1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
|
//
// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File: casts.h
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// This header file defines casting templates to fit use cases not covered by
// the standard casts provided in the C++ standard. As with all cast operations,
// use these with caution and only if alternatives do not exist.
#ifndef ABSL_BASE_CASTS_H_
#define ABSL_BASE_CASTS_H_
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <type_traits>
#include "absl/base/internal/identity.h"
#include "absl/base/macros.h"
#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
namespace absl {
namespace internal_casts {
template <class Dest, class Source>
struct is_bitcastable
: std::integral_constant<
bool,
sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source) &&
type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Source>::value &&
type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Dest>::value &&
std::is_default_constructible<Dest>::value> {};
} // namespace internal_casts
// implicit_cast()
//
// Performs an implicit conversion between types following the language
// rules for implicit conversion; if an implicit conversion is otherwise
// allowed by the language in the given context, this function performs such an
// implicit conversion.
//
// Example:
//
// // If the context allows implicit conversion:
// From from;
// To to = from;
//
// // Such code can be replaced by:
// implicit_cast<To>(from);
//
// An `implicit_cast()` may also be used to annotate numeric type conversions
// that, although safe, may produce compiler warnings (such as `long` to `int`).
// Additionally, an `implicit_cast()` is also useful within return statements to
// indicate a specific implicit conversion is being undertaken.
//
// Example:
//
// return implicit_cast<double>(size_in_bytes) / capacity_;
//
// Annotating code with `implicit_cast()` allows you to explicitly select
// particular overloads and template instantiations, while providing a safer
// cast than `reinterpret_cast()` or `static_cast()`.
//
// Additionally, an `implicit_cast()` can be used to allow upcasting within a
// type hierarchy where incorrect use of `static_cast()` could accidentally
// allow downcasting.
//
// Finally, an `implicit_cast()` can be used to perform implicit conversions
// from unrelated types that otherwise couldn't be implicitly cast directly;
// C++ will normally only implicitly cast "one step" in such conversions.
//
// That is, if C is a type which can be implicitly converted to B, with B being
// a type that can be implicitly converted to A, an `implicit_cast()` can be
// used to convert C to B (which the compiler can then implicitly convert to A
// using language rules).
//
// Example:
//
// // Assume an object C is convertible to B, which is implicitly convertible
// // to A
// A a = implicit_cast<B>(C);
//
// Such implicit cast chaining may be useful within template logic.
template <typename To>
constexpr To implicit_cast(typename absl::internal::identity_t<To> to) {
return to;
}
// bit_cast()
//
// Performs a bitwise cast on a type without changing the underlying bit
// representation of that type's value. The two types must be of the same size
// and both types must be trivially copyable. As with most casts, use with
// caution. A `bit_cast()` might be needed when you need to temporarily treat a
// type as some other type, such as in the following cases:
//
// * Serialization (casting temporarily to `char *` for those purposes is
// always allowed by the C++ standard)
// * Managing the individual bits of a type within mathematical operations
// that are not normally accessible through that type
// * Casting non-pointer types to pointer types (casting the other way is
// allowed by `reinterpret_cast()` but round-trips cannot occur the other
// way).
//
// Example:
//
// float f = 3.14159265358979;
// int i = bit_cast<int32_t>(f);
// // i = 0x40490fdb
//
// Casting non-pointer types to pointer types and then dereferencing them
// traditionally produces undefined behavior.
//
// Example:
//
// // WRONG
// float f = 3.14159265358979; // WRONG
// int i = * reinterpret_cast<int*>(&f); // WRONG
//
// The address-casting method produces undefined behavior according to the ISO
// C++ specification section [basic.lval]. Roughly, this section says: if an
// object in memory has one type, and a program accesses it with a different
// type, the result is undefined behavior for most values of "different type".
//
// Such casting results in type punning: holding an object in memory of one type
// and reading its bits back using a different type. A `bit_cast()` avoids this
// issue by implementing its casts using `memcpy()`, which avoids introducing
// this undefined behavior.
//
// NOTE: The requirements here are more strict than the bit_cast of standard
// proposal p0476 due to the need for workarounds and lack of intrinsics.
// Specifically, this implementation also requires `Dest` to be
// default-constructible.
template <
typename Dest, typename Source,
typename std::enable_if<internal_casts::is_bitcastable<Dest, Source>::value,
int>::type = 0>
inline Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) {
Dest dest;
memcpy(static_cast<void*>(std::addressof(dest)),
static_cast<const void*>(std::addressof(source)), sizeof(dest));
return dest;
}
// NOTE: This overload is only picked if the requirements of bit_cast are not
// met. It is therefore UB, but is provided temporarily as previous versions of
// this function template were unchecked. Do not use this in new code.
template <
typename Dest, typename Source,
typename std::enable_if<
!internal_casts::is_bitcastable<Dest, Source>::value, int>::type = 0>
ABSL_DEPRECATED(
"absl::bit_cast type requirements were violated. Update the types being "
"used such that they are the same size and are both TriviallyCopyable.")
inline Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) {
static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source),
"Source and destination types should have equal sizes.");
Dest dest;
memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
return dest;
}
} // namespace absl
#endif // ABSL_BASE_CASTS_H_
|
