a
+[float]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/14ebde52893263930cdcde1406cc91cc5c42556f
+[langVersion-5]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/8191992c83bf4387b03c5fdaba818dc2b520462d
+[list-comparison]: https://github.com/nixos/nix/commit/09471d2680292af48b2788108de56a8da755d661
+[nixpkgs-langVersion-5]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/d7ac3423d321b8b145ccdd1aed9dfdb280f5e391/pkgs/build-support/closure-info.nix#L11
diff --git a/tvix/docs/language-spec.md b/tvix/docs/src/language-spec.md
index a714374933..0ff1dc491e 100644
--- a/tvix/docs/language-spec.md
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/language-spec.md
@@ -1,15 +1,4 @@
----
-title: "Specification of the Nix language"
-numbersections: true
-author:
-- tazjin
-email:
-- tazjin@tvl.su
-lang: en-GB
----
-
-The Nix Language
-================
+# Specification of the Nix Language
 
 WARNING: This document is a work in progress. Please keep an eye on
 [`topic:nix-spec`](https://cl.tvl.fyi/q/topic:nix-spec) for ongoing
diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/value-pointer-equality.md b/tvix/docs/src/value-pointer-equality.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d84efcb50c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/src/value-pointer-equality.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# Value Pointer Equality in Nix
+
+## Introduction
+
+It is a piece of semi-obscure Nix trivia that while functions are generally not
+comparable, they can be compared in certain situations. This is actually quite an
+important fact, as it is essential for the evaluation of nixpkgs: The attribute sets
+used to represent platforms in nixpkgs, like `stdenv.buildPlatform`, contain functions,
+such as `stdenv.buildPlatform.canExecute`. When writing cross logic, one invariably
+ends up writing expressions that compare these sets, e.g. `stdenv.buildPlatform !=
+stdenv.hostPlatform`. Since attribute set equality is the equality of their attribute
+names and values, we also end up comparing the functions within them.  We can summarize
+the relevant part of this behavior for platform comparisons in the following (true)
+Nix expressions:
+
+* `stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute != stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute`
+* `stdenv.hostPlatform == stdenv.hostPlatform`
+
+This fact is commonly referred to as pointer equality of functions (or function pointer
+equality) which is not an entirely accurate name, as we'll see. This account of the
+behavior states that, while functions are incomparable in general, they are comparable
+insofar, as they occupy the same spot in an attribute set.
+
+However, [a maybe lesser known trick][puck-issue] is to write a function such as the
+following to allow comparing functions:
+
+```nix
+let
+  pointerEqual = lhs: rhs: { x = lhs; } == { x = rhs; };
+
+  f = name: "Hello, my name is ${name}";
+  g = name: "Hello, my name is ${name}";
+in
+[
+  (pointerEqual f f) # => true
+  (pointerEqual f g) # => false
+]
+```
+
+Here, clearly, the function is not contained at the same position in one and the same
+attribute set, but at the same position in two entirely different attribute sets. We can
+also see that we are not comparing the functions themselves (e.g. their AST), but
+rather if they are the same individual value (i.e. pointer equal).
+
+To figure out the _actual_ semantics, we'll first have a look at how value (pointer) equality
+works in C++ Nix, the only production ready Nix implementation currently available.
+
+## Nix (Pointer) Equality in C++ Nix
+
+TIP: The summary presented here is up-to-date as of 2023-06-27 and was tested
+with Nix 2.3, 2.11 and 2.15.
+
+### `EvalState::eqValues` and `ExprOpEq::eval`
+
+The function implementing equality in C++ Nix is `EvalState::eqValues` which starts with
+[the following bit of code][eqValues-pointer-eq]:
+
+```cpp
+bool EvalState::eqValues(Value & v1, Value & v2)
+{
+    forceValue(v1);
+    forceValue(v2);
+
+    /* !!! Hack to support some old broken code that relies on pointer
+       equality tests between sets.  (Specifically, builderDefs calls
+       uniqList on a list of sets.)  Will remove this eventually. */
+    if (&v1 == &v2) return true;
+```
+
+So this immediately looks more like pointer equality of arbitrary *values* instead of functions. In fact
+there is [no special code facilitating function equality][eqValues-function-eq]:
+
+```cpp
+        /* Functions are incomparable. */
+        case nFunction:
+            return false;
+```
+
+So one takeaway of this is that pointer equality is neither dependent on functions nor attribute sets.
+In fact, we can also write our `pointerEqual` function as:
+
+```nix
+lhs: rhs: [ lhs ] == [ rhs ]
+```
+
+It's interesting that `EvalState::eqValues` forces the left and right-hand value before trying pointer
+equality. It explains that `let x = throw ""; in x == x` does not evaluate successfully, but it is puzzling why
+`let f = x: x; in f == f` does not return `true`. In fact, why do we need to wrap the values in a list or
+attribute set at all for our `pointerEqual` function to work?
+
+The answer lies in [the code that evaluates `ExprOpEq`][ExprOpEq],
+i.e. an expression involving the `==` operator:
+
+```cpp
+void ExprOpEq::eval(EvalState & state, Env & env, Value & v)
+{
+    Value v1; e1->eval(state, env, v1);
+    Value v2; e2->eval(state, env, v2);
+    v.mkBool(state.eqValues(v1, v2));
+}
+```
+
+As you can see, two _distinct_ `Value` structs are created, so they can never be pointer equal even
+if the `union` inside points to the same bit of memory. We can thus understand what actually happens
+when we check the equality of an attribute set (or list), by looking at the following expression:
+
+```nix
+let
+  x = { name = throw "nameless"; };
+in
+
+x == x # => causes an evaluation error
+```
+
+Because `x` can't be pointer equal, as it'll end up in the distinct structs `v1` and `v2`, it needs to be compared
+by value. For this reason, the `name` attribute will be forced and an evaluation error caused.
+If we rewrite the expression to use…
+
+```nix
+{ inherit x; } == { inherit x; } # => true
+```
+
+…, it'll work: The two attribute sets are compared by value, but their `x` attribute turns out to be pointer
+equal _after_ forcing it. This does not throw, since forcing an attribute set does not force its attributes'
+values (as forcing a list doesn't force its elements).
+
+As we have seen, pointer equality can not only be used to compare function values, but also other
+otherwise incomparable values, such as lists and attribute sets that would cause an evaluation
+error if they were forced recursively. We can even switch out the `throw` for an `abort`. The limitation is
+of course that we need to use a value that behaves differently depending on whether it is forced
+“normally” (think `builtins.seq`) or recursively (think `builtins.deepSeq`), so thunks will generally be
+evaluated before pointer equality can kick into effect.
+
+### Other Comparisons
+
+The `!=` operator uses `EvalState::eqValues` internally as well, so it behaves exactly as `!(a == b)`.
+
+The `>`, `<`, `>=` and `<=` operators all desugar to [CompareValues][]
+eventually which generally looks at the value type before comparing. It does,
+however, rely on `EvalState::eqValues` for list comparisons
+([introduced in Nix 2.5][nix-2.5-changelog]), so it is possible to compare lists
+with e.g. functions in them, as long as they are equal by pointer:
+
+```nix
+let
+  f = x: x + 42;
+in
+
+[
+  ([ f 2 ] > [ f 1 ]) # => true
+  ([ f 2 ] > [ (x: x) 1]) # => error: cannot compare a function with a function
+  ([ f ] > [ f ]) # => false
+]
+```
+
+Finally, since `builtins.elem` relies on `EvalState::eqValues`, you can check for
+a function by pointer equality:
+
+```nix
+let
+  f = x: f x;
+in
+builtins.elem f [ f 2 3 ] # => true
+```
+
+### Pointer Equality Preserving Nix Operations
+
+We have seen that pointer equality is established by comparing the memory
+location of two C++ `Value` structs. But how does this _representation_ relate
+to Nix values _themselves_ (in the sense of a platonic ideal if you will)? In
+Nix, values have no identity (ignoring `unsafeGetAttrPos`) or memory location.
+
+Since Nix is purely functional, values can't be mutated, so they need to be
+copied frequently. With Nix being garbage collected, there is no strong
+expectation when a copy is made, we probably just hope it is done as seldomly as
+possible to save on memory. With pointer equality leaking the memory location of
+the `Value` structs to an extent, it is now suddenly our business to know
+exactly _when_ a copy of a value is made.
+
+Evaluation in C++ Nix mainly proceeds along the following [two
+functions][eval-maybeThunk].
+
+```cpp
+struct Expr
+{
+    /* … */
+    virtual void eval(EvalState & state, Env & env, Value & v);
+    virtual Value * maybeThunk(EvalState & state, Env & env);
+    /* … */
+};
+```
+
+As you can see, `Expr::eval` always takes a reference to a struct _allocated by
+the caller_ to place the evaluation result in. Anything that is processed using
+`Expr::eval` will be a copy of the `Value` struct even if the value before and
+after are the same.
+
+`Expr::maybeThunk`, on the other hand, returns a pointer to a `Value` which may
+already exist or be newly allocated. So, if evaluation passes through `maybeThunk`,
+Nix values _can_ retain their pointer equality. Since Nix is lazy, a lot of
+evaluation needs to be thunked and pass through `maybeThunk`—knowing under what
+circumstances `maybeThunk` will return a pointer to an already existing `Value`
+struct thus means knowing the circumstances under which pointer equality of a
+Nix value will be preserved in C++ Nix.
+
+The [default case][maybeThunk-default] of `Expr::maybeThunk` allocates a new
+`Value` which holds the delayed computation of the `Expr` as a thunk:
+
+```cpp
+
+Value * Expr::maybeThunk(EvalState & state, Env & env)
+{
+    Value * v = state.allocValue();
+    mkThunk(*v, env, this);
+    return v;
+}
+```
+
+Consequently, only special cased expressions could preserve pointer equality.
+These are `ExprInt`, `ExprFloat`, `ExprString`, `ExprPath`—all of which relate
+to creating new values—and [finally, `ExprVar`][maybeThunk-ExprVar]:
+
+```cpp
+Value * ExprVar::maybeThunk(EvalState & state, Env & env)
+{
+    Value * v = state.lookupVar(&env, *this, true);
+    /* The value might not be initialised in the environment yet.
+       In that case, ignore it. */
+    if (v) { state.nrAvoided++; return v; }
+    return Expr::maybeThunk(state, env);
+}
+```
+
+Here we may actually return an already existing `Value` struct. Consequently,
+accessing a value from the scope is the only thing you can do with a value in
+C++ Nix that preserves its pointer equality, as the following example shows:
+For example, using the select operator to get a value from an attribute set
+or even passing a value trough the identity function invalidates its pointer
+equality to itself (or rather, its former self).
+
+```nix
+let
+  pointerEqual = a: b: [ a ] == [ b ];
+  id = x: x;
+
+  f = _: null;
+  x = { inherit f; };
+  y = { inherit f; };
+in
+
+[
+  (pointerEqual f f)      # => true
+
+  (pointerEqual f (id f)) # => false
+
+  (pointerEqual x.f y.f)  # => false
+  (pointerEqual x.f x.f)  # => false
+
+  (pointerEqual x x)      # => true
+  (pointerEqual x y)      # => true
+]
+```
+
+In the last two cases, the example also shows that there is another way to
+preserve pointer equality: Storing a value in an attribute set (or list)
+preserves its pointer equality even if the structure holding it is modified in
+some way (as long as the value we care about is left untouched). The catch is,
+of course, that there is no way to get the value out of the structure while
+preserving pointer equality (which requires using the select operator or a call
+to `builtins.elemAt`).
+
+We initially illustrated the issue of pointer equality using the following
+true expressions:
+
+* `stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute != stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute`
+* `stdenv.hostPlatform == stdenv.hostPlatform`
+
+We can now add a third one, illustrating that pointer equality is invalidated
+by select operations:
+
+* `[ stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute ] != [ stdenv.hostPlatform.canExecute ]`
+
+To summarize, pointer equality is established on the memory location of the
+`Value` struct in C++ Nix. Except for simple values (`int`, `bool`, …),
+the `Value` struct only consists of a pointer to the actual representation
+of the value (attribute set, list, function, …) and is thus cheap to copy.
+In practice, this happens when a value passes through the evaluation of
+almost any Nix expression. Only in the select cases described above
+a value preserves its pointer equality despite being unchanged by an
+expression. We can call this behavior *exterior pointer equality*.
+
+## Summary
+
+When comparing two Nix values, we must force both of them (non-recursively!), but are
+allowed to short-circuit the comparison based on pointer equality, i.e. if they are at
+the same exact value in memory, they are deemed equal immediately. This is completely
+independent of what type of value they are. If they are not pointer equal, they are
+(recursively) compared by value as expected.
+
+However, when evaluating the Nix expression `a == b`, we *must* invoke our implementation's
+value equality function in a way that `a` and `b` themselves can never be deemed pointer equal.
+Any values we encounter while recursing during the equality check must be compared by
+pointer as described above, though.
+
+## Stability of the Feature
+
+Keen readers will have noticed the following comment in the C++ Nix source code,
+indicating that pointer comparison may be removed in the future.
+
+```cpp
+    /* !!! Hack to support some old broken code that relies on pointer
+       equality tests between sets.  (Specifically, builderDefs calls
+       uniqList on a list of sets.)  Will remove this eventually. */
+```
+
+Now, I can't speak for the upstream C++ Nix developers, but sure can speculate.
+As already pointed out, this feature is currently needed for evaluating nixpkgs.
+While its use could realistically be eliminated (only bothersome spot is probably
+the `emulator` function, but that should also be doable), removing the feature
+would seriously compromise C++ Nix's ability to evaluate historical nixpkgs
+revision which is arguably a strength of the system.
+
+Another indication that it is likely here to stay is that it has already
+[outlived builderDefs][], even though
+it was (apparently) reintroduced just for this use case. More research into
+the history of this feature would still be prudent, especially the reason for
+its original introduction (maybe performance?).
+
+[puck-issue]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/3371
+[eqValues-pointer-eq]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/3c618c43c6044eda184df235c193877529e951cb/src/libexpr/eval.cc#L2401-L2404
+[eqValues-function-eq]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/3c618c43c6044eda184df235c193877529e951cb/src/libexpr/eval.cc#L2458-L2460
+[ExprOpEq]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/3c618c43c6044eda184df235c193877529e951cb/src/libexpr/eval.cc#L1822-L1827
+[outlived builderDefs]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/4210
+[CompareValues]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/3c618c43c6044eda184df235c193877529e951cb/src/libexpr/primops.cc#L569-L610
+[nix-2.5-changelog]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/release-notes/rl-2.5.html
+[eval-maybeThunk]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/3c618c43c6044eda184df235c193877529e951cb/src/libexpr/nixexpr.hh#L161-L162
+[maybeThunk-default]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/8e770dac9f68162cfbb368e53f928df491babff3/src/libexpr/eval.cc#L1076-L1081
+[maybeThunk-ExprVar]: https://github.com/NixOS/nix/blob/8e770dac9f68162cfbb368e53f928df491babff3/src/libexpr/eval.cc#L1084-L1091
diff --git a/tvix/docs/theme/highlight.js b/tvix/docs/theme/highlight.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86fb5af97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tvix/docs/theme/highlight.js
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
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