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diff --git a/users/tazjin/finito/finito-core/src/lib.rs b/users/tazjin/finito/finito-core/src/lib.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aaec03a77b --- /dev/null +++ b/users/tazjin/finito/finito-core/src/lib.rs @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ +//! Finito's core finite-state machine abstraction. +//! +//! # What & why? +//! +//! Most processes that occur in software applications can be modeled +//! as finite-state machines (FSMs), however the actual states, the +//! transitions between them and the model's interaction with the +//! external world is often implicit. +//! +//! Making the states of a process explicit using a simple language +//! that works for both software developers and other people who may +//! have opinions on processes makes it easier to synchronise thoughts, +//! extend software and keep a good level of control over what is going +//! on. +//! +//! This library aims to provide functionality for implementing +//! finite-state machines in a way that balances expressivity and +//! safety. +//! +//! Finito does not aim to prevent every possible incorrect +//! transition, but aims for somewhere "safe-enough" (please don't +//! lynch me) that is still easily understood. +//! +//! # Conceptual overview +//! +//! The core idea behind Finito can be expressed in a single line and +//! will potentially look familiar if you have used Erlang in a +//! previous life. The syntax used here is the type-signature notation +//! of Haskell. +//! +//! ```text +//! advance :: state -> event -> (state, [action]) +//! ``` +//! +//! In short, every FSM is made up of three distinct types: +//! +//! * a state type representing all possible states of the machine +//! +//! * an event type representing all possible events in the machine +//! +//! * an action type representing a description of all possible side-effects +//! of the machine +//! +//! Using the definition above we can now say that a transition in a +//! state-machine, involving these three types, takes an initial state +//! and an event to apply it to and returns a new state and a list of +//! actions to execute. +//! +//! With this definition most processes can already be modeled quite +//! well. Two additional functions are required to make it all work: +//! +//! ```text +//! -- | The ability to cause additional side-effects after entering +//! -- a new state. +//! > enter :: state -> [action] +//! ``` +//! +//! as well as +//! +//! ```text +//! -- | An interpreter for side-effects +//! act :: action -> m [event] +//! ``` +//! +//! **Note**: This library is based on an original Haskell library. In +//! Haskell, side-effects can be controlled via the type system which +//! is impossible in Rust. +//! +//! Some parts of Finito make assumptions about the programmer not +//! making certain kinds of mistakes, which are pointed out in the +//! documentation. Unfortunately those assumptions are not +//! automatically verifiable in Rust. +//! +//! ## Example +//! +//! Please consult `finito-door` for an example representing a simple, +//! lockable door as a finite-state machine. This gives an overview +//! over Finito's primary features. +//! +//! If you happen to be the kind of person who likes to learn about +//! libraries by reading code, you should familiarise yourself with the +//! door as it shows up as the example in other finito-related +//! libraries, too. +//! +//! # Persistence, side-effects and mud +//! +//! These three things are inescapable in the fateful realm of +//! computers, but Finito separates them out into separate libraries +//! that you can drag in as you need them. +//! +//! Currently, those libraries include: +//! +//! * `finito`: Core components and classes of Finito +//! +//! * `finito-in-mem`: In-memory implementation of state machines that do not +//! need to live longer than an application using standard library +//! concurrency primitives. +//! +//! * `finito-postgres`: Postgres-backed, persistent implementation of state +//! machines that, well, do need to live longer. Uses Postgres for +//! concurrency synchronisation, so keep that in mind. +//! +//! Which should cover most use-cases. Okay, enough prose, lets dive +//! in. +//! +//! # Does Finito make you want to scream? +//! +//! Please reach out! I want to know why! + +extern crate serde; + +use serde::de::DeserializeOwned; +use serde::Serialize; +use std::fmt::Debug; +use std::mem; + +/// Primary trait that needs to be implemented for every state type +/// representing the states of an FSM. +/// +/// This trait is used to implement transition logic and to "tie the +/// room together", with the room being our triplet of types. +pub trait FSM +where + Self: Sized, +{ + /// A human-readable string uniquely describing what this FSM + /// models. This is used in log messages, database tables and + /// various other things throughout Finito. + const FSM_NAME: &'static str; + + /// The associated event type of an FSM represents all possible + /// events that can occur in the state-machine. + type Event; + + /// The associated action type of an FSM represents all possible + /// actions that can occur in the state-machine. + type Action; + + /// The associated error type of an FSM represents failures that + /// can occur during action processing. + type Error: Debug; + + /// The associated state type of an FSM describes the state that + /// is made available to the implementation of action + /// interpretations. + type State; + + /// `handle` deals with any incoming events to cause state + /// transitions and emit actions. This function is the core logic + /// of any state machine. + /// + /// Implementations of this function **must not** cause any + /// side-effects to avoid breaking the guarantees of Finitos + /// conceptual model. + fn handle(self, event: Self::Event) -> (Self, Vec<Self::Action>); + + /// `enter` is called when a new state is entered, allowing a + /// state to produce additional side-effects. + /// + /// This is useful for side-effects that event handlers do not + /// need to know about and for resting assured that a certain + /// action has been caused when a state is entered. + /// + /// FSM state types are expected to be enum (i.e. sum) types. A + /// state is considered "new" and enter calls are run if is of a + /// different enum variant. + fn enter(&self) -> Vec<Self::Action>; + + /// `act` interprets and executes FSM actions. This is the only + /// part of an FSM in which side-effects are allowed. + fn act(action: Self::Action, state: &Self::State) -> Result<Vec<Self::Event>, Self::Error>; +} + +/// This function is the primary function used to advance a state +/// machine. It takes care of both running the event handler as well +/// as possible state-enter calls and returning the result. +/// +/// Users of Finito should basically always use this function when +/// advancing state-machines manually, and never call FSM-trait +/// methods directly. +pub fn advance<S: FSM>(state: S, event: S::Event) -> (S, Vec<S::Action>) { + // Determine the enum variant of the initial state (used to + // trigger enter calls). + let old_discriminant = mem::discriminant(&state); + + let (new_state, mut actions) = state.handle(event); + + // Compare the enum variant of the resulting state to the old one + // and run `enter` if they differ. + let new_discriminant = mem::discriminant(&new_state); + let mut enter_actions = if old_discriminant != new_discriminant { + new_state.enter() + } else { + vec![] + }; + + actions.append(&mut enter_actions); + + (new_state, actions) +} + +/// This trait is implemented by Finito backends. Backends are +/// expected to be able to keep track of the current state of an FSM +/// and retrieve it / apply updates transactionally. +/// +/// See the `finito-postgres` and `finito-in-mem` crates for example +/// implementations of this trait. +/// +/// Backends must be parameterised over an additional (user-supplied) +/// state type which can be used to track application state that must +/// be made available to action handlers, for example to pass along +/// database connections. +pub trait FSMBackend<S: 'static> { + /// Key type used to identify individual state machines in this + /// backend. + /// + /// TODO: Should be parameterised over FSM type after rustc + /// #44265. + type Key; + + /// Error type for all potential failures that can occur when + /// interacting with this backend. + type Error: Debug; + + /// Insert a new state-machine into the backend's storage and + /// return its newly allocated key. + fn insert_machine<F>(&self, initial: F) -> Result<Self::Key, Self::Error> + where + F: FSM + Serialize + DeserializeOwned; + + /// Retrieve the current state of an FSM by its key. + fn get_machine<F: FSM>(&self, key: Self::Key) -> Result<F, Self::Error> + where + F: FSM + Serialize + DeserializeOwned; + + /// Advance a state machine by applying an event and persisting it + /// as well as any resulting actions. + /// + /// **Note**: Whether actions are automatically executed depends + /// on the backend used. Please consult the backend's + /// documentation for details. + fn advance<'a, F: FSM>(&'a self, key: Self::Key, event: F::Event) -> Result<F, Self::Error> + where + F: FSM + Serialize + DeserializeOwned, + F::State: From<&'a S>, + F::Event: Serialize + DeserializeOwned, + F::Action: Serialize + DeserializeOwned; +} |