diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'tools/nixery/builder')
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/nixery/builder/archive.go | 113 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/nixery/builder/builder.go | 521 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/nixery/builder/builder_test.go | 123 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/nixery/builder/cache.go | 236 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tools/nixery/builder/layers.go | 364 |
5 files changed, 1357 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/tools/nixery/builder/archive.go b/tools/nixery/builder/archive.go new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..ff822e389a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/nixery/builder/archive.go @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +// Copyright 2019 Google LLC +// +// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not +// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of +// the License at +// +// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT +// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the +// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under +// the License. +package builder + +// This file implements logic for walking through a directory and creating a +// tarball of it. +// +// The tarball is written straight to the supplied reader, which makes it +// possible to create an image layer from the specified store paths, hash it and +// upload it in one reading pass. +import ( + "archive/tar" + "compress/gzip" + "crypto/sha256" + "fmt" + "io" + "os" + "path/filepath" +) + +// Create a new compressed tarball from each of the paths in the list +// and write it to the supplied writer. +// +// The uncompressed tarball is hashed because image manifests must +// contain both the hashes of compressed and uncompressed layers. +func packStorePaths(l *layer, w io.Writer) (string, error) { + shasum := sha256.New() + gz := gzip.NewWriter(w) + multi := io.MultiWriter(shasum, gz) + t := tar.NewWriter(multi) + + for _, path := range l.Contents { + err := filepath.Walk(path, tarStorePath(t)) + if err != nil { + return "", err + } + } + + if err := t.Close(); err != nil { + return "", err + } + + if err := gz.Close(); err != nil { + return "", err + } + + return fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", shasum.Sum([]byte{})), nil +} + +func tarStorePath(w *tar.Writer) filepath.WalkFunc { + return func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error { + if err != nil { + return err + } + + // If the entry is not a symlink or regular file, skip it. + if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink == 0 && !info.Mode().IsRegular() { + return nil + } + + // the symlink target is read if this entry is a symlink, as it + // is required when creating the file header + var link string + if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink != 0 { + link, err = os.Readlink(path) + if err != nil { + return err + } + } + + header, err := tar.FileInfoHeader(info, link) + if err != nil { + return err + } + + // The name retrieved from os.FileInfo only contains the file's + // basename, but the full path is required within the layer + // tarball. + header.Name = path + if err = w.WriteHeader(header); err != nil { + return err + } + + // At this point, return if no file content needs to be written + if !info.Mode().IsRegular() { + return nil + } + + f, err := os.Open(path) + if err != nil { + return err + } + + if _, err := io.Copy(w, f); err != nil { + return err + } + + f.Close() + + return nil + } +} diff --git a/tools/nixery/builder/builder.go b/tools/nixery/builder/builder.go new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..ceb112df90cf --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/nixery/builder/builder.go @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ +// Copyright 2019 Google LLC +// +// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not +// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of +// the License at +// +// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT +// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the +// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under +// the License. + +// Package builder implements the logic for assembling container +// images. It shells out to Nix to retrieve all required Nix-packages +// and assemble the symlink layer and then creates the required +// tarballs in-process. +package builder + +import ( + "bufio" + "bytes" + "compress/gzip" + "context" + "crypto/sha256" + "encoding/json" + "fmt" + "io" + "io/ioutil" + "os" + "os/exec" + "sort" + "strings" + + "github.com/google/nixery/config" + "github.com/google/nixery/manifest" + "github.com/google/nixery/storage" + log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus" +) + +// The maximum number of layers in an image is 125. To allow for +// extensibility, the actual number of layers Nixery is "allowed" to +// use up is set at a lower point. +const LayerBudget int = 94 + +// State holds the runtime state that is carried around in Nixery and +// passed to builder functions. +type State struct { + Storage storage.Backend + Cache *LocalCache + Cfg config.Config + Pop Popularity +} + +// Architecture represents the possible CPU architectures for which +// container images can be built. +// +// The default architecture is amd64, but support for ARM platforms is +// available within nixpkgs and can be toggled via meta-packages. +type Architecture struct { + // Name of the system tuple to pass to Nix + nixSystem string + + // Name of the architecture as used in the OCI manifests + imageArch string +} + +var amd64 = Architecture{"x86_64-linux", "amd64"} +var arm64 = Architecture{"aarch64-linux", "arm64"} + +// Image represents the information necessary for building a container image. +// This can be either a list of package names (corresponding to keys in the +// nixpkgs set) or a Nix expression that results in a *list* of derivations. +type Image struct { + Name string + Tag string + + // Names of packages to include in the image. These must correspond + // directly to top-level names of Nix packages in the nixpkgs tree. + Packages []string + + // Architecture for which to build the image. Nixery defaults + // this to amd64 if not specified via meta-packages. + Arch *Architecture +} + +// BuildResult represents the data returned from the server to the +// HTTP handlers. Error information is propagated straight from Nix +// for errors inside of the build that should be fed back to the +// client (such as missing packages). +type BuildResult struct { + Error string `json:"error"` + Pkgs []string `json:"pkgs"` + Manifest json.RawMessage `json:"manifest"` +} + +// ImageFromName parses an image name into the corresponding structure which can +// be used to invoke Nix. +// +// It will expand convenience names under the hood (see the `convenienceNames` +// function below) and append packages that are always included (cacert, iana-etc). +// +// Once assembled the image structure uses a sorted representation of +// the name. This is to avoid unnecessarily cache-busting images if +// only the order of requested packages has changed. +func ImageFromName(name string, tag string) Image { + pkgs := strings.Split(name, "/") + arch, expanded := metaPackages(pkgs) + expanded = append(expanded, "cacert", "iana-etc") + + sort.Strings(pkgs) + sort.Strings(expanded) + + return Image{ + Name: strings.Join(pkgs, "/"), + Tag: tag, + Packages: expanded, + Arch: arch, + } +} + +// ImageResult represents the output of calling the Nix derivation +// responsible for preparing an image. +type ImageResult struct { + // These fields are populated in case of an error + Error string `json:"error"` + Pkgs []string `json:"pkgs"` + + // These fields are populated in case of success + Graph runtimeGraph `json:"runtimeGraph"` + SymlinkLayer struct { + Size int `json:"size"` + TarHash string `json:"tarHash"` + Path string `json:"path"` + } `json:"symlinkLayer"` +} + +// metaPackages expands package names defined by Nixery which either +// include sets of packages or trigger certain image-building +// behaviour. +// +// Meta-packages must be specified as the first packages in an image +// name. +// +// Currently defined meta-packages are: +// +// * `shell`: Includes bash, coreutils and other common command-line tools +// * `arm64`: Causes Nixery to build images for the ARM64 architecture +func metaPackages(packages []string) (*Architecture, []string) { + arch := &amd64 + + var metapkgs []string + lastMeta := 0 + for idx, p := range packages { + if p == "shell" || p == "arm64" { + metapkgs = append(metapkgs, p) + lastMeta = idx + 1 + } else { + break + } + } + + // Chop off the meta-packages from the front of the package + // list + packages = packages[lastMeta:] + + for _, p := range metapkgs { + switch p { + case "shell": + packages = append(packages, "bashInteractive", "coreutils", "moreutils", "nano") + case "arm64": + arch = &arm64 + } + } + + return arch, packages +} + +// logNix logs each output line from Nix. It runs in a goroutine per +// output channel that should be live-logged. +func logNix(image, cmd string, r io.ReadCloser) { + scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r) + for scanner.Scan() { + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image, + "cmd": cmd, + }).Info("[nix] " + scanner.Text()) + } +} + +func callNix(program, image string, args []string) ([]byte, error) { + cmd := exec.Command(program, args...) + + outpipe, err := cmd.StdoutPipe() + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + errpipe, err := cmd.StderrPipe() + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + go logNix(program, image, errpipe) + + if err = cmd.Start(); err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image, + "cmd": program, + }).Error("error invoking Nix") + + return nil, err + } + + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "cmd": program, + "image": image, + }).Info("invoked Nix build") + + stdout, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(outpipe) + + if err = cmd.Wait(); err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image, + "cmd": program, + "stdout": stdout, + }).Info("failed to invoke Nix") + + return nil, err + } + + resultFile := strings.TrimSpace(string(stdout)) + buildOutput, err := ioutil.ReadFile(resultFile) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image, + "file": resultFile, + }).Info("failed to read Nix result file") + + return nil, err + } + + return buildOutput, nil +} + +// Call out to Nix and request metadata for the image to be built. All +// required store paths for the image will be realised, but layers +// will not yet be created from them. +// +// This function is only invoked if the manifest is not found in any +// cache. +func prepareImage(s *State, image *Image) (*ImageResult, error) { + packages, err := json.Marshal(image.Packages) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + srcType, srcArgs := s.Cfg.Pkgs.Render(image.Tag) + + args := []string{ + "--timeout", s.Cfg.Timeout, + "--argstr", "packages", string(packages), + "--argstr", "srcType", srcType, + "--argstr", "srcArgs", srcArgs, + "--argstr", "system", image.Arch.nixSystem, + } + + output, err := callNix("nixery-prepare-image", image.Name, args) + if err != nil { + // granular error logging is performed in callNix already + return nil, err + } + + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image.Name, + "tag": image.Tag, + }).Info("finished image preparation via Nix") + + var result ImageResult + err = json.Unmarshal(output, &result) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + return &result, nil +} + +// Groups layers and checks whether they are present in the cache +// already, otherwise calls out to Nix to assemble layers. +// +// Newly built layers are uploaded to the bucket. Cache entries are +// added only after successful uploads, which guarantees that entries +// retrieved from the cache are present in the bucket. +func prepareLayers(ctx context.Context, s *State, image *Image, result *ImageResult) ([]manifest.Entry, error) { + grouped := groupLayers(&result.Graph, &s.Pop, LayerBudget) + + var entries []manifest.Entry + + // Splits the layers into those which are already present in + // the cache, and those that are missing. + // + // Missing layers are built and uploaded to the storage + // bucket. + for _, l := range grouped { + if entry, cached := layerFromCache(ctx, s, l.Hash()); cached { + entries = append(entries, *entry) + } else { + lh := l.Hash() + + // While packing store paths, the SHA sum of + // the uncompressed layer is computed and + // written to `tarhash`. + // + // TODO(tazjin): Refactor this to make the + // flow of data cleaner. + var tarhash string + lw := func(w io.Writer) error { + var err error + tarhash, err = packStorePaths(&l, w) + return err + } + + entry, err := uploadHashLayer(ctx, s, lh, lw) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + entry.MergeRating = l.MergeRating + entry.TarHash = tarhash + + var pkgs []string + for _, p := range l.Contents { + pkgs = append(pkgs, packageFromPath(p)) + } + + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": lh, + "packages": pkgs, + "tarhash": tarhash, + }).Info("created image layer") + + go cacheLayer(ctx, s, l.Hash(), *entry) + entries = append(entries, *entry) + } + } + + // Symlink layer (built in the first Nix build) needs to be + // included here manually: + slkey := result.SymlinkLayer.TarHash + entry, err := uploadHashLayer(ctx, s, slkey, func(w io.Writer) error { + f, err := os.Open(result.SymlinkLayer.Path) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image.Name, + "tag": image.Tag, + "layer": slkey, + }).Error("failed to open symlink layer") + + return err + } + defer f.Close() + + gz := gzip.NewWriter(w) + _, err = io.Copy(gz, f) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image.Name, + "tag": image.Tag, + "layer": slkey, + }).Error("failed to upload symlink layer") + + return err + } + + return gz.Close() + }) + + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + entry.TarHash = "sha256:" + result.SymlinkLayer.TarHash + go cacheLayer(ctx, s, slkey, *entry) + entries = append(entries, *entry) + + return entries, nil +} + +// layerWriter is the type for functions that can write a layer to the +// multiwriter used for uploading & hashing. +// +// This type exists to avoid duplication between the handling of +// symlink layers and store path layers. +type layerWriter func(w io.Writer) error + +// byteCounter is a special io.Writer that counts all bytes written to +// it and does nothing else. +// +// This is required because the ad-hoc writing of tarballs leaves no +// single place to count the final tarball size otherwise. +type byteCounter struct { + count int64 +} + +func (b *byteCounter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) { + b.count += int64(len(p)) + return len(p), nil +} + +// Upload a layer tarball to the storage bucket, while hashing it at +// the same time. The supplied function is expected to provide the +// layer data to the writer. +// +// The initial upload is performed in a 'staging' folder, as the +// SHA256-hash is not yet available when the upload is initiated. +// +// After a successful upload, the file is moved to its final location +// in the bucket and the build cache is populated. +// +// The return value is the layer's SHA256 hash, which is used in the +// image manifest. +func uploadHashLayer(ctx context.Context, s *State, key string, lw layerWriter) (*manifest.Entry, error) { + path := "staging/" + key + sha256sum, size, err := s.Storage.Persist(ctx, path, func(sw io.Writer) (string, int64, error) { + // Sets up a "multiwriter" that simultaneously runs both hash + // algorithms and uploads to the storage backend. + shasum := sha256.New() + counter := &byteCounter{} + multi := io.MultiWriter(sw, shasum, counter) + + err := lw(multi) + sha256sum := fmt.Sprintf("%x", shasum.Sum([]byte{})) + + return sha256sum, counter.count, err + }) + + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to create and store layer") + + return nil, err + } + + // Hashes are now known and the object is in the bucket, what + // remains is to move it to the correct location and cache it. + err = s.Storage.Move(ctx, "staging/"+key, "layers/"+sha256sum) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithField("layer", key). + Error("failed to move layer from staging") + + return nil, err + } + + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": key, + "sha256": sha256sum, + "size": size, + }).Info("created and persisted layer") + + entry := manifest.Entry{ + Digest: "sha256:" + sha256sum, + Size: size, + } + + return &entry, nil +} + +func BuildImage(ctx context.Context, s *State, image *Image) (*BuildResult, error) { + key := s.Cfg.Pkgs.CacheKey(image.Packages, image.Tag) + if key != "" { + if m, c := manifestFromCache(ctx, s, key); c { + return &BuildResult{ + Manifest: m, + }, nil + } + } + + imageResult, err := prepareImage(s, image) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + if imageResult.Error != "" { + return &BuildResult{ + Error: imageResult.Error, + Pkgs: imageResult.Pkgs, + }, nil + } + + layers, err := prepareLayers(ctx, s, image, imageResult) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + + m, c := manifest.Manifest(image.Arch.imageArch, layers) + + lw := func(w io.Writer) error { + r := bytes.NewReader(c.Config) + _, err := io.Copy(w, r) + return err + } + + if _, err = uploadHashLayer(ctx, s, c.SHA256, lw); err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "image": image.Name, + "tag": image.Tag, + }).Error("failed to upload config") + + return nil, err + } + + if key != "" { + go cacheManifest(ctx, s, key, m) + } + + result := BuildResult{ + Manifest: m, + } + return &result, nil +} diff --git a/tools/nixery/builder/builder_test.go b/tools/nixery/builder/builder_test.go new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..3fbe2ab40e23 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/nixery/builder/builder_test.go @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +// Copyright 2019 Google LLC +// +// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not +// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of +// the License at +// +// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT +// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the +// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under +// the License. +package builder + +import ( + "github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp" + "github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts" + "testing" +) + +var ignoreArch = cmpopts.IgnoreFields(Image{}, "Arch") + +func TestImageFromNameSimple(t *testing.T) { + image := ImageFromName("hello", "latest") + expected := Image{ + Name: "hello", + Tag: "latest", + Packages: []string{ + "cacert", + "hello", + "iana-etc", + }, + } + + if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, image, ignoreArch); diff != "" { + t.Fatalf("Image(\"hello\", \"latest\") mismatch:\n%s", diff) + } +} + +func TestImageFromNameMultiple(t *testing.T) { + image := ImageFromName("hello/git/htop", "latest") + expected := Image{ + Name: "git/hello/htop", + Tag: "latest", + Packages: []string{ + "cacert", + "git", + "hello", + "htop", + "iana-etc", + }, + } + + if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, image, ignoreArch); diff != "" { + t.Fatalf("Image(\"hello/git/htop\", \"latest\") mismatch:\n%s", diff) + } +} + +func TestImageFromNameShell(t *testing.T) { + image := ImageFromName("shell", "latest") + expected := Image{ + Name: "shell", + Tag: "latest", + Packages: []string{ + "bashInteractive", + "cacert", + "coreutils", + "iana-etc", + "moreutils", + "nano", + }, + } + + if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, image, ignoreArch); diff != "" { + t.Fatalf("Image(\"shell\", \"latest\") mismatch:\n%s", diff) + } +} + +func TestImageFromNameShellMultiple(t *testing.T) { + image := ImageFromName("shell/htop", "latest") + expected := Image{ + Name: "htop/shell", + Tag: "latest", + Packages: []string{ + "bashInteractive", + "cacert", + "coreutils", + "htop", + "iana-etc", + "moreutils", + "nano", + }, + } + + if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, image, ignoreArch); diff != "" { + t.Fatalf("Image(\"shell/htop\", \"latest\") mismatch:\n%s", diff) + } +} + +func TestImageFromNameShellArm64(t *testing.T) { + image := ImageFromName("shell/arm64", "latest") + expected := Image{ + Name: "arm64/shell", + Tag: "latest", + Packages: []string{ + "bashInteractive", + "cacert", + "coreutils", + "iana-etc", + "moreutils", + "nano", + }, + } + + if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, image, ignoreArch); diff != "" { + t.Fatalf("Image(\"shell/arm64\", \"latest\") mismatch:\n%s", diff) + } + + if image.Arch.imageArch != "arm64" { + t.Fatal("Image(\"shell/arm64\"): Expected arch arm64") + } +} diff --git a/tools/nixery/builder/cache.go b/tools/nixery/builder/cache.go new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a4ebe03e1c94 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/nixery/builder/cache.go @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +// Copyright 2019 Google LLC +// +// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not +// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of +// the License at +// +// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT +// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the +// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under +// the License. +package builder + +import ( + "bytes" + "context" + "encoding/json" + "io" + "io/ioutil" + "os" + "sync" + + "github.com/google/nixery/manifest" + log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus" +) + +// LocalCache implements the structure used for local caching of +// manifests and layer uploads. +type LocalCache struct { + // Manifest cache + mmtx sync.RWMutex + mdir string + + // Layer cache + lmtx sync.RWMutex + lcache map[string]manifest.Entry +} + +// Creates an in-memory cache and ensures that the local file path for +// manifest caching exists. +func NewCache() (LocalCache, error) { + path := os.TempDir() + "/nixery" + err := os.MkdirAll(path, 0755) + if err != nil { + return LocalCache{}, err + } + + return LocalCache{ + mdir: path + "/", + lcache: make(map[string]manifest.Entry), + }, nil +} + +// Retrieve a cached manifest if the build is cacheable and it exists. +func (c *LocalCache) manifestFromLocalCache(key string) (json.RawMessage, bool) { + c.mmtx.RLock() + defer c.mmtx.RUnlock() + + f, err := os.Open(c.mdir + key) + if err != nil { + // This is a debug log statement because failure to + // read the manifest key is currently expected if it + // is not cached. + log.WithError(err).WithField("manifest", key). + Debug("failed to read manifest from local cache") + + return nil, false + } + defer f.Close() + + m, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithField("manifest", key). + Error("failed to read manifest from local cache") + + return nil, false + } + + return json.RawMessage(m), true +} + +// Adds the result of a manifest build to the local cache, if the +// manifest is considered cacheable. +// +// Manifests can be quite large and are cached on disk instead of in +// memory. +func (c *LocalCache) localCacheManifest(key string, m json.RawMessage) { + c.mmtx.Lock() + defer c.mmtx.Unlock() + + err := ioutil.WriteFile(c.mdir+key, []byte(m), 0644) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithField("manifest", key). + Error("failed to locally cache manifest") + } +} + +// Retrieve a layer build from the local cache. +func (c *LocalCache) layerFromLocalCache(key string) (*manifest.Entry, bool) { + c.lmtx.RLock() + e, ok := c.lcache[key] + c.lmtx.RUnlock() + + return &e, ok +} + +// Add a layer build result to the local cache. +func (c *LocalCache) localCacheLayer(key string, e manifest.Entry) { + c.lmtx.Lock() + c.lcache[key] = e + c.lmtx.Unlock() +} + +// Retrieve a manifest from the cache(s). First the local cache is +// checked, then the storage backend. +func manifestFromCache(ctx context.Context, s *State, key string) (json.RawMessage, bool) { + if m, cached := s.Cache.manifestFromLocalCache(key); cached { + return m, true + } + + r, err := s.Storage.Fetch(ctx, "manifests/"+key) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "manifest": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to fetch manifest from cache") + + return nil, false + } + defer r.Close() + + m, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "manifest": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to read cached manifest from storage backend") + + return nil, false + } + + go s.Cache.localCacheManifest(key, m) + log.WithField("manifest", key).Info("retrieved manifest from GCS") + + return json.RawMessage(m), true +} + +// Add a manifest to the bucket & local caches +func cacheManifest(ctx context.Context, s *State, key string, m json.RawMessage) { + go s.Cache.localCacheManifest(key, m) + + path := "manifests/" + key + _, size, err := s.Storage.Persist(ctx, path, func(w io.Writer) (string, int64, error) { + size, err := io.Copy(w, bytes.NewReader([]byte(m))) + return "", size, err + }) + + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "manifest": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to cache manifest to storage backend") + + return + } + + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "manifest": key, + "size": size, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Info("cached manifest to storage backend") +} + +// Retrieve a layer build from the cache, first checking the local +// cache followed by the bucket cache. +func layerFromCache(ctx context.Context, s *State, key string) (*manifest.Entry, bool) { + if entry, cached := s.Cache.layerFromLocalCache(key); cached { + return entry, true + } + + r, err := s.Storage.Fetch(ctx, "builds/"+key) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Debug("failed to retrieve cached layer from storage backend") + + return nil, false + } + defer r.Close() + + jb := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{}) + _, err = io.Copy(jb, r) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to read cached layer from storage backend") + + return nil, false + } + + var entry manifest.Entry + err = json.Unmarshal(jb.Bytes(), &entry) + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithField("layer", key). + Error("failed to unmarshal cached layer") + + return nil, false + } + + go s.Cache.localCacheLayer(key, entry) + return &entry, true +} + +func cacheLayer(ctx context.Context, s *State, key string, entry manifest.Entry) { + s.Cache.localCacheLayer(key, entry) + + j, _ := json.Marshal(&entry) + path := "builds/" + key + _, _, err := s.Storage.Persist(ctx, path, func(w io.Writer) (string, int64, error) { + size, err := io.Copy(w, bytes.NewReader(j)) + return "", size, err + }) + + if err != nil { + log.WithError(err).WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layer": key, + "backend": s.Storage.Name(), + }).Error("failed to cache layer") + } + + return +} diff --git a/tools/nixery/builder/layers.go b/tools/nixery/builder/layers.go new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..f769e43c5808 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/nixery/builder/layers.go @@ -0,0 +1,364 @@ +// Copyright 2019 Google LLC +// +// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not +// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of +// the License at +// +// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 +// +// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT +// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the +// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under +// the License. + +// This package reads an export reference graph (i.e. a graph representing the +// runtime dependencies of a set of derivations) created by Nix and groups it in +// a way that is likely to match the grouping for other derivation sets with +// overlapping dependencies. +// +// This is used to determine which derivations to include in which layers of a +// container image. +// +// # Inputs +// +// * a graph of Nix runtime dependencies, generated via exportReferenceGraph +// * popularity values of each package in the Nix package set (in the form of a +// direct reference count) +// * a maximum number of layers to allocate for the image (the "layer budget") +// +// # Algorithm +// +// It works by first creating a (directed) dependency tree: +// +// img (root node) +// │ +// ├───> A ─────┐ +// │ v +// ├───> B ───> E +// │ ^ +// ├───> C ─────┘ +// │ │ +// │ v +// └───> D ───> F +// │ +// └────> G +// +// Each node (i.e. package) is then visited to determine how important +// it is to separate this node into its own layer, specifically: +// +// 1. Is the node within a certain threshold percentile of absolute +// popularity within all of nixpkgs? (e.g. `glibc`, `openssl`) +// +// 2. Is the node's runtime closure above a threshold size? (e.g. 100MB) +// +// In either case, a bit is flipped for this node representing each +// condition and an edge to it is inserted directly from the image +// root, if it does not already exist. +// +// For the rest of the example we assume 'G' is above the threshold +// size and 'E' is popular. +// +// This tree is then transformed into a dominator tree: +// +// img +// │ +// ├───> A +// ├───> B +// ├───> C +// ├───> E +// ├───> D ───> F +// └───> G +// +// Specifically this means that the paths to A, B, C, E, G, and D +// always pass through the root (i.e. are dominated by it), whilst F +// is dominated by D (all paths go through it). +// +// The top-level subtrees are considered as the initially selected +// layers. +// +// If the list of layers fits within the layer budget, it is returned. +// +// Otherwise, a merge rating is calculated for each layer. This is the +// product of the layer's total size and its root node's popularity. +// +// Layers are then merged in ascending order of merge ratings until +// they fit into the layer budget. +// +// # Threshold values +// +// Threshold values for the partitioning conditions mentioned above +// have not yet been determined, but we will make a good first guess +// based on gut feeling and proceed to measure their impact on cache +// hits/misses. +// +// # Example +// +// Using the logic described above as well as the example presented in +// the introduction, this program would create the following layer +// groupings (assuming no additional partitioning): +// +// Layer budget: 1 +// Layers: { A, B, C, D, E, F, G } +// +// Layer budget: 2 +// Layers: { G }, { A, B, C, D, E, F } +// +// Layer budget: 3 +// Layers: { G }, { E }, { A, B, C, D, F } +// +// Layer budget: 4 +// Layers: { G }, { E }, { D, F }, { A, B, C } +// +// ... +// +// Layer budget: 10 +// Layers: { E }, { D, F }, { A }, { B }, { C } +package builder + +import ( + "crypto/sha1" + "fmt" + "regexp" + "sort" + "strings" + + log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus" + "gonum.org/v1/gonum/graph/flow" + "gonum.org/v1/gonum/graph/simple" +) + +// runtimeGraph represents structured information from Nix about the runtime +// dependencies of a derivation. +// +// This is generated in Nix by using the exportReferencesGraph feature. +type runtimeGraph struct { + References struct { + Graph []string `json:"graph"` + } `json:"exportReferencesGraph"` + + Graph []struct { + Size uint64 `json:"closureSize"` + Path string `json:"path"` + Refs []string `json:"references"` + } `json:"graph"` +} + +// Popularity data for each Nix package that was calculated in advance. +// +// Popularity is a number from 1-100 that represents the +// popularity percentile in which this package resides inside +// of the nixpkgs tree. +type Popularity = map[string]int + +// Layer represents the data returned for each layer that Nix should +// build for the container image. +type layer struct { + Contents []string `json:"contents"` + MergeRating uint64 +} + +// Hash the contents of a layer to create a deterministic identifier that can be +// used for caching. +func (l *layer) Hash() string { + sum := sha1.Sum([]byte(strings.Join(l.Contents, ":"))) + return fmt.Sprintf("%x", sum) +} + +func (a layer) merge(b layer) layer { + a.Contents = append(a.Contents, b.Contents...) + a.MergeRating += b.MergeRating + return a +} + +// closure as pointed to by the graph nodes. +type closure struct { + GraphID int64 + Path string + Size uint64 + Refs []string + Popularity int +} + +func (c *closure) ID() int64 { + return c.GraphID +} + +var nixRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`^/nix/store/[a-z0-9]+-`) + +// PackageFromPath returns the name of a Nix package based on its +// output store path. +func packageFromPath(path string) string { + return nixRegexp.ReplaceAllString(path, "") +} + +// DOTID provides a human-readable package name. The name stems from +// the dot format used by GraphViz, into which the dependency graph +// can be rendered. +func (c *closure) DOTID() string { + return packageFromPath(c.Path) +} + +// bigOrPopular checks whether this closure should be considered for +// separation into its own layer, even if it would otherwise only +// appear in a subtree of the dominator tree. +func (c *closure) bigOrPopular() bool { + const sizeThreshold = 100 * 1000000 // 100MB + + if c.Size > sizeThreshold { + return true + } + + // Threshold value is picked arbitrarily right now. The reason + // for this is that some packages (such as `cacert`) have very + // few direct dependencies, but are required by pretty much + // everything. + if c.Popularity >= 100 { + return true + } + + return false +} + +func insertEdges(graph *simple.DirectedGraph, cmap *map[string]*closure, node *closure) { + // Big or popular nodes get a separate edge from the top to + // flag them for their own layer. + if node.bigOrPopular() && !graph.HasEdgeFromTo(0, node.ID()) { + edge := graph.NewEdge(graph.Node(0), node) + graph.SetEdge(edge) + } + + for _, c := range node.Refs { + // Nix adds a self reference to each node, which + // should not be inserted. + if c != node.Path { + edge := graph.NewEdge(node, (*cmap)[c]) + graph.SetEdge(edge) + } + } +} + +// Create a graph structure from the references supplied by Nix. +func buildGraph(refs *runtimeGraph, pop *Popularity) *simple.DirectedGraph { + cmap := make(map[string]*closure) + graph := simple.NewDirectedGraph() + + // Insert all closures into the graph, as well as a fake root + // closure which serves as the top of the tree. + // + // A map from store paths to IDs is kept to actually insert + // edges below. + root := &closure{ + GraphID: 0, + Path: "image_root", + } + graph.AddNode(root) + + for idx, c := range refs.Graph { + node := &closure{ + GraphID: int64(idx + 1), // inc because of root node + Path: c.Path, + Size: c.Size, + Refs: c.Refs, + } + + // The packages `nss-cacert` and `iana-etc` are added + // by Nixery to *every single image* and should have a + // very high popularity. + // + // Other popularity values are populated from the data + // set assembled by Nixery's popcount. + id := node.DOTID() + if strings.HasPrefix(id, "nss-cacert") || strings.HasPrefix(id, "iana-etc") { + // glibc has ~300k references, these packages need *more* + node.Popularity = 500000 + } else if p, ok := (*pop)[id]; ok { + node.Popularity = p + } else { + node.Popularity = 1 + } + + graph.AddNode(node) + cmap[c.Path] = node + } + + // Insert the top-level closures with edges from the root + // node, then insert all edges for each closure. + for _, p := range refs.References.Graph { + edge := graph.NewEdge(root, cmap[p]) + graph.SetEdge(edge) + } + + for _, c := range cmap { + insertEdges(graph, &cmap, c) + } + + return graph +} + +// Extracts a subgraph starting at the specified root from the +// dominator tree. The subgraph is converted into a flat list of +// layers, each containing the store paths and merge rating. +func groupLayer(dt *flow.DominatorTree, root *closure) layer { + size := root.Size + contents := []string{root.Path} + children := dt.DominatedBy(root.ID()) + + // This iteration does not use 'range' because the list being + // iterated is modified during the iteration (yes, I'm sorry). + for i := 0; i < len(children); i++ { + child := children[i].(*closure) + size += child.Size + contents = append(contents, child.Path) + children = append(children, dt.DominatedBy(child.ID())...) + } + + // Contents are sorted to ensure that hashing is consistent + sort.Strings(contents) + + return layer{ + Contents: contents, + MergeRating: uint64(root.Popularity) * size, + } +} + +// Calculate the dominator tree of the entire package set and group +// each top-level subtree into a layer. +// +// Layers are merged together until they fit into the layer budget, +// based on their merge rating. +func dominate(budget int, graph *simple.DirectedGraph) []layer { + dt := flow.Dominators(graph.Node(0), graph) + + var layers []layer + for _, n := range dt.DominatedBy(dt.Root().ID()) { + layers = append(layers, groupLayer(&dt, n.(*closure))) + } + + sort.Slice(layers, func(i, j int) bool { + return layers[i].MergeRating < layers[j].MergeRating + }) + + if len(layers) > budget { + log.WithFields(log.Fields{ + "layers": len(layers), + "budget": budget, + }).Info("ideal image exceeds layer budget") + } + + for len(layers) > budget { + merged := layers[0].merge(layers[1]) + layers[1] = merged + layers = layers[1:] + } + + return layers +} + +// groupLayers applies the algorithm described above the its input and returns a +// list of layers, each consisting of a list of Nix store paths that it should +// contain. +func groupLayers(refs *runtimeGraph, pop *Popularity, budget int) []layer { + graph := buildGraph(refs, pop) + return dominate(budget, graph) +} |