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-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/attrs.rs67
-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/attrs/tests.rs52
-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/builtin.rs78
-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/list.rs32
-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/mod.rs401
-rw-r--r--tvix/eval/src/value/thunk.rs264
6 files changed, 232 insertions, 662 deletions
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs.rs
index b9c5adba19b8..64a1dc035b54 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::errors::ErrorKind;
-use crate::vm::VM;
 
 use super::string::NixString;
 use super::thunk::ThunkSet;
@@ -394,72 +393,6 @@ impl NixAttrs {
     pub(crate) fn from_kv(name: Value, value: Value) -> Self {
         NixAttrs(AttrsRep::KV { name, value })
     }
-
-    /// Compare `self` against `other` for equality using Nix equality semantics
-    pub fn nix_eq(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<bool, ErrorKind> {
-        match (&self.0, &other.0) {
-            (AttrsRep::Empty, AttrsRep::Empty) => Ok(true),
-
-            // It is possible to create an empty attribute set that
-            // has Map representation like so: ` { ${null} = 1; }`.
-            //
-            // Preventing this would incur a cost on all attribute set
-            // construction (we'd have to check the actual number of
-            // elements after key construction). In practice this
-            // probably does not happen, so it's better to just bite
-            // the bullet and implement this branch.
-            (AttrsRep::Empty, AttrsRep::Im(map)) | (AttrsRep::Im(map), AttrsRep::Empty) => {
-                Ok(map.is_empty())
-            }
-
-            // Other specialised representations (KV ...) definitely
-            // do not match `Empty`.
-            (AttrsRep::Empty, _) | (_, AttrsRep::Empty) => Ok(false),
-
-            (
-                AttrsRep::KV {
-                    name: n1,
-                    value: v1,
-                },
-                AttrsRep::KV {
-                    name: n2,
-                    value: v2,
-                },
-            ) => Ok(n1.nix_eq(n2, vm)? && v1.nix_eq(v2, vm)?),
-
-            (AttrsRep::Im(map), AttrsRep::KV { name, value })
-            | (AttrsRep::KV { name, value }, AttrsRep::Im(map)) => {
-                if map.len() != 2 {
-                    return Ok(false);
-                }
-
-                if let (Some(m_name), Some(m_value)) =
-                    (map.get(&NixString::NAME), map.get(&NixString::VALUE))
-                {
-                    return Ok(name.nix_eq(m_name, vm)? && value.nix_eq(m_value, vm)?);
-                }
-
-                Ok(false)
-            }
-
-            (AttrsRep::Im(m1), AttrsRep::Im(m2)) => {
-                if m1.len() != m2.len() {
-                    return Ok(false);
-                }
-
-                for (k, v1) in m1 {
-                    if let Some(v2) = m2.get(k) {
-                        if !v1.nix_eq(v2, vm)? {
-                            return Ok(false);
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        return Ok(false);
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /// In Nix, name/value attribute pairs are frequently constructed from
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs/tests.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs/tests.rs
index ccf8dc7c10e0..39ac55b6799a 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs/tests.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/attrs/tests.rs
@@ -1,57 +1,5 @@
 use super::*;
 
-mod nix_eq {
-    use crate::observer::NoOpObserver;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use proptest::prelude::ProptestConfig;
-    use test_strategy::proptest;
-
-    #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 2, ..Default::default() })]
-    fn reflexive(x: NixAttrs) {
-        let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-        let mut vm = VM::new(
-            Default::default(),
-            Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-            &mut observer,
-            Default::default(),
-        );
-
-        assert!(x.nix_eq(&x, &mut vm).unwrap())
-    }
-
-    #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 2, ..Default::default() })]
-    fn symmetric(x: NixAttrs, y: NixAttrs) {
-        let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-        let mut vm = VM::new(
-            Default::default(),
-            Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-            &mut observer,
-            Default::default(),
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            x.nix_eq(&y, &mut vm).unwrap(),
-            y.nix_eq(&x, &mut vm).unwrap()
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 2, ..Default::default() })]
-    fn transitive(x: NixAttrs, y: NixAttrs, z: NixAttrs) {
-        let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-        let mut vm = VM::new(
-            Default::default(),
-            Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-            &mut observer,
-            Default::default(),
-        );
-
-        if x.nix_eq(&y, &mut vm).unwrap() && y.nix_eq(&z, &mut vm).unwrap() {
-            assert!(x.nix_eq(&z, &mut vm).unwrap())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_empty_attrs() {
     let attrs = NixAttrs::construct(0, vec![]).expect("empty attr construction should succeed");
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/builtin.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/builtin.rs
index c7fc33903d96..0577111030a2 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/builtin.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/builtin.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //!
 //! Builtins are directly backed by Rust code operating on Nix values.
 
-use crate::{errors::ErrorKind, vm::VM};
+use crate::vm::generators::Generator;
 
 use super::Value;
 
@@ -12,40 +12,38 @@ use std::{
     rc::Rc,
 };
 
-/// Trait for closure types of builtins implemented directly by
-/// backing Rust code.
+/// Trait for closure types of builtins.
 ///
-/// Builtins declare their arity and are passed a vector with the
-/// right number of arguments. Additionally, as they might have to
-/// force the evaluation of thunks, they are passed a reference to the
-/// current VM which they can use for forcing a value.
+/// Builtins are expected to yield a generator which can be run by the VM to
+/// produce the final value.
 ///
-/// Errors returned from a builtin will be annotated with the location
-/// of the call to the builtin.
-pub trait BuiltinFn: Fn(Vec<Value>, &mut VM) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {}
-impl<F: Fn(Vec<Value>, &mut VM) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind>> BuiltinFn for F {}
-
-/// Description of a single argument passed to a builtin
-pub struct BuiltinArgument {
-    /// Whether the argument should be forced before the underlying builtin function is called
-    pub strict: bool,
-    /// The name of the argument, to be used in docstrings and error messages
-    pub name: &'static str,
-}
+/// Implementors should use the builtins-macros to create these functions
+/// instead of handling the argument-passing logic manually.
+pub trait BuiltinGen: Fn(Vec<Value>) -> Generator {}
+impl<F: Fn(Vec<Value>) -> Generator> BuiltinGen for F {}
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct BuiltinRepr {
     name: &'static str,
-    /// Array of arguments to the builtin.
-    arguments: &'static [BuiltinArgument],
     /// Optional documentation for the builtin.
     documentation: Option<&'static str>,
-    func: Rc<dyn BuiltinFn>,
+    arg_count: usize,
+
+    func: Rc<dyn BuiltinGen>,
 
     /// Partially applied function arguments.
     partials: Vec<Value>,
 }
 
+pub enum BuiltinResult {
+    /// Builtin was not ready to be called (arguments missing) and remains
+    /// partially applied.
+    Partial(Builtin),
+
+    /// Builtin was called and constructed a generator that the VM must run.
+    Called(Generator),
+}
+
 /// Represents a single built-in function which directly executes Rust
 /// code that operates on a Nix value.
 ///
@@ -68,16 +66,16 @@ impl From<BuiltinRepr> for Builtin {
 }
 
 impl Builtin {
-    pub fn new<F: BuiltinFn + 'static>(
+    pub fn new<F: BuiltinGen + 'static>(
         name: &'static str,
-        arguments: &'static [BuiltinArgument],
         documentation: Option<&'static str>,
+        arg_count: usize,
         func: F,
     ) -> Self {
         BuiltinRepr {
             name,
-            arguments,
             documentation,
+            arg_count,
             func: Rc::new(func),
             partials: vec![],
         }
@@ -92,23 +90,25 @@ impl Builtin {
         self.0.documentation
     }
 
-    /// Apply an additional argument to the builtin, which will either
-    /// lead to execution of the function or to returning a partial
-    /// builtin.
-    pub fn apply(mut self, vm: &mut VM, arg: Value) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {
+    /// Apply an additional argument to the builtin. After this, [`call`] *must*
+    /// be called, otherwise it may leave the builtin in an incorrect state.
+    pub fn apply_arg(&mut self, arg: Value) {
         self.0.partials.push(arg);
 
-        if self.0.partials.len() == self.0.arguments.len() {
-            for (idx, BuiltinArgument { strict, .. }) in self.0.arguments.iter().enumerate() {
-                if *strict {
-                    self.0.partials[idx].force(vm)?;
-                }
-            }
-            return (self.0.func)(self.0.partials, vm);
-        }
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.0.partials.len() <= self.0.arg_count,
+            "Tvix bug: pushed too many arguments to builtin"
+        );
+    }
 
-        // Function is not yet ready to be called.
-        Ok(Value::Builtin(self))
+    /// Attempt to call a builtin, which will produce a generator if it is fully
+    /// applied or return the builtin if it is partially applied.
+    pub fn call(self) -> BuiltinResult {
+        if self.0.partials.len() == self.0.arg_count {
+            BuiltinResult::Called((self.0.func)(self.0.partials))
+        } else {
+            BuiltinResult::Partial(self)
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/list.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/list.rs
index e5ddc7bb96b9..9f39b7c6a3d3 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/list.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/list.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ use imbl::{vector, Vector};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::errors::AddContext;
-use crate::errors::ErrorKind;
-use crate::vm::generators;
-use crate::vm::generators::GenCo;
-use crate::vm::VM;
+use crate::generators;
+use crate::generators::GenCo;
+use crate::AddContext;
+use crate::ErrorKind;
 
 use super::thunk::ThunkSet;
 use super::TotalDisplay;
@@ -70,29 +69,6 @@ impl NixList {
         self.0.ptr_eq(&other.0)
     }
 
-    /// Compare `self` against `other` for equality using Nix equality semantics
-    pub fn nix_eq(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<bool, ErrorKind> {
-        if self.ptr_eq(other) {
-            return Ok(true);
-        }
-        if self.len() != other.len() {
-            return Ok(false);
-        }
-
-        for (v1, v2) in self.iter().zip(other.iter()) {
-            if !v1.nix_eq(v2, vm)? {
-                return Ok(false);
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(true)
-    }
-
-    /// force each element of the list (shallowly), making it safe to call .get().value()
-    pub fn force_elements(&self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<(), ErrorKind> {
-        self.iter().try_for_each(|v| v.force(vm).map(|_| ()))
-    }
-
     pub fn into_inner(self) -> Vector<Value> {
         self.0
     }
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/mod.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/mod.rs
index a869c0167524..81e537313227 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/mod.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 //! This module implements the backing representation of runtime
 //! values in the Nix language.
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::future::Future;
 use std::num::{NonZeroI32, NonZeroUsize};
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::{cell::Ref, fmt::Display};
 
 use lexical_core::format::CXX_LITERAL;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -20,12 +21,12 @@ mod path;
 mod string;
 mod thunk;
 
-use crate::errors::{AddContext, ErrorKind};
+use crate::errors::ErrorKind;
 use crate::opcode::StackIdx;
 use crate::vm::generators::{self, GenCo};
-use crate::vm::VM;
+use crate::AddContext;
 pub use attrs::NixAttrs;
-pub use builtin::{Builtin, BuiltinArgument};
+pub use builtin::{Builtin, BuiltinResult};
 pub(crate) use function::Formals;
 pub use function::{Closure, Lambda};
 pub use list::NixList;
@@ -139,8 +140,6 @@ macro_rules! gen_is {
 /// Describes what input types are allowed when coercing a `Value` to a string
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum CoercionKind {
-    /// Force thunks, but perform no other coercions.
-    ThunksOnly,
     /// Only coerce already "stringly" types like strings and paths, but also
     /// coerce sets that have a `__toString` attribute. Equivalent to
     /// `!coerceMore` in C++ Nix.
@@ -151,26 +150,6 @@ pub enum CoercionKind {
     Strong,
 }
 
-/// A reference to a [`Value`] returned by a call to [`Value::force`], whether the value was
-/// originally a thunk or not.
-///
-/// Implements [`Deref`] to [`Value`], so can generally be used as a [`Value`]
-pub enum ForceResult<'a> {
-    ForcedThunk(Ref<'a, Value>),
-    Immediate(&'a Value),
-}
-
-impl<'a> Deref for ForceResult<'a> {
-    type Target = Value;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        match self {
-            ForceResult::ForcedThunk(r) => r,
-            ForceResult::Immediate(v) => v,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> From<T> for Value
 where
     T: Into<NixString>,
@@ -204,33 +183,80 @@ pub enum PointerEquality {
 }
 
 impl Value {
+    /// Deeply forces a value, traversing e.g. lists and attribute sets and forcing
+    /// their contents, too.
+    ///
+    /// This is a generator function.
+    pub(super) async fn deep_force(
+        self,
+        co: GenCo,
+        thunk_set: SharedThunkSet,
+    ) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {
+        // Get rid of any top-level thunks, and bail out of self-recursive
+        // thunks.
+        let value = if let Value::Thunk(ref t) = &self {
+            if !thunk_set.insert(t) {
+                return Ok(self);
+            }
+            generators::request_force(&co, self).await
+        } else {
+            self
+        };
+
+        match &value {
+            // Short-circuit on already evaluated values, or fail on internal values.
+            Value::Null
+            | Value::Bool(_)
+            | Value::Integer(_)
+            | Value::Float(_)
+            | Value::String(_)
+            | Value::Path(_)
+            | Value::Closure(_)
+            | Value::Builtin(_) => return Ok(value),
+
+            Value::List(list) => {
+                for val in list {
+                    generators::request_deep_force(&co, val.clone(), thunk_set.clone()).await;
+                }
+            }
+
+            Value::Attrs(attrs) => {
+                for (_, val) in attrs.iter() {
+                    generators::request_deep_force(&co, val.clone(), thunk_set.clone()).await;
+                }
+            }
+
+            Value::Thunk(_) => panic!("Tvix bug: force_value() returned a thunk"),
+
+            Value::AttrNotFound
+            | Value::Blueprint(_)
+            | Value::DeferredUpvalue(_)
+            | Value::UnresolvedPath(_) => panic!(
+                "Tvix bug: internal value left on stack: {}",
+                value.type_of()
+            ),
+        };
+
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
     /// Coerce a `Value` to a string. See `CoercionKind` for a rundown of what
     /// input types are accepted under what circumstances.
-    pub fn coerce_to_string(
-        &self,
-        kind: CoercionKind,
-        vm: &mut VM,
-    ) -> Result<NixString, ErrorKind> {
-        // TODO: eventually, this will need to handle string context and importing
-        // files into the Nix store depending on what context the coercion happens in
-        if let Value::Thunk(t) = self {
-            t.force(vm)?;
-        }
-
-        match (self, kind) {
-            // deal with thunks
-            (Value::Thunk(t), _) => t.value().coerce_to_string(kind, vm),
+    pub async fn coerce_to_string(self, co: GenCo, kind: CoercionKind) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {
+        let value = generators::request_force(&co, self).await;
 
+        match (value, kind) {
             // coercions that are always done
-            (Value::String(s), _) => Ok(s.clone()),
+            tuple @ (Value::String(_), _) => Ok(tuple.0),
 
             // TODO(sterni): Think about proper encoding handling here. This needs
             // general consideration anyways, since one current discrepancy between
             // C++ Nix and Tvix is that the former's strings are arbitrary byte
             // sequences without NUL bytes, whereas Tvix only allows valid
             // Unicode. See also b/189.
-            (Value::Path(p), kind) if kind != CoercionKind::ThunksOnly => {
-                let imported = vm.io().import_path(p)?;
+            (Value::Path(p), _) => {
+                // TODO(tazjin): there are cases where coerce_to_string does not import
+                let imported = generators::request_path_import(&co, p).await;
                 Ok(imported.to_string_lossy().into_owned().into())
             }
 
@@ -238,38 +264,32 @@ impl Value {
             // `__toString` attribute which holds a function that receives the
             // set itself or an `outPath` attribute which should be a string.
             // `__toString` is preferred.
-            (Value::Attrs(attrs), kind) if kind != CoercionKind::ThunksOnly => {
+            (Value::Attrs(attrs), kind) => {
                 match (attrs.select("__toString"), attrs.select("outPath")) {
                     (None, None) => Err(ErrorKind::NotCoercibleToString { from: "set", kind }),
 
                     (Some(f), _) => {
-                        // use a closure here to deal with the thunk borrow we need to do below
-                        let call_to_string = |value: &Value, vm: &mut VM| {
-                            // Leave self on the stack as an argument to the function call.
-                            vm.push(self.clone());
-                            vm.call_value(value)?;
-                            let result = vm.pop();
-
-                            match result {
-                                Value::String(s) => Ok(s),
-                                // Attribute set coercion actually works
-                                // recursively, e.g. you can even return
-                                // /another/ set with a __toString attr.
-                                _ => result.coerce_to_string(kind, vm),
-                            }
-                        };
-
-                        if let Value::Thunk(t) = f {
-                            t.force(vm)?;
-                            let guard = t.value();
-                            call_to_string(&guard, vm)
-                        } else {
-                            call_to_string(f, vm)
-                        }
+                        let callable = generators::request_force(&co, f.clone()).await;
+
+                        // Leave the attribute set on the stack as an argument
+                        // to the function call.
+                        generators::request_stack_push(&co, Value::Attrs(attrs)).await;
+
+                        // Call the callable ...
+                        let result = generators::request_call(&co, callable).await;
+
+                        // Recurse on the result, as attribute set coercion
+                        // actually works recursively, e.g. you can even return
+                        // /another/ set with a __toString attr.
+                        let s = generators::request_string_coerce(&co, result, kind).await;
+                        Ok(Value::String(s))
                     }
 
                     // Similarly to `__toString` we also coerce recursively for `outPath`
-                    (None, Some(s)) => s.coerce_to_string(kind, vm),
+                    (None, Some(s)) => {
+                        let s = generators::request_string_coerce(&co, s.clone(), kind).await;
+                        Ok(Value::String(s))
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -287,30 +307,31 @@ impl Value {
             }
 
             // Lists are coerced by coercing their elements and interspersing spaces
-            (Value::List(l), CoercionKind::Strong) => {
-                // TODO(sterni): use intersperse when it becomes available?
-                // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/79524
-                l.iter()
-                    .map(|v| v.coerce_to_string(kind, vm))
-                    .reduce(|acc, string| {
-                        let a = acc?;
-                        let s = &string?;
-                        Ok(a.concat(&" ".into()).concat(s))
-                    })
-                    // None from reduce indicates empty iterator
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Ok("".into()))
+            (Value::List(list), CoercionKind::Strong) => {
+                let mut out = String::new();
+
+                for (idx, elem) in list.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    if idx > 0 {
+                        out.push(' ');
+                    }
+
+                    let s = generators::request_string_coerce(&co, elem, kind).await;
+                    out.push_str(s.as_str());
+                }
+
+                Ok(Value::String(out.into()))
             }
 
-            (Value::Path(_), _)
-            | (Value::Attrs(_), _)
-            | (Value::Closure(_), _)
-            | (Value::Builtin(_), _)
-            | (Value::Null, _)
-            | (Value::Bool(_), _)
-            | (Value::Integer(_), _)
-            | (Value::Float(_), _)
-            | (Value::List(_), _) => Err(ErrorKind::NotCoercibleToString {
-                from: self.type_of(),
+            (Value::Thunk(_), _) => panic!("Tvix bug: force returned unforced thunk"),
+
+            val @ (Value::Closure(_), _)
+            | val @ (Value::Builtin(_), _)
+            | val @ (Value::Null, _)
+            | val @ (Value::Bool(_), _)
+            | val @ (Value::Integer(_), _)
+            | val @ (Value::Float(_), _)
+            | val @ (Value::List(_), _) => Err(ErrorKind::NotCoercibleToString {
+                from: val.0.type_of(),
                 kind,
             }),
 
@@ -333,7 +354,7 @@ impl Value {
     /// The `top_level` parameter controls whether this invocation is the top-level
     /// comparison, or a nested value comparison. See
     /// `//tvix/docs/value-pointer-equality.md`
-    pub(crate) async fn neo_nix_eq(
+    pub(crate) async fn nix_eq(
         self,
         other: Value,
         co: GenCo,
@@ -530,49 +551,52 @@ impl Value {
     gen_is!(is_number, Value::Integer(_) | Value::Float(_));
     gen_is!(is_bool, Value::Bool(_));
 
-    /// Compare `self` against `other` for equality using Nix equality semantics.
-    ///
-    /// Takes a reference to the `VM` to allow forcing thunks during comparison
-    pub fn nix_eq(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<bool, ErrorKind> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            // Trivial comparisons
-            (Value::Null, Value::Null) => Ok(true),
-            (Value::Bool(b1), Value::Bool(b2)) => Ok(b1 == b2),
-            (Value::String(s1), Value::String(s2)) => Ok(s1 == s2),
-            (Value::Path(p1), Value::Path(p2)) => Ok(p1 == p2),
-
-            // Numerical comparisons (they work between float & int)
-            (Value::Integer(i1), Value::Integer(i2)) => Ok(i1 == i2),
-            (Value::Integer(i), Value::Float(f)) => Ok(*i as f64 == *f),
-            (Value::Float(f1), Value::Float(f2)) => Ok(f1 == f2),
-            (Value::Float(f), Value::Integer(i)) => Ok(*i as f64 == *f),
-
-            (Value::Attrs(_), Value::Attrs(_))
-            | (Value::List(_), Value::List(_))
-            | (Value::Thunk(_), _)
-            | (_, Value::Thunk(_)) => Ok(vm.nix_eq(self.clone(), other.clone(), false)?),
-
-            // Everything else is either incomparable (e.g. internal
-            // types) or false.
-            _ => Ok(false),
-        }
+    /// Internal helper to allow `nix_cmp_ordering` to recurse.
+    fn nix_cmp_boxed(
+        self,
+        other: Self,
+        co: GenCo,
+    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<Option<Ordering>, ErrorKind>>>> {
+        Box::pin(self.nix_cmp_ordering(other, co))
     }
 
     /// Compare `self` against other using (fallible) Nix ordering semantics.
-    pub fn nix_cmp(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<Option<Ordering>, ErrorKind> {
+    ///
+    /// Note that as this returns an `Option<Ordering>` it can not directly be
+    /// used as a generator function in the VM. The exact use depends on the
+    /// callsite, as the meaning is interpreted in different ways e.g. based on
+    /// the comparison operator used.
+    ///
+    /// The function is intended to be used from within other generator
+    /// functions or `gen!` blocks.
+    pub async fn nix_cmp_ordering(
+        self,
+        other: Self,
+        co: GenCo,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Ordering>, ErrorKind> {
         match (self, other) {
             // same types
-            (Value::Integer(i1), Value::Integer(i2)) => Ok(i1.partial_cmp(i2)),
-            (Value::Float(f1), Value::Float(f2)) => Ok(f1.partial_cmp(f2)),
-            (Value::String(s1), Value::String(s2)) => Ok(s1.partial_cmp(s2)),
+            (Value::Integer(i1), Value::Integer(i2)) => Ok(i1.partial_cmp(&i2)),
+            (Value::Float(f1), Value::Float(f2)) => Ok(f1.partial_cmp(&f2)),
+            (Value::String(s1), Value::String(s2)) => Ok(s1.partial_cmp(&s2)),
             (Value::List(l1), Value::List(l2)) => {
                 for i in 0.. {
                     if i == l2.len() {
                         return Ok(Some(Ordering::Greater));
                     } else if i == l1.len() {
                         return Ok(Some(Ordering::Less));
-                    } else if !vm.nix_eq(l1[i].clone(), l2[i].clone(), true)? {
-                        return l1[i].force(vm)?.nix_cmp(&*l2[i].force(vm)?, vm);
+                    } else if !generators::check_equality(
+                        &co,
+                        l1[i].clone(),
+                        l2[i].clone(),
+                        PointerEquality::AllowAll,
+                    )
+                    .await?
+                    {
+                        // TODO: do we need to control `top_level` here?
+                        let v1 = generators::request_force(&co, l1[i].clone()).await;
+                        let v2 = generators::request_force(&co, l2[i].clone()).await;
+                        return v1.nix_cmp_boxed(v2, co).await;
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -580,8 +604,8 @@ impl Value {
             }
 
             // different types
-            (Value::Integer(i1), Value::Float(f2)) => Ok((*i1 as f64).partial_cmp(f2)),
-            (Value::Float(f1), Value::Integer(i2)) => Ok(f1.partial_cmp(&(*i2 as f64))),
+            (Value::Integer(i1), Value::Float(f2)) => Ok((i1 as f64).partial_cmp(&f2)),
+            (Value::Float(f1), Value::Integer(i2)) => Ok(f1.partial_cmp(&(i2 as f64))),
 
             // unsupported types
             (lhs, rhs) => Err(ErrorKind::Incomparable {
@@ -591,58 +615,12 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Ensure `self` is forced if it is a thunk, and return a reference to the resulting value.
-    pub fn force(&self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<ForceResult, ErrorKind> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Thunk(thunk) => {
-                thunk.force(vm)?;
-                Ok(ForceResult::ForcedThunk(thunk.value()))
-            }
-            _ => Ok(ForceResult::Immediate(self)),
+    pub async fn force(self, co: GenCo) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {
+        if let Value::Thunk(thunk) = self {
+            return thunk.force(co).await;
         }
-    }
-
-    /// Ensure `self` is *deeply* forced, including all recursive sub-values
-    pub(crate) fn deep_force(
-        &self,
-        vm: &mut VM,
-        thunk_set: &mut ThunkSet,
-    ) -> Result<(), ErrorKind> {
-        match self {
-            Value::Null
-            | Value::Bool(_)
-            | Value::Integer(_)
-            | Value::Float(_)
-            | Value::String(_)
-            | Value::Path(_)
-            | Value::Closure(_)
-            | Value::Builtin(_)
-            | Value::AttrNotFound
-            | Value::Blueprint(_)
-            | Value::DeferredUpvalue(_)
-            | Value::UnresolvedPath(_) => Ok(()),
-            Value::Attrs(a) => {
-                for (_, v) in a.iter() {
-                    v.deep_force(vm, thunk_set)?;
-                }
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            Value::List(l) => {
-                for val in l {
-                    val.deep_force(vm, thunk_set)?;
-                }
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            Value::Thunk(thunk) => {
-                if !thunk_set.insert(thunk) {
-                    return Ok(());
-                }
 
-                thunk.force(vm)?;
-                let value = thunk.value().clone();
-                value.deep_force(vm, thunk_set)
-            }
-        }
+        Ok(self)
     }
 
     /// Explain a value in a human-readable way, e.g. by presenting
@@ -835,9 +813,6 @@ fn type_error(expected: &'static str, actual: &Value) -> ErrorKind {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use imbl::vector;
-
     mod floats {
         use crate::value::total_fmt_float;
 
@@ -865,72 +840,4 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    mod nix_eq {
-        use crate::observer::NoOpObserver;
-
-        use super::*;
-        use proptest::prelude::ProptestConfig;
-        use test_strategy::proptest;
-
-        #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 5, ..Default::default() })]
-        fn reflexive(x: Value) {
-            let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-            let mut vm = VM::new(
-                Default::default(),
-                Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-                &mut observer,
-                Default::default(),
-            );
-
-            assert!(x.nix_eq(&x, &mut vm).unwrap())
-        }
-
-        #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 5, ..Default::default() })]
-        fn symmetric(x: Value, y: Value) {
-            let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-            let mut vm = VM::new(
-                Default::default(),
-                Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-                &mut observer,
-                Default::default(),
-            );
-
-            assert_eq!(
-                x.nix_eq(&y, &mut vm).unwrap(),
-                y.nix_eq(&x, &mut vm).unwrap()
-            )
-        }
-
-        #[proptest(ProptestConfig { cases: 5, ..Default::default() })]
-        fn transitive(x: Value, y: Value, z: Value) {
-            let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-            let mut vm = VM::new(
-                Default::default(),
-                Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-                &mut observer,
-                Default::default(),
-            );
-
-            if x.nix_eq(&y, &mut vm).unwrap() && y.nix_eq(&z, &mut vm).unwrap() {
-                assert!(x.nix_eq(&z, &mut vm).unwrap())
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[test]
-        fn list_int_float_fungibility() {
-            let mut observer = NoOpObserver {};
-            let mut vm = VM::new(
-                Default::default(),
-                Box::new(crate::DummyIO),
-                &mut observer,
-                Default::default(),
-            );
-
-            let v1 = Value::List(NixList::from(vector![Value::Integer(1)]));
-            let v2 = Value::List(NixList::from(vector![Value::Float(1.0)]));
-
-            assert!(v1.nix_eq(&v2, &mut vm).unwrap())
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/eval/src/value/thunk.rs b/tvix/eval/src/value/thunk.rs
index 43adb314a211..42e8ec869ac5 100644
--- a/tvix/eval/src/value/thunk.rs
+++ b/tvix/eval/src/value/thunk.rs
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ use std::{
 use serde::Serialize;
 
 use crate::{
-    errors::{Error, ErrorKind},
+    errors::ErrorKind,
     spans::LightSpan,
     upvalues::Upvalues,
     value::Closure,
-    vm::{Trampoline, TrampolineAction, VM},
+    vm::generators::{self, GenCo},
     Value,
 };
 
@@ -115,78 +115,16 @@ impl Thunk {
         )))))
     }
 
-    /// Force a thunk from a context that can't handle trampoline
-    /// continuations, eg outside the VM's normal execution loop.  Calling
-    /// `force_trampoline()` instead should be preferred whenever possible.
-    pub fn force(&self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<(), ErrorKind> {
+    pub async fn force(self, co: GenCo) -> Result<Value, ErrorKind> {
+        // If the current thunk is already fully evaluated, return its evaluated
+        // value. The VM will continue running the code that landed us here.
         if self.is_forced() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        let mut trampoline = Self::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self.clone()))?;
-        loop {
-            match trampoline.action {
-                None => (),
-                Some(TrampolineAction::EnterFrame {
-                    lambda,
-                    upvalues,
-                    arg_count,
-                    light_span: _,
-                }) => vm.enter_frame(lambda, upvalues, arg_count)?,
-            }
-            match trampoline.continuation {
-                None => break,
-                Some(cont) => {
-                    trampoline = cont(vm)?;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        vm.pop();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Evaluate the content of a thunk, potentially repeatedly, until a
-    /// non-thunk value is returned.
-    ///
-    /// When this function returns, the result of one "round" of forcing is left
-    /// at the top of the stack. This may still be a partially evaluated thunk
-    /// which must be further run through the trampoline.
-    pub fn force_trampoline(vm: &mut VM, outer: Value) -> Result<Trampoline, ErrorKind> {
-        match outer {
-            Value::Thunk(thunk) => thunk.force_trampoline_self(vm),
-            v => {
-                vm.push(v);
-                Ok(Trampoline::default())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Analyses `self` and, upon finding a suspended thunk, requests evaluation
-    /// of the contained code from the VM. Control flow may pass back and forth
-    /// between this function and the VM multiple times through continuations
-    /// that call `force_trampoline` again if nested thunks are encountered.
-    ///
-    /// This function is entered again by returning a continuation that calls
-    /// [force_trampoline].
-    // When working on this function, care should be taken to ensure that each
-    // evaluated thunk's *own copy* of its inner representation is replaced by
-    // evaluated results and blackholes, as appropriate. It is a critical error
-    // to move the representation of one thunk into another and can lead to
-    // hard-to-debug performance issues.
-    // TODO: check Rc count when replacing inner repr, to skip it optionally
-    fn force_trampoline_self(&self, vm: &mut VM) -> Result<Trampoline, ErrorKind> {
-        // If the current thunk is already fully evaluated, leave its evaluated
-        // value on the stack and return an empty trampoline. The VM will
-        // continue running the code that landed us here.
-        if self.is_forced() {
-            vm.push(self.value().clone());
-            return Ok(Trampoline::default());
+            return Ok(self.value().clone());
         }
 
         // Begin evaluation of this thunk by marking it as a blackhole, meaning
-        // that any other trampoline loop round encountering this thunk before
-        // its evaluation is completed detected an evaluation cycle.
+        // that any other forcing frame encountering this thunk before its
+        // evaluation is completed detected an evaluation cycle.
         let inner = self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Blackhole);
 
         match inner {
@@ -195,171 +133,44 @@ impl Thunk {
             ThunkRepr::Blackhole => Err(ErrorKind::InfiniteRecursion),
 
             // If there is a native function stored in the thunk, evaluate it
-            // and replace this thunk's representation with it. Then bounces off
-            // the trampoline, to handle the case of the native function
-            // returning another thunk.
+            // and replace this thunk's representation with the result.
             ThunkRepr::Native(native) => {
                 let value = native.0()?;
-                self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value));
-                let self_clone = self.clone();
-
-                Ok(Trampoline {
-                    action: None,
-                    continuation: Some(Box::new(move |vm| {
-                        Thunk::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self_clone))
-                            .map_err(|kind| Error::new(kind, todo!("BUG: b/238")))
-                    })),
-                })
+
+                // Force the returned value again, in case the native call
+                // returned a thunk.
+                let value = generators::request_force(&co, value).await;
+
+                self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value.clone()));
+                Ok(value)
             }
 
-            // When encountering a suspended thunk, construct a trampoline that
-            // enters the thunk's code in the VM and replaces the thunks
-            // representation with the evaluated one upon return.
+            // When encountering a suspended thunk, request that the VM enters
+            // it and produces the result.
             //
-            // Thunks may be nested, so this case initiates another round of
-            // trampolining to ensure that the returned value is forced.
             ThunkRepr::Suspended {
                 lambda,
                 upvalues,
                 light_span,
             } => {
-                // Clone self to move an Rc pointing to *this* thunk instance
-                // into the continuation closure.
-                let self_clone = self.clone();
-
-                Ok(Trampoline {
-                    // Ask VM to enter frame of this thunk ...
-                    action: Some(TrampolineAction::EnterFrame {
-                        lambda,
-                        upvalues,
-                        arg_count: 0,
-                        light_span: light_span.clone(),
-                    }),
-
-                    // ... and replace the inner representation once that is done,
-                    // looping back around to here.
-                    continuation: Some(Box::new(move |vm: &mut VM| {
-                        let should_be_blackhole =
-                            self_clone.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(vm.pop()));
-                        debug_assert!(matches!(should_be_blackhole, ThunkRepr::Blackhole));
-
-                        Thunk::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self_clone))
-                            .map_err(|kind| Error::new(kind, light_span.span()))
-                    })),
-                })
-            }
+                let value =
+                    generators::request_enter_lambda(&co, lambda, upvalues, light_span).await;
 
-            // Note by tazjin: I have decided at this point to fully unroll the inner thunk handling
-            // here, leaving no room for confusion about how inner thunks are handled. This *could*
-            // be written in a shorter way (for example by using a helper function that handles all
-            // cases in which inner thunks can trivially be turned into a value), but given that we
-            // have been bitten by this logic repeatedly, I think it is better to let it be slightly
-            // verbose for now.
-
-            // If an inner thunk is found and already fully-forced, we can
-            // short-circuit and replace the representation of self with it.
-            ThunkRepr::Evaluated(Value::Thunk(ref inner)) if inner.is_forced() => {
-                self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(inner.value().clone()));
-                vm.push(inner.value().clone());
-                Ok(Trampoline::default())
-            }
+                // This may have returned another thunk, so we need to request
+                // that the VM forces this value, too.
+                let value = generators::request_force(&co, value).await;
 
-            // Otherwise we handle inner thunks mostly as above, with the
-            // primary difference that we set the representations of *both*
-            // thunks in this case.
-            ThunkRepr::Evaluated(Value::Thunk(ref inner)) => {
-                // The inner thunk is now under evaluation, mark it as such.
-                let inner_repr = inner.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Blackhole);
-
-                match inner_repr {
-                    ThunkRepr::Blackhole => Err(ErrorKind::InfiniteRecursion),
-
-                    // Same as for the native case above, but results are placed
-                    // in *both* thunks.
-                    ThunkRepr::Native(native) => {
-                        let value = native.0()?;
-                        self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value.clone()));
-                        inner.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value));
-                        let self_clone = self.clone();
-
-                        Ok(Trampoline {
-                            action: None,
-                            continuation: Some(Box::new(move |vm| {
-                                Thunk::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self_clone))
-                                    .map_err(|kind| Error::new(kind, todo!("BUG: b/238")))
-                            })),
-                        })
-                    }
-
-                    // Inner suspended thunks are trampolined to the VM, and
-                    // their results written to both thunks in the continuation.
-                    ThunkRepr::Suspended {
-                        lambda,
-                        upvalues,
-                        light_span,
-                    } => {
-                        let self_clone = self.clone();
-                        let inner_clone = inner.clone();
-
-                        Ok(Trampoline {
-                            // Ask VM to enter frame of this thunk ...
-                            action: Some(TrampolineAction::EnterFrame {
-                                lambda,
-                                upvalues,
-                                arg_count: 0,
-                                light_span: light_span.clone(),
-                            }),
-
-                            // ... and replace the inner representations.
-                            continuation: Some(Box::new(move |vm: &mut VM| {
-                                let result = vm.pop();
-
-                                let self_blackhole =
-                                    self_clone.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(result.clone()));
-                                debug_assert!(matches!(self_blackhole, ThunkRepr::Blackhole));
-
-                                let inner_blackhole =
-                                    inner_clone.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(result));
-                                debug_assert!(matches!(inner_blackhole, ThunkRepr::Blackhole));
-
-                                Thunk::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self_clone))
-                                    .map_err(|kind| Error::new(kind, light_span.span()))
-                            })),
-                        })
-                    }
-
-                    // If the inner thunk is some arbitrary other value (this is
-                    // almost guaranteed to be another thunk), change our
-                    // representation to the same inner thunk and bounce off the
-                    // trampoline. The inner thunk is changed *back* to the same
-                    // state.
-                    //
-                    // This is safe because we are not cloning the innermost
-                    // thunk's representation, so while the inner thunk will not
-                    // eventually have its representation replaced by _this_
-                    // trampoline run, we will return the correct representation
-                    // out of here and memoize the innermost thunk.
-                    ThunkRepr::Evaluated(v) => {
-                        self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(v.clone()));
-                        inner.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(v));
-                        let self_clone = self.clone();
-
-                        Ok(Trampoline {
-                            action: None,
-                            continuation: Some(Box::new(move |vm: &mut VM| {
-                                // TODO(tazjin): not sure about this span ...
-                                // let span = vm.current_span();
-                                Thunk::force_trampoline(vm, Value::Thunk(self_clone))
-                                    .map_err(|kind| Error::new(kind, todo!("BUG: b/238")))
-                            })),
-                        })
-                    }
-                }
+                self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value.clone()));
+                Ok(value)
             }
 
-            // This branch can not occur here, it would have been caught by our
-            // `self.is_forced()` check above.
-            ThunkRepr::Evaluated(_) => unreachable!("BUG: definition of Thunk::is_forced changed"),
+            // If an inner value is found, force it and then update. This is
+            // most likely an inner thunk, as `Thunk:is_forced` returned false.
+            ThunkRepr::Evaluated(val) => {
+                let value = generators::request_force(&co, val).await;
+                self.0.replace(ThunkRepr::Evaluated(value.clone()));
+                Ok(value)
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -381,7 +192,6 @@ impl Thunk {
     /// Returns true if forcing this thunk will not change it.
     pub fn is_forced(&self) -> bool {
         match *self.0.borrow() {
-            ThunkRepr::Blackhole => panic!("is_forced() called on a blackholed thunk"),
             ThunkRepr::Evaluated(Value::Thunk(_)) => false,
             ThunkRepr::Evaluated(_) => true,
             _ => false,
@@ -452,13 +262,9 @@ impl TotalDisplay for Thunk {
             return f.write_str("<CYCLE>");
         }
 
-        match self.0.try_borrow() {
-            Ok(repr) => match &*repr {
-                ThunkRepr::Evaluated(v) => v.total_fmt(f, set),
-                _ => f.write_str("internal[thunk]"),
-            },
-
-            _ => f.write_str("internal[thunk]"),
+        match &*self.0.borrow() {
+            ThunkRepr::Evaluated(v) => v.total_fmt(f, set),
+            other => write!(f, "internal[{}]", other.debug_repr()),
         }
     }
 }