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In Nixpkgs, the attribute in all-packages.nix corresponding to a
package is usually equal to the package name. However, this doesn't
work if the package contains a dash, which is fairly common. The
convention is to replace the dash with an underscore (e.g. "dbus-lib"
becomes "dbus_glib"), but that's annoying. So now dashes are valid in
variable / attribute names, allowing you to write:
dbus-glib = callPackage ../development/libraries/dbus-glib { };
and
buildInputs = [ dbus-glib ];
Since we don't have a negation or subtraction operation in Nix, this
is unambiguous.
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brackets, e.g.
import <nixpkgs/pkgs/lib>
are resolved by looking them up relative to the elements listed in
the search path. This allows us to get rid of hacks like
import "${builtins.getEnv "NIXPKGS_ALL"}/pkgs/lib"
The search path can be specified through the ‘-I’ command-line flag
and through the colon-separated ‘NIX_PATH’ environment variable,
e.g.,
$ nix-build -I /etc/nixos ...
If a file is not found in the search path, an error message is
lazily thrown.
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x.y.z or default
(as originally proposed in
https://mail.cs.uu.nl/pipermail/nix-dev/2009-September/002989.html).
For instance, an expression like
stdenv.lib.attrByPath ["features" "ckSched"] false args
can now be written as
args.features.ckSched or false
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errors with position info.
* For all positions, use the position of the first character of the
first token, rather than the last character of the first token plus
one.
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finished yet.
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in attribute set pattern matches. This allows defining a function
that takes *at least* the listed attributes, while ignoring
additional attributes. For instance,
{stdenv, fetchurl, fuse, ...}:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
...
};
defines a function that requires an attribute set that contains the
specified attributes but ignores others. The main advantage is that
we can then write in all-packages.nix
aefs = import ../bla/aefs pkgs;
instead of
aefs = import ../bla/aefs {
inherit stdenv fetchurl fuse;
};
This saves a lot of typing (not to mention not having to update
all-packages.nix with purely mechanical changes). It saves as much
typing as the "args: with args;" style, but has the advantage that
the function arguments are properly declared (not implicit in what
the body of the "with" uses).
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''
'${foo}'
''
where the antiquote should work as expected, instead of giving the
string "'${foo}'".
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single quotes. Example (from NixOS):
job = ''
start on network-interfaces
start script
rm -f /var/run/opengl-driver
${if videoDriver == "nvidia"
then "ln -sf ${nvidiaDrivers} /var/run/opengl-driver"
else if cfg.driSupport
then "ln -sf ${mesa} /var/run/opengl-driver"
else ""
}
rm -f /var/log/slim.log
end script
'';
This style has two big advantages:
- \, ' and " aren't special, only '' and ${. So you get a lot less
escaping in shell scripts / configuration files in Nixpkgs/NixOS.
The delimiter '' is rare in scripts (and can usually be written as
""). ${ is also fairly rare.
Other delimiters such as <<...>>, {{...}} and <|...|> were also
considered but this one appears to have the fewest drawbacks
(thanks Martin).
- Indentation is intelligently stripped so that multi-line strings
can follow the nesting structure of the containing Nix
expression. E.g. in the example above 6 spaces are stripped from
the start of each line. This prevents unnecessary indentation in
generated files (which sometimes even breaks things).
See tests/lang/eval-okay-ind-string.nix for some examples.
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concatenation and string coercion. This was a big mess (see
e.g. NIX-67). Contexts are now folded into strings, so that they
don't cause evaluation errors when they're not expected. The
semantics of paths has been clarified (see nixexpr-ast.def).
toString() and coerceToString() have been merged.
Semantic change: paths are now copied to the store when they're in a
concatenation (and in most other situations - that's the
formalisation of the meaning of a path). So
"foo " + ./bla
evaluates to "foo /nix/store/hash...-bla", not "foo
/path/to/current-dir/bla". This prevents accidental impurities, and
is more consistent with the treatment of derivation outputs, e.g.,
`"foo " + bla' where `bla' is a derivation. (Here `bla' would be
replaced by the output path of `bla'.)
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marshalling code.
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* Optimise header file usage a bit.
* Compile the parser as C++.
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bad flex doesn't have lexical restrictions, the current solution
isn't quite right...)
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"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"
can now be written as
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"
An arbitrary expression can be enclosed within ${...}, not just
identifiers.
* Escaping in string literals: \n, \r, \t interpreted as in C, any
other character following \ is interpreted as-is.
* Newlines are now allowed in string literals.
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[1 2 3] ++ [4 5 6] => [1 2 3 4 5 6]
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regexp there could be only one such comment per file.
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The expression `with E1; E2' evaluates to E2 with all bindings in
the attribute set E1 substituted. E.g.,
with {x = 123;}; x
evaluates to 123. That is, the attribute set E1 is in scope in E2.
This is particularly useful when importing files containing lots
definitions. E.g., instead of
let {
inherit (import ./foo.nix) a b c d e f;
body = ... a ... f ...;
}
we can now say
with import ./foo.nix;
... a ... f ...
I.e., we don't have to say what variables should be brought into scope.
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`bla:' is now no longer parsed as a URL.
* Re-enabled support for the `args' attribute in derivations to
specify command line arguments to the builder, e.g.,
...
builder = /usr/bin/python;
args = ["-c" ./builder.py];
...
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{x=1; y=2; z=3;} // {y=4;} => {x=1; y=4; z=3;}
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`inherit' variables from the surrounding lexical scope.
E.g.,
{stdenv, libfoo}: derivation {
builder = ./bla;
inherit stdenv libfoo;
xyzzy = 1;
}
is equivalent to
{stdenv, libfoo}: derivation {
builder = ./bla;
stdenv = stdenv;
libfoo = libfoo;
xyzzy = 1;
}
Note that for mutually recursive attribute set definitions (`rec
{...}'), this also works, that is, `rec {inherit x;}' is equivalent
to `let {fresh = x; body = rec {x = fresh;};}', *not*
`rec {x = x}'.
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* Include missing files in distributions.
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parser (roughly 80x faster).
The absolutely latest version of Bison (1.875c) is required for
reentrant GLR support, as well as a recent version of Flex (say,
2.5.31). Note that most Unix distributions ship with the
prehistoric Flex 2.5.4, which doesn't support reentrancy.
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