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diff --git a/configs/shared/emacs/.emacs.d/elpa/magit-20180719.1904/magit.info-1 b/configs/shared/emacs/.emacs.d/elpa/magit-20180719.1904/magit.info-1 new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..c9c13828889b --- /dev/null +++ b/configs/shared/emacs/.emacs.d/elpa/magit-20180719.1904/magit.info-1 @@ -0,0 +1,7844 @@ +This is magit.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from magit.texi. + + Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@bernoul.li> + + You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms + of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software + Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) + any later version. + + This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. +INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Magit: (magit). Using Git from Emacs with Magit. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: magit.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) + +Magit User Manual +***************** + +Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented as +an Emacs package. Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain. While +we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each and every +Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced Git users +to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks directly from +within Emacs. While many fine Git clients exist, only Magit and Git +itself deserve to be called porcelains. + +This manual is for Magit version 2.13.0 (2.13.0-69-gbc8b275e+1). + + Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@bernoul.li> + + You can redistribute this document and/or modify it under the terms + of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software + Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) + any later version. + + This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU + General Public License for more details. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: +* Installation:: +* Getting Started:: +* Interface Concepts:: +* Inspecting:: +* Manipulating:: +* Transferring:: +* Miscellaneous:: +* Customizing:: +* Plumbing:: +* FAQ:: +* Debugging Tools:: +* Keystroke Index:: +* Command Index:: +* Function Index:: +* Variable Index:: + +— The Detailed Node Listing — + +Installation + +* Installing from an Elpa Archive:: +* Installing from the Git Repository:: +* Post-Installation Tasks:: + +Interface Concepts + +* Modes and Buffers:: +* Sections:: +* Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands:: +* Completion, Confirmation and the Selection: Completion Confirmation and the Selection. +* Running Git:: + +Modes and Buffers + +* Switching Buffers:: +* Naming Buffers:: +* Quitting Windows:: +* Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers:: +* Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers:: +* Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers:: + + +Sections + +* Section Movement:: +* Section Visibility:: +* Section Hooks:: +* Section Types and Values:: +* Section Options:: + + +Completion, Confirmation and the Selection + +* Action Confirmation:: +* Completion and Confirmation:: +* The Selection:: +* The hunk-internal region:: +* Support for Completion Frameworks:: +* Additional Completion Options:: + + +Running Git + +* Viewing Git Output:: +* Git Process Status:: +* Running Git Manually:: +* Git Executable:: +* Global Git Arguments:: + + +Inspecting + +* Status Buffer:: +* Repository List:: +* Logging:: +* Diffing:: +* Ediffing:: +* References Buffer:: +* Bisecting:: +* Visiting Blobs:: +* Blaming:: + +Status Buffer + +* Status Sections:: +* Status Header Sections:: +* Status Module Sections:: +* Status Options:: + + +Logging + +* Refreshing Logs:: +* Log Buffer:: +* Log Margin:: +* Select from Log:: +* Reflog:: +* Cherries:: + + +Diffing + +* Refreshing Diffs:: +* Diff Buffer:: +* Diff Options:: +* Revision Buffer:: + + +References Buffer + +* References Sections:: + + +Manipulating + +* Repository Setup:: +* Staging and Unstaging:: +* Applying:: +* Committing:: +* Branching:: +* Merging:: +* Resolving Conflicts:: +* Rebasing:: +* Cherry Picking:: +* Resetting:: +* Stashing:: + +Staging and Unstaging + +* Staging from File-Visiting Buffers:: + + +Committing + +* Initiating a Commit:: +* Editing Commit Messages:: + + +Branching + +* The Two Remotes:: +* The Branch Popup:: +* The Branch Config Popup:: +* Auxillary Branch Commands:: + + +Rebasing + +* Editing Rebase Sequences:: +* Information About In-Progress Rebase:: + + +Cherry Picking + +* Reverting:: + + +Transferring + +* Remotes:: +* Fetching:: +* Pulling:: +* Pushing:: +* Creating and Sending Patches:: +* Applying Patches:: + +Remotes + +* The Remote Popup:: +* The Remote Config Popup:: + + +Miscellaneous + +* Tagging:: +* Notes:: +* Submodules:: +* Subtree:: +* Worktree:: +* Common Commands:: +* Wip Modes:: +* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files:: +* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs:: + +Submodules + +* Listing Submodules:: +* Submodule Popup:: + + +Customizing + +* Per-Repository Configuration:: +* Essential Settings:: + +Essential Settings + +* Safety:: +* Performance:: + + +Plumbing + +* Calling Git:: +* Section Plumbing:: +* Refreshing Buffers:: +* Conventions:: + +Calling Git + +* Getting a Value from Git:: +* Calling Git for Effect:: + + +Section Plumbing + +* Creating Sections:: +* Section Selection:: +* Matching Sections:: + + +Conventions + +* Theming Faces:: + + +FAQ + +* FAQ - How to ...?:: +* FAQ - Issues and Errors:: + +FAQ - How to ...? + +* How to show git's output?:: +* How to install the gitman info manual?:: +* How to show diffs for gpg-encrypted files?:: +* How does branching and pushing work?:: +* Can Magit be used as ediff-version-control-package?:: + + +FAQ - Issues and Errors + +* Magit is slow:: +* I changed several thousand files at once and now Magit is unusable:: +* I am having problems committing:: +* I am using MS Windows and cannot push with Magit:: +* I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell, but not in Magit: I am using OS X and SOMETHING works in shell but not in Magit. +* Diffs contain control sequences:: +* Expanding a file to show the diff causes it to disappear:: +* Point is wrong in the COMMIT_EDITMSG buffer:: +* The mode-line information isn't always up-to-date:: +* A branch and tag sharing the same name breaks SOMETHING:: +* My Git hooks work on the command-line but not inside Magit:: + + + + +File: magit.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Installation, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +Magit is an interface to the version control system Git, implemented as +an Emacs package. Magit aspires to be a complete Git porcelain. While +we cannot (yet) claim that Magit wraps and improves upon each and every +Git command, it is complete enough to allow even experienced Git users +to perform almost all of their daily version control tasks directly from +within Emacs. While many fine Git clients exist, only Magit and Git +itself deserve to be called porcelains. + + Staging and otherwise applying changes is one of the most important +features in a Git porcelain and here Magit outshines anything else, +including Git itself. Git’s own staging interface (‘git add --patch’) +is so cumbersome that many users only use it in exceptional cases. In +Magit staging a hunk or even just part of a hunk is as trivial as +staging all changes made to a file. + + The most visible part of Magit’s interface is the status buffer, +which displays information about the current repository. Its content is +created by running several Git commands and making their output +actionable. Among other things, it displays information about the +current branch, lists unpulled and unpushed changes and contains +sections displaying the staged and unstaged changes. That might sound +noisy, but, since sections are collapsible, it’s not. + + To stage or unstage a change one places the cursor on the change and +then types ‘s’ or ‘u’. The change can be a file or a hunk, or when the +region is active (i.e. when there is a selection) several files or +hunks, or even just part of a hunk. The change or changes that these +commands - and many others - would act on are highlighted. + + Magit also implements several other "apply variants" in addition to +staging and unstaging. One can discard or reverse a change, or apply it +to the working tree. Git’s own porcelain only supports this for staging +and unstaging and you would have to do something like ‘git diff ... | +??? | git apply ...’ to discard, revert, or apply a single hunk on the +command line. In fact that’s exactly what Magit does internally (which +is what lead to the term "apply variants"). + + Magit isn’t just for Git experts, but it does assume some prior +experience with Git as well as Emacs. That being said, many users have +reported that using Magit was what finally taught them what Git is +capable of and how to use it to its fullest. Other users wished they +had switched to Emacs sooner so that they would have gotten their hands +on Magit earlier. + + While one has to know the basic features of Emacs to be able to make +full use of Magit, acquiring just enough Emacs skills doesn’t take long +and is worth it, even for users who prefer other editors. Vim users are +advised to give Evil (https://bitbucket.org/lyro/evil/wiki/Home), the +"Extensible VI Layer for Emacs", and Spacemacs +(https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs), an "Emacs starter-kit focused +on Evil" a try. + + Magit provides a consistent and efficient Git porcelain. After a +short learning period, you will be able to perform most of your daily +version control tasks faster than you would on the command line. You +will likely also start using features that seemed too daunting in the +past. + + Magit fully embraces Git. It exposes many advanced features using a +simple but flexible interface instead of only wrapping the trivial ones +like many GUI clients do. Of course Magit supports logging, cloning, +pushing, and other commands that usually don’t fail in spectacular ways; +but it also supports tasks that often cannot be completed in a single +step. Magit fully supports tasks such as merging, rebasing, +cherry-picking, reverting, and blaming by not only providing a command +to initiate these tasks but also by displaying context sensitive +information along the way and providing commands that are useful for +resolving conflicts and resuming the sequence after doing so. + + Magit wraps and in many cases improves upon at least the following +Git porcelain commands: ‘add’, ‘am’, ‘bisect’, ‘blame’, ‘branch’, +‘checkout’, ‘cherry’, ‘cherry-pick’, ‘clean’, ‘clone’, ‘commit’, +‘config’, ‘describe’, ‘diff’, ‘fetch’, ‘format-patch’, ‘init’, ‘log’, +‘merge’, ‘merge-tree’, ‘mv’, ‘notes’, ‘pull’, ‘rebase’, ‘reflog’, +‘remote’, ‘request-pull’, ‘reset’, ‘revert’, ‘rm’, ‘show’, ‘stash’, +‘submodule’, ‘subtree’, ‘tag’, and ‘worktree.’ Many more Magit porcelain +commands are implemented on top of Git plumbing commands. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Installation, Next: Getting Started, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Installation +************** + +Magit can be installed using Emacs’ package manager or manually from its +development repository. + +* Menu: + +* Installing from an Elpa Archive:: +* Installing from the Git Repository:: +* Post-Installation Tasks:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Installing from an Elpa Archive, Next: Installing from the Git Repository, Up: Installation + +2.1 Installing from an Elpa Archive +=================================== + +Magit is available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable. If you haven’t used +Emacs’ package manager before, then it is high time you familiarize +yourself with it by reading the documentation in the Emacs manual, see +*note (emacs)Packages::. Then add one of the archives to +‘package-archives’: + + • To use Melpa: + + (require 'package) + (add-to-list 'package-archives + '("melpa" . "http://melpa.org/packages/") t) + + • To use Melpa-Stable: + + (require 'package) + (add-to-list 'package-archives + '("melpa-stable" . "http://stable.melpa.org/packages/") t) + + Once you have added your preferred archive, you need to update the +local package list using: + + M-x package-refresh-contents RET + + Once you have done that, you can install Magit and its dependencies +using: + + M-x package-install RET magit RET + + Now see *note Post-Installation Tasks::. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Installing from the Git Repository, Next: Post-Installation Tasks, Prev: Installing from an Elpa Archive, Up: Installation + +2.2 Installing from the Git Repository +====================================== + +Magit depends on the ‘dash’, ‘magit-popup’, ‘ghub’ and ‘with-editor’ +libraries which are available from Melpa and Melpa-Stable. Install them +using ‘M-x package-install RET <package> RET’. Of course you may also +install them manually from their development repository. + + (An ancient release of Magit is also available from Marmalade, but no +new versions will be uploaded. Marmalade is unmaintained — its +maintainer has stopped responding to support requests from package +authors or even just to create new accounts so that new authors can +upload their packages in the first place.) + + Then clone the Magit repository: + + $ git clone https://github.com/magit/magit.git ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit + $ cd ~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit + + Then compile the libraries and generate the info manuals: + + $ make + + If you haven’t installed ‘dash’, ‘magit-popup’, ‘ghub’ and +‘with-editor’ from Melpa or at ‘/path/to/magit/../<package>’, then you +have to tell ‘make’ where to find them. To do so create the file +‘/path/to/magit/config.mk’ with the following content before running +‘make’: + + LOAD_PATH = -L /path/to/magit/lisp + LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/dash + LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/magit-popup + LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/ghub + LOAD_PATH += -L /path/to/with-editor + + Finally add this to your init file: + + (add-to-list 'load-path "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/lisp") + (require 'magit) + + (with-eval-after-load 'info + (info-initialize) + (add-to-list 'Info-directory-list + "~/.emacs.d/site-lisp/magit/Documentation/")) + + Note that you have to add the ‘lisp’ subdirectory to the ‘load-path’, +not the top-level of the repository, and that elements of ‘load-path’ +should not end with a slash, while those of ‘Info-directory-list’ +should. + + Instead of requiring the feature ‘magit’, you could load just the +autoload definitions, by loading the file ‘magit-autoloads.el’. + + (load "/path/to/magit/lisp/magit-autoloads") + + Instead of running Magit directly from the repository by adding that +to the ‘load-path’, you might want to instead install it in some other +directory using ‘sudo make install’ and setting ‘load-path’ accordingly. + + To update Magit use: + + $ git pull + $ make + + At times it might be necessary to run ‘make clean all’ instead. + + To view all available targets use ‘make help’. + + Now see *note Post-Installation Tasks::. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Post-Installation Tasks, Prev: Installing from the Git Repository, Up: Installation + +2.3 Post-Installation Tasks +=========================== + +After installing Magit you should verify that you are indeed using the +Magit, Git, and Emacs releases you think you are using. It’s best to +restart Emacs before doing so, to make sure you are not using an +outdated value for ‘load-path’. + + M-x magit-version RET + + should display something like + + Magit 2.8.0, Git 2.10.2, Emacs 25.1.1, gnu/linux + + Then you might also want to read about options that many users likely +want to customize. See *note Essential Settings::. + + To be able to follow cross references to Git manpages found in this +manual, you might also have to manually install the ‘gitman’ info +manual, or advice ‘Info-follow-nearest-node’ to instead open the actual +manpage. See *note How to install the gitman info manual?::. + + If you are completely new to Magit then see *note Getting Started::. + + If you run into problems, then please see the *note FAQ::. Also see +the *note Debugging Tools::. + + And last but not least please consider making a donation, to ensure +that I can keep working on Magit. See <https://magit.vc/donations>. +for various donation options. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Getting Started, Next: Interface Concepts, Prev: Installation, Up: Top + +3 Getting Started +***************** + +This short tutorial describes the most essential features that many +Magitians use on a daily basis. It only scratches the surface but +should be enough to get you started. + + IMPORTANT: It is safest if you clone some repository just for this +tutorial. Alternatively you can use an existing local repository, but +if you do that, then you should commit all uncommitted changes before +proceeding. + + To display information about the current Git repository, type ‘M-x +magit-status RET’. You will be using this command a lot, and should +therefore give it a global key binding. This is what we recommend: + + (global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status) + + Most Magit commands are commonly invoked from the status buffer. It +can be considered the primary interface for interacting with Git using +Magit. Many other Magit buffers may exist at a given time, but they are +often created from this buffer. + + Depending on what state your repository is in, this buffer may +contain sections titled "Staged changes", "Unstaged changes", "Unmerged +into origin/master", "Unpushed to origin/master", and many others. + + Since we are starting from a safe state, which you can easily return +to (by doing a ‘git reset --hard PRE-MAGIT-STATE’), there currently are +not staged or unstaged changes. Edit some files and save the changes. +Then go back to the status buffer, while at the same time refreshing it, +by typing ‘C-x g’. (When the status buffer, or any Magit buffer for +that matter, is the current buffer, then you can also use just ‘g’ to +refresh it). + + Move between sections using ‘p’ and ‘n’. Note that the bodies of +some sections are hidden. Type ‘TAB’ to expand or collapse the section +at point. You can also use ‘C-tab’ to cycle the visibility of the +current section and its children. Move to a file section inside the +section named "Unstaged changes" and type ‘s’ to stage the changes you +have made to that file. That file now appears under "Staged changes". + + Magit can stage and unstage individual hunks, not just complete +files. Move to the file you have just staged, expand it using ‘TAB’, +move to one of the hunks using ‘n’, and unstage just that by typing ‘u’. +Note how the staging (‘s’) and unstaging (‘u’) commands operate on the +change at point. Many other commands behave the same way. + + You can also un-/stage just part of a hunk. Inside the body of a +hunk section (move there using ‘C-n’), set the mark using ‘C-SPC’ and +move down until some added and/or removed lines fall inside the region +but not all of them. Again type ‘s’ to stage. + + It is also possible to un-/stage multiple files at once. Move to a +file section, type ‘C-SPC’, move to the next file using ‘n’, and then +‘s’ to stage both files. Note that both the mark and point have to be +on the headings of sibling sections for this to work. If the region +looks like it does in other buffers, then it doesn’t select Magit +sections that can be acted on as a unit. + + And then of course you want to commit your changes. Type ‘c’. This +shows the committing popup buffer featuring various commit variants and +arguments that can be passed to ‘git commit’. Do not worry about those +for now. We want to create a "normal" commit, which is done by typing +‘c’ again. + + Now two new buffers appear. One is for writing the commit message, +the other shows a diff with the changes that you are about to committed. +Write a message and then type ‘C-c C-c’ to actually create the commit. + + You probably don’t want to push the commit you just created because +you just committed some random changes, but if that is not the case you +could push it by typing ‘P’ to bring up the push popup and then ‘p’ to +push to a branch with the same name as the local branch onto the remote +configured as the push-remote. (If the push-remote is not configured +yet, then you would first be prompted for the remote to push to.) + + So far we have mentioned the commit, push, and log popups. These are +probably among the popups you will be using the most, but many others +exist. To show a popup that lists all other popups (as well as the +various apply commands and some other fundamental commands), type ‘h’. +Try a few. + + The key bindings in that popup correspond to the bindings in Magit +buffers, including but not limited to the status buffer. So you could +type ‘h d’ to bring up the diff popup, but once you remember that "d" +stands for "diff", you would usually do so by just typing ‘d’. But the +"popup of popups" is useful even once you have memorized all the +bindings, as it can provide easy access to Magit commands from non-Magit +buffers. You should create a global key binding for this command too: + + (global-set-key (kbd "C-x M-g") 'magit-dispatch-popup) + + In the same vein, you might also want to enable +‘global-magit-file-mode’ to get some more Magit key bindings in regular +file-visiting buffers (see *note Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting +Files::). + + It is not necessary that you do so now, but if you stick with Magit, +then it is highly recommended that you read the next section too. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Interface Concepts, Next: Inspecting, Prev: Getting Started, Up: Top + +4 Interface Concepts +******************** + +* Menu: + +* Modes and Buffers:: +* Sections:: +* Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands:: +* Completion, Confirmation and the Selection: Completion Confirmation and the Selection. +* Running Git:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Modes and Buffers, Next: Sections, Up: Interface Concepts + +4.1 Modes and Buffers +===================== + +Magit provides several major-modes. For each of these modes there +usually exists only one buffer per repository. Separate modes and thus +buffers exist for commits, diffs, logs, and some other things. + + Besides these special purpose buffers, there also exists an overview +buffer, called the *status buffer*. Its usually from this buffer that +the user invokes Git commands, or creates or visits other buffers. + + In this manual we often speak about "Magit buffers". By that we mean +buffers whose major-modes derive from ‘magit-mode’. + +‘M-x magit-toggle-buffer-lock’ (‘magit-toggle-buffer-lock’) + + This command locks the current buffer to its value or if the buffer + is already locked, then it unlocks it. + + Locking a buffer to its value prevents it from being reused to + display another value. The name of a locked buffer contains its + value, which allows telling it apart from other locked buffers and + the unlocked buffer. + + Not all Magit buffers can be locked to their values, for example it + wouldn’t make sense to lock a status buffer. + + There can only be a single unlocked buffer using a certain + major-mode per repository. So when a buffer is being unlocked and + another unlocked buffer already exists for that mode and + repository, then the former buffer is instead deleted and the + latter is displayed in its place. + +* Menu: + +* Switching Buffers:: +* Naming Buffers:: +* Quitting Windows:: +* Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers:: +* Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers:: +* Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Switching Buffers, Next: Naming Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.1 Switching Buffers +----------------------- + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer buffer + + This function is a wrapper around ‘display-buffer’ and is used to + display any Magit buffer. It displays BUFFER in some window and, + unlike ‘display-buffer’, also selects that window, provided + ‘magit-display-buffer-noselect’ is ‘nil’. It also runs the hooks + mentioned below. + + -- Variable: magit-display-buffer-noselect + + When this is non-nil, then ‘magit-display-buffer’ only displays the + buffer but forgoes also selecting the window. This variable should + not be set globally, it is only intended to be let-bound, by code + that automatically updates "the other window". This is used for + example when the revision buffer is updated when you move inside + the log buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-display-buffer-function + + The function specified here is called by ‘magit-display-buffer’ + with one argument, a buffer, to actually display that buffer. This + function should call ‘display-buffer’ with that buffer as first and + a list of display actions as second argument. + + Magit provides several functions, listed below, that are suitable + values for this option. If you want to use different rules, then a + good way of doing that is to start with a copy of one of these + functions and then adjust it to your needs. + + Instead of using a wrapper around ‘display-buffer’, that function + itself can be used here, in which case the display actions have to + be specified by adding them to ‘display-buffer-alist’ instead. + + To learn about display actions, see *note (elisp)Choosing a Window + for Display::. + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer-traditional buffer + + This function is the current default value of the option + ‘magit-display-buffer-function’. Before that option and this + function were added, the behavior was hard-coded in many places all + over the code base but now all the rules are contained in this one + function (except for the "noselect" special case mentioned above). + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer-same-window-except-diff-v1 + + This function displays most buffers in the currently selected + window. If a buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-diff-mode’ or + ‘magit-process-mode’, it is displayed in another window. + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1 + + This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status + buffer. Otherwise, it behaves like + ‘magit-display-buffer-traditional’. + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-topleft-v1 + + This function fills the entire frame when displaying a status + buffer. It behaves like ‘magit-display-buffer-fullframe-status-v1’ + except that it displays buffers that derive from ‘magit-diff-mode’ + or ‘magit-process-mode’ to the top or left of the current buffer + rather than to the bottom or right. As a result, Magit buffers + tend to pop up on the same side as they would if + ‘magit-display-buffer-traditional’ were in use. + + -- Function: magit-display-buffer-fullcolumn-most-v1 + + This function displays most buffers so that they fill the entire + height of the frame. However, the buffer is displayed in another + window if (1) the buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-process-mode’, + or (2) the buffer’s mode derives from ‘magit-diff-mode’, provided + that the mode of the current buffer derives from ‘magit-log-mode’ + or ‘magit-cherry-mode’. + + -- User Option: magit-pre-display-buffer-hook + + This hook is run by ‘magit-display-buffer’ before displaying the + buffer. + + -- Function: magit-save-window-configuration + + This function saves the current window configuration. Later when + the buffer is buried, it may be restored by + ‘magit-restore-window-configuration’. + + -- User Option: magit-post-display-buffer-hook + + This hook is run by ‘magit-display-buffer’ after displaying the + buffer. + + -- Function: magit-maybe-set-dedicated + + This function remembers if a new window had to be created to + display the buffer, or whether an existing window was reused. This + information is later used by ‘magit-mode-quit-window’, to determine + whether the window should be deleted when its last Magit buffer is + buried. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Naming Buffers, Next: Quitting Windows, Prev: Switching Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.2 Naming Buffers +-------------------- + + -- User Option: magit-generate-buffer-name-function + + The function used to generate the names of Magit buffers. + + Such a function should take the options + ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ as well as ‘magit-buffer-name-format’ + into account. If it doesn’t, then should be clearly stated in the + doc-string. And if it supports %-sequences beyond those mentioned + in the doc-string of the option ‘magit-buffer-name-format’, then + its own doc-string should describe the additions. + + -- Function: magit-generate-buffer-name-default-function mode + + This function returns a buffer name suitable for a buffer whose + major-mode is MODE and which shows information about the repository + in which ‘default-directory’ is located. + + This function uses ‘magit-buffer-name-format’ and supporting all of + the %-sequences mentioned the documentation of that option. It + also respects the option ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’. + + -- User Option: magit-buffer-name-format + + The format string used to name Magit buffers. + + At least the following %-sequences are supported: + + • ‘%m’ + + The name of the major-mode, but with the ‘-mode’ suffix + removed. + + • ‘%M’ + + Like ‘%m’ but abbreviate ‘magit-status-mode’ as ‘magit’. + + • ‘%v’ + + The value the buffer is locked to, in parentheses, or an empty + string if the buffer is not locked to a value. + + • ‘%V’ + + Like ‘%v’, but the string is prefixed with a space, unless it + is an empty string. + + • ‘%t’ + + The top-level directory of the working tree of the repository, + or if ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is non-nil an abbreviation + of that. + + • ‘%x’ + + If ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is nil "*", otherwise the + empty string. Due to limitations of the ‘uniquify’ package, + buffer names must end with the path. + + • ‘%T’ + + Obsolete, use "%t%x" instead. Like ‘%t’, but append an + asterisk if and only if ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is nil. + + The value should always contain ‘%m’ or ‘%M’, ‘%v’ or ‘%V’, and + ‘%t’ (or the obsolete ‘%T’). If ‘magit-uniquify-buffer-names’ is + non-nil, then the value must end with ‘%t’ or ‘%t%x’ (or the + obsolete ‘%T’). See issue #2841. + + -- User Option: magit-uniquify-buffer-names + + This option controls whether the names of Magit buffers are + uniquified. If the names are not being uniquified, then they + contain the full path of the top-level of the working tree of the + corresponding repository. If they are being uniquified, then they + end with the basename of the top-level, or if that would conflict + with the name used for other buffers, then the names of all these + buffers are adjusted until they no longer conflict. + + This is done using the ‘uniquify’ package; customize its options to + control how buffer names are uniquified. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Quitting Windows, Next: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Prev: Naming Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.3 Quitting Windows +---------------------- + +‘q’ (‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’) + + This command buries the current Magit buffer. With a prefix + argument, it instead kills the buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-bury-buffer-function + + The function used to actually bury or kill the current buffer. + + ‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’ calls this function with one argument. If + the argument is non-nil, then the function has to kill the current + buffer. Otherwise it has to bury it alive. The default value + currently is ‘magit-restore-window-configuration’. + + -- Function: magit-restore-window-configuration kill-buffer + + Bury or kill the current buffer using ‘quit-window’, which is + called with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second + argument. + + Then restore the window configuration that existed right before the + current buffer was displayed in the selected frame. Unfortunately + that also means that point gets adjusted in all the buffers, which + are being displayed in the selected frame. + + -- Function: magit-mode-quit-window kill-buffer + + Bury or kill the current buffer using ‘quit-window’, which is + called with KILL-BUFFER as first and the selected window as second + argument. + + Then, if the window was originally created to display a Magit + buffer and the buried buffer was the last remaining Magit buffer + that was ever displayed in the window, then that is deleted. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Next: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Quitting Windows, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.4 Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers +------------------------------------------- + +After running a command which may change the state of the current +repository, the current Magit buffer and the corresponding status buffer +are refreshed. The status buffer may optionally be automatically +refreshed whenever a buffer is saved to a file inside the respective +repository. + + Automatically refreshing Magit buffers ensures that the displayed +information is up-to-date most of the time but can lead to a noticeable +delay in big repositories. Other Magit buffers are not refreshed to +keep the delay to a minimum and also because doing so can sometimes be +undesirable. + + Buffers can also be refreshed explicitly, which is useful in buffers +that weren’t current during the last refresh and after changes were made +to the repository outside of Magit. + +‘g’ (‘magit-refresh’) + + This command refreshes the current buffer if its major mode derives + from ‘magit-mode’ as well as the corresponding status buffer. + + If the option ‘magit-revert-buffers’ calls for it, then it also + reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files being tracked in + the current repository. + +‘G’ (‘magit-refresh-all’) + + This command refreshes all Magit buffers belonging to the current + repository and also reverts all unmodified buffers that visit files + being tracked in the current repository. + + The file-visiting buffers are always reverted, even if + ‘magit-revert-buffers’ is nil. + + -- User Option: magit-refresh-buffer-hook + + This hook is run in each Magit buffer that was refreshed during the + current refresh - normally the current buffer and the status + buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-refresh-status-buffer + + When this option is non-nil, then the status buffer is + automatically refreshed after running git for side-effects, in + addition to the current Magit buffer, which is always refreshed + automatically. + + Only set this to nil after exhausting all other options to improve + performance. + + -- Function: magit-after-save-refresh-status + + This function is intended to be added to ‘after-save-hook’. After + doing that the corresponding status buffer is refreshed whenever a + buffer is saved to a file inside a repository. + + Note that refreshing a Magit buffer is done by re-creating its + contents from scratch, which can be slow in large repositories. If + you are not satisfied with Magit’s performance, then you should + obviously not add this function to that hook. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Next: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Automatic Refreshing of Magit Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.5 Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers +----------------------------------------------- + +File-visiting buffers are by default saved at certain points in time. +This doesn’t guarantee that Magit buffers are always up-to-date, but, +provided one only edits files by editing them in Emacs and uses only +Magit to interact with Git, one can be fairly confident. When in doubt +or after outside changes, type ‘g’ (‘magit-refresh’) to save and refresh +explicitly. + + -- User Option: magit-save-repository-buffers + + This option controls whether file-visiting buffers are saved before + certain events. + + If this is non-nil then all modified file-visiting buffers + belonging to the current repository may be saved before running + commands, before creating new Magit buffers, and before explicitly + refreshing such buffers. If this is ‘dontask’ then this is done + without user intervention. If it is ‘t’ then the user has to + confirm each save. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers, Prev: Automatic Saving of File-Visiting Buffers, Up: Modes and Buffers + +4.1.6 Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers +-------------------------------------------------- + +By default Magit automatically reverts buffers that are visiting files +that are being tracked in a Git repository, after they have changed on +disk. When using Magit one often changes files on disk by running git, +i.e. "outside Emacs", making this a rather important feature. + + For example, if you discard a change in the status buffer, then that +is done by running ‘git apply --reverse ...’, and Emacs considers the +file to have "changed on disk". If Magit did not automatically revert +the buffer, then you would have to type ‘M-x revert-buffer RET RET’ in +the visiting buffer before you could continue making changes. + + -- User Option: magit-auto-revert-mode + + When this mode is enabled, then buffers that visit tracked files, + are automatically reverted after the visited files changed on disk. + + -- User Option: global-auto-revert-mode + + When this mode is enabled, then any file-visiting buffer is + automatically reverted after the visited file changed on disk. + + If you like buffers that visit tracked files to be automatically + reverted, then you might also like any buffer to be reverted, not + just those visiting tracked files. If that is the case, then + enable this mode _instead of_ ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’. + + -- User Option: magit-auto-revert-immediately + + This option controls whether Magit reverts buffers immediately. + + If this is non-nil and either ‘global-auto-revert-mode’ or + ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ is enabled, then Magit immediately reverts + buffers by explicitly calling ‘auto-revert-buffers’ after running + git for side-effects. + + If ‘auto-revert-use-notify’ is non-nil (and file notifications are + actually supported), then ‘magit-auto-revert-immediately’ does not + have to be non-nil, because the reverts happen immediately anyway. + + If ‘magit-auto-revert-immediately’ and ‘auto-revert-use-notify’ are + both ‘nil’, then reverts happen after ‘auto-revert-interval’ + seconds of user inactivity. That is not desirable. + + -- User Option: auto-revert-use-notify + + This option controls whether file notification functions should be + used. Note that this variable unfortunately defaults to ‘t’ even + on systems on which file notifications cannot be used. + + -- User Option: magit-auto-revert-tracked-only + + This option controls whether ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ only reverts + tracked files or all files that are located inside Git + repositories, including untracked files and files located inside + Git’s control directory. + + -- Command: auto-revert-mode + + The global mode ‘magit-auto-revert-mode’ works by turning on this + local mode in the appropriate buffers (but + ‘global-auto-revert-mode’ is implemented differently). You can + also turn it on or off manually, which might be necessary if Magit + does not notice that a previously untracked file now is being + tracked or vice-versa. + + -- User Option: auto-revert-stop-on-user-input + + This option controls whether the arrival of user input suspends the + automatic reverts for ‘auto-revert-interval’ seconds. + + -- User Option: auto-revert-interval + + This option controls for how many seconds Emacs waits before + resuming suspended reverts. + + -- User Option: auto-revert-buffer-list-filter + + This option specifies an additional filter used by + ‘auto-revert-buffers’ to determine whether a buffer should be + reverted or not. + + This option is provided by ‘magit’, which also redefines + ‘auto-revert-buffers’ to respect it. Magit users who do not turn + on the local mode ‘auto-revert-mode’ themselves, are best served by + setting the value to ‘magit-auto-revert-repository-buffers-p’. + + However the default is nil, to not disturb users who do use the + local mode directly. If you experience delays when running Magit + commands, then you should consider using one of the predicates + provided by Magit - especially if you also use Tramp. + + Users who do turn on ‘auto-revert-mode’ in buffers in which Magit + doesn’t do that for them, should likely not use any filter. Users + who turn on ‘global-auto-revert-mode’, do not have to worry about + this option, because it is disregarded if the global mode is + enabled. + + -- User Option: auto-revert-verbose + + This option controls whether Emacs reports when a buffer has been + reverted. + + The options with the ‘auto-revert-’ prefix are located in the Custom +group named ‘auto-revert’. The other, magit-specific, options are +located in the ‘magit’ group. + +* Menu: + +* Risk of Reverting Automatically:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Risk of Reverting Automatically, Up: Automatic Reverting of File-Visiting Buffers + +Risk of Reverting Automatically +............................... + +For the vast majority users automatically reverting file-visiting +buffers after they have changed on disk is harmless. + + If a buffer is modified (i.e. it contains changes that haven’t been +saved yet), then Emacs would refuse to automatically revert it. If you +save a previously modified buffer, then that results in what is seen by +Git as an uncommitted change. Git would then refuse to carry out any +commands that would cause these changes to be lost. In other words, if +there is anything that could be lost, then either Git or Emacs would +refuse to discard the changes. + + However if you do use file-visiting buffers as a sort of ad hoc +"staging area", then the automatic reverts could potentially cause data +loss. So far I have only heard from one user who uses such a workflow. + + An example: You visit some file in a buffer, edit it, and save the +changes. Then, outside of Emacs (or at least not using Magit or by +saving the buffer) you change the file on disk again. At this point the +buffer is the only place where the intermediate version still exists. +You have saved the changes to disk, but that has since been overwritten. +Meanwhile Emacs considers the buffer to be unmodified (because you have +not made any changes to it since you last saved it to the visited file) +and therefore would not object to it being automatically reverted. At +this point an Auto-Revert mode would kick in. It would check whether +the buffer is modified and since that is not the case it would revert +it. The intermediate version would be lost. (Actually you could still +get it back using the ‘undo’ command.) + + If your workflow depends on Emacs preserving the intermediate version +in the buffer, then you have to disable all Auto-Revert modes. But +please consider that such a workflow would be dangerous even without +using an Auto-Revert mode, and should therefore be avoided. If Emacs +crashed or if you quit Emacs by mistake, then you would also lose the +buffer content. There would be no autosave file still containing the +intermediate version (because that was deleted when you saved the +buffer) and you would not be asked whether you want to save the buffer +(because it isn’t modified). + + +File: magit.info, Node: Sections, Next: Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands, Prev: Modes and Buffers, Up: Interface Concepts + +4.2 Sections +============ + +Magit buffers are organized into nested sections, which can be collapsed +and expanded, similar to how sections are handled in Org mode. Each +section also has a type, and some sections also have a value. For each +section type there can also be a local keymap, shared by all sections of +that type. + + Taking advantage of the section value and type, many commands operate +on the current section, or when the region is active and selects +sections of the same type, all of the selected sections. Commands that +only make sense for a particular section type (as opposed to just +behaving differently depending on the type) are usually bound in section +type keymaps. + +* Menu: + +* Section Movement:: +* Section Visibility:: +* Section Hooks:: +* Section Types and Values:: +* Section Options:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Section Movement, Next: Section Visibility, Up: Sections + +4.2.1 Section Movement +---------------------- + +To move within a section use the usual keys (‘C-p’, ‘C-n’, ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’ +etc), whose global bindings are not shadowed. To move to another +section use the following commands. + +‘p’ (‘magit-section-backward’) + + When not at the beginning of a section, then move to the beginning + of the current section. At the beginning of a section, instead + move to the beginning of the previous visible section. + +‘n’ (‘magit-section-forward’) + + Move to the beginning of the next visible section. + +‘M-p’ (‘magit-section-backward-siblings’) + + Move to the beginning of the previous sibling section. If there is + no previous sibling section, then move to the parent section + instead. + +‘M-n’ (‘magit-section-forward-siblings’) + + Move to the beginning of the next sibling section. If there is no + next sibling section, then move to the parent section instead. + +‘^’ (‘magit-section-up’) + + Move to the beginning of the parent of the current section. + + The above commands all call the hook ‘magit-section-movement-hook’. +Any of the functions listed below can be used as members of this hook. + + -- Variable: magit-section-movement-hook + + This hook is run by all of the above movement commands, after + arriving at the destination. + + -- Function: magit-hunk-set-window-start + + This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current + section is visible, provided it is a ‘hunk’ section. Otherwise, it + does nothing. This function is a member of the hook’s default + value. + + -- Function: magit-section-set-window-start + + This hook function ensures that the beginning of the current + section is visible, regardless of the section’s type. If you add + this to ‘magit-section-movement-hook’, then you must remove the + hunk-only variant in turn. + + -- Function: magit-log-maybe-show-more-commits + + This hook function only has an effect in log buffers, and ‘point’ + is on the "show more" section. If that is the case, then it + doubles the number of commits that are being shown. This function + is a member of the hook’s default value. + + -- Function: magit-log-maybe-update-revision-buffer + + When moving inside a log buffer, then this function updates the + revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another + window of the same frame. This function is a member of the hook’s + default value. + + -- Function: magit-log-maybe-update-blob-buffer + + When moving inside a log buffer and another window of the same + frame displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays + the blob buffer for the commit at point in that window. + + -- Function: magit-status-maybe-update-revision-buffer + + When moving inside a status buffer, then this function updates the + revision buffer, provided it is already being displayed in another + window of the same frame. + + -- Function: magit-status-maybe-update-blob-buffer + + When moving inside a status buffer and another window of the same + frame displays a blob buffer, then this function instead displays + the blob buffer for the commit at point in that window. + + -- User Option: magit-update-other-window-delay + + Delay before automatically updating the other window. + + When moving around in certain buffers, then certain other buffers, + which are being displayed in another window, may optionally be + updated to display information about the section at point. + + When holding down a key to move by more than just one section, then + that would update that buffer for each section on the way. To + prevent that, updating the revision buffer is delayed, and this + option controls for how long. For optimal experience you might + have to adjust this delay and/or the keyboard repeat rate and delay + of your graphical environment or operating system. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Section Visibility, Next: Section Hooks, Prev: Section Movement, Up: Sections + +4.2.2 Section Visibility +------------------------ + +Magit provides many commands for changing the visibility of sections, +but all you need to get started are the next two. + +‘TAB’ (‘magit-section-toggle’) + + Toggle the visibility of the body of the current section. + +‘C-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle’) + + Cycle the visibility of current section and its children. + +‘M-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle-diffs’) + + Cycle the visibility of diff-related sections in the current + buffer. + +‘S-<tab>’ (‘magit-section-cycle-global’) + + Cycle the visibility of all sections in the current buffer. + +‘1’ (‘magit-section-show-level-1’) +‘2’ (‘magit-section-show-level-2’) +‘3’ (‘magit-section-show-level-3’) +‘4’ (‘magit-section-show-level-4’) + + Show sections surrounding the current section up to level N. + +‘M-1’ (‘magit-section-show-level-1-all’) +‘M-2’ (‘magit-section-show-level-2-all’) +‘M-3’ (‘magit-section-show-level-3-all’) +‘M-4’ (‘magit-section-show-level-4-all’) + + Show all sections up to level N. + + Some functions, which are used to implement the above commands, are +also exposed as commands themselves. By default no keys are bound to +these commands, as they are generally perceived to be much less useful. +But your mileage may vary. + + -- Command: magit-section-show + + Show the body of the current section. + + -- Command: magit-section-hide + + Hide the body of the current section. + + -- Command: magit-section-show-headings + + Recursively show headings of children of the current section. Only + show the headings. Previously shown text-only bodies are hidden. + + -- Command: magit-section-show-children + + Recursively show the bodies of children of the current section. + With a prefix argument show children down to the level of the + current section, and hide deeper children. + + -- Command: magit-section-hide-children + + Recursively hide the bodies of children of the current section. + + -- Command: magit-section-toggle-children + + Toggle visibility of bodies of children of the current section. + + When a buffer is first created then some sections are shown expanded +while others are not. This is hard coded. When a buffer is refreshed +then the previous visibility is preserved. The initial visibility of +certain sections can also be overwritten using the hook +‘magit-section-set-visibility-hook’. + + -- User Option: magit-section-initial-visibility-alist + + This options can be used to override the initial visibility of + sections. In the future it will also be used to define the + defaults, but currently a section’s default is still hardcoded. + + The value is an alist. Each element maps a section type or lineage + to the initial visibility state for such sections. The state has + to be one of ‘show’ or ‘hide’, or a function that returns one of + these symbols. A function is called with the section as the only + argument. + + Use the command ‘magit-describe-section’ to determine a section’s + lineage or type. The vector in the output is the section lineage + and the type is the first element of that vector. Wildcards can be + used, see ‘magit-section-match’. + + -- User Option: magit-section-cache-visibility + + This option controls for which sections the previous visibility + state should be restored if a section disappears and later appears + again. The value is a boolean or a list of section types. If t, + then the visibility of all sections is cached. Otherwise this is + only done for sections whose type matches one of the listed types. + + This requires that the function ‘magit-section-cached-visibility’ + is a member of ‘magit-section-set-visibility-hook’. + + -- Variable: magit-section-set-visibility-hook + + This hook is run when first creating a buffer and also when + refreshing an existing buffer, and is used to determine the + visibility of the section currently being inserted. + + Each function is called with one argument, the section being + inserted. It should return ‘hide’ or ‘show’, or to leave the + visibility undefined ‘nil’. If no function decides on the + visibility and the buffer is being refreshed, then the visibility + is preserved; or if the buffer is being created, then the hard + coded default is used. + + Usually this should only be used to set the initial visibility but + not during refreshes. If ‘magit-insert-section--oldroot’ is + non-nil, then the buffer is being refreshed and these functions + should immediately return ‘nil’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Section Hooks, Next: Section Types and Values, Prev: Section Visibility, Up: Sections + +4.2.3 Section Hooks +------------------- + +Which sections are inserted into certain buffers is controlled with +hooks. This includes the status and the refs buffers. For other +buffers, e.g. log, diff, and revision buffers, this is not possible. + + For buffers whose sections can be customized by the user, a hook +variable called ‘magit-TYPE-sections-hook’ exists. This hook should be +changed using ‘magit-add-section-hook’. Avoid using ‘add-hooks’ or the +Custom interface. + + The various available section hook variables are described later in +this manual along with the appropriate "section inserter functions". + + -- Function: magit-add-section-hook hook function &optional at append + local + + Add the function FUNCTION to the value of section hook HOOK. + + Add FUNCTION at the beginning of the hook list unless optional + APPEND is non-nil, in which case FUNCTION is added at the end. If + FUNCTION already is a member then move it to the new location. + + If optional AT is non-nil and a member of the hook list, then add + FUNCTION next to that instead. Add before or after AT, or replace + AT with FUNCTION depending on APPEND. If APPEND is the symbol + ‘replace’, then replace AT with FUNCTION. For any other non-nil + value place FUNCTION right after AT. If nil, then place FUNCTION + right before AT. If FUNCTION already is a member of the list but + AT is not, then leave FUNCTION where ever it already is. + + If optional LOCAL is non-nil, then modify the hook’s buffer-local + value rather than its global value. This makes the hook local by + copying the default value. That copy is then modified. + + HOOK should be a symbol. If HOOK is void, it is first set to nil. + HOOK’s value must not be a single hook function. FUNCTION should + be a function that takes no arguments and inserts one or multiple + sections at point, moving point forward. FUNCTION may choose not + to insert its section(s), when doing so would not make sense. It + should not be abused for other side-effects. + + To remove a function from a section hook, use ‘remove-hook’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Section Types and Values, Next: Section Options, Prev: Section Hooks, Up: Sections + +4.2.4 Section Types and Values +------------------------------ + +Each section has a type, for example ‘hunk’, ‘file’, and ‘commit’. +Instances of certain section types also have a value. The value of a +section of type ‘file’, for example, is a file name. + + Users usually do not have to worry about a section’s type and value, +but knowing them can be handy at times. + +‘M-x magit-describe-section’ (‘magit-describe-section’) + + Show information about the section at point in the echo area, as + "VALUE [TYPE PARENT-TYPE...] BEGINNING-END". + + Many commands behave differently depending on the type of the section +at point and/or somehow consume the value of that section. But that is +only one of the reasons why the same key may do something different, +depending on what section is current. + + Additionally for each section type a keymap *might* be defined, named +‘magit-TYPE-section-map’. That keymap is used as text property keymap +of all text belonging to any section of the respective type. If such a +map does not exist for a certain type, then you can define it yourself, +and it will automatically be used. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Section Options, Prev: Section Types and Values, Up: Sections + +4.2.5 Section Options +--------------------- + +This section describes options that have an effect on more than just a +certain type of sections. As you can see there are not many of those. + + -- User Option: magit-section-show-child-count + + Whether to append the number of children to section headings. This + only affects sections that could benefit from this information. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands, Next: Completion Confirmation and the Selection, Prev: Sections, Up: Interface Concepts + +4.3 Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands +===================================== + +Many Magit commands are implemented using *popup buffers*. First the +user invokes a *popup* or *prefix* command, which causes a popup buffer +with the available *infix* arguments and *suffix* commands to be +displayed. The user then optionally toggles/sets some arguments and +finally invokes one of the suffix commands. + + This is implemented in the library ‘magit-popup’. Earlier releases +used the library ‘magit-key-mode’. A future release will switch to a +yet-to-be-written successor, which will likely be named ‘transient’. + + Because ‘magit-popup’ can also be used by other packages without +having to depend on all of Magit, it is documented in its own manual. +See *note (magit-popup)Top::. + +‘C-c C-c’ (‘magit-dispatch-popup’) + + This popup command shows a buffer featuring all other Magit popup + commands as well as some other commands that are not popup commands + themselves. + + This command is also, or especially, useful outside Magit buffers, so +you should setup a global binding: + + (global-set-key (kbd "C-x M-g") 'magit-dispatch-popup) + + Most popups set their initial arguments according to the +corresponding ‘magit-*-arguments’ variable. Two popups, the log and +diff popups (see *note Logging:: and *note Diffing::), may behave a bit +differently, depending on the value of ‘magit-use-sticky-arguments’. + + -- User Option: magit-use-sticky-arguments + + This option controls how diff and log commands reuse arguments from + existing buffers. + + When ‘t’ (the default value), the log or diff popup reuses the + arguments from the current repository’s log or diff buffer, + respectively. When no log or diff buffer exists for the current + repository, these popups use the default value of + ‘magit-log-arguments’ or ‘magit-diff-arguments’. + + When ‘current’, log and diff popups will only reuse the arguments + if the current buffer is derived from ‘magit-log-mode’ or + ‘magit-diff-mode’, respectively. + + When ‘nil’, the default value of ‘magit-log-arguments’ or + ‘magit-diff-arguments’ is always used. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Completion Confirmation and the Selection, Next: Running Git, Prev: Popup Buffers and Prefix Commands, Up: Interface Concepts + +4.4 Completion, Confirmation and the Selection +============================================== + +* Menu: + +* Action Confirmation:: +* Completion and Confirmation:: +* The Selection:: +* The hunk-internal region:: +* Support for Completion Frameworks:: +* Additional Completion Options:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Action Confirmation, Next: Completion and Confirmation, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.1 Action Confirmation +------------------------- + +By default many actions that could potentially lead to data loss have to +be confirmed. This includes many very common actions, so this can +quickly become annoying. Many of these actions can be undone and if you +have thought about how to undo certain mistakes, then it should be safe +to disable confirmation for the respective actions. + + The option ‘magit-no-confirm’ can be used to tell Magit to perform +certain actions without the user having to confirm them. Note that +while this option can only be used to disable confirmation for a +specific set of actions, the next section explains another way of +telling Magit to ask fewer questions. + + -- User Option: magit-no-confirm + + The value of this option is a list of symbols, representing actions + that do not have to be confirmed by the user before being carried + out. + + By default many potentially dangerous commands ask the user for + confirmation. Each of the below symbols stands for an action + which, when invoked unintentionally or without being fully aware of + the consequences, could lead to tears. In many cases there are + several commands that perform variations of a certain action, so we + don’t use the command names but more generic symbols. + + • Applying changes: + + • ‘discard’ Discarding one or more changes (i.e. hunks or + the complete diff for a file) loses that change, + obviously. + + • ‘reverse’ Reverting one or more changes can usually be + undone by reverting the reversion. + + • ‘stage-all-changes’, ‘unstage-all-changes’ When there are + both staged and unstaged changes, then un-/staging + everything would destroy that distinction. Of course + that also applies when un-/staging a single change, but + then less is lost and one does that so often that having + to confirm every time would be unacceptable. + + • Files: + + • ‘delete’ When a file that isn’t yet tracked by Git is + deleted, then it is completely lost, not just the last + changes. Very dangerous. + + • ‘trash’ Instead of deleting a file it can also be move to + the system trash. Obviously much less dangerous than + deleting it. + + Also see option ‘magit-delete-by-moving-to-trash’. + + • ‘resurrect’ A deleted file can easily be resurrected by + "deleting" the deletion, which is done using the same + command that was used to delete the same file in the + first place. + + • ‘untrack’ Untracking a file can be undone by tracking it + again. + + • ‘rename’ Renaming a file can easily be undone. + + • Sequences: + + • ‘reset-bisect’ Aborting (known to Git as "resetting") a + bisect operation loses all information collected so far. + + • ‘abort-rebase’ Aborting a rebase throws away all already + modified commits, but it’s possible to restore those from + the reflog. + + • ‘abort-merge’ Aborting a merge throws away all conflict + resolutions which have already been carried out by the + user. + + • ‘merge-dirty’ Merging with a dirty worktree can make it + hard to go back to the state before the merge was + initiated. + + • References: + + • ‘delete-unmerged-branch’ Once a branch has been deleted, + it can only be restored using low-level recovery tools + provided by Git. And even then the reflog is gone. The + user always has to confirm the deletion of a branch by + accepting the default choice (or selecting another + branch), but when a branch has not been merged yet, also + make sure the user is aware of that. + + • ‘delete-pr-branch’ When deleting a branch that was + created from a pull request and if no other branches + still exist on that remote, then ‘magit-branch-delete’ + offers to delete the remote as well. This should be safe + because it only happens if no other refs exist in the + remotes namespace, and you can recreate the remote if + necessary. + + • ‘drop-stashes’ Dropping a stash is dangerous because Git + stores stashes in the reflog. Once a stash is removed, + there is no going back without using low-level recovery + tools provided by Git. When a single stash is dropped, + then the user always has to confirm by accepting the + default (or selecting another). This action only + concerns the deletion of multiple stashes at once. + + • Edit published history: + + Without adding these symbols here, you will be warned before + editing commits that have already been pushed to one of the + branches listed in ‘magit-published-branches’. + + • ‘amend-published’ Affects most commands that amend to + "HEAD". + + • ‘rebase-published’ Affects commands that perform + interactive rebases. This includes commands from the + commit popup that modify a commit other than "HEAD", + namely the various fixup and squash variants. + + • ‘edit-published’ Affects the commands + ‘magit-edit-line-commit’ and + ‘magit-diff-edit-hunk-commit’. These two commands make + it quite easy to accidentally edit a published commit, so + you should think twice before configuring them not to ask + for confirmation. + + To disable confirmation completely, add all three symbols here + or set ‘magit-published-branches’ to ‘nil’. + + • Various: + + • ‘kill-process’ There seldom is a reason to kill a + process. + + • Global settings: + + Instead of adding all of the above symbols to the value of + this option, you can also set it to the atom ‘t’, which has + the same effect as adding all of the above symbols. Doing + that most certainly is a bad idea, especially because other + symbols might be added in the future. So even if you don’t + want to be asked for confirmation for any of these actions, + you are still better of adding all of the respective symbols + individually. + + When ‘magit-wip-before-change-mode’ is enabled, then the + following actions can be undone fairly easily: ‘discard’, + ‘reverse’, ‘stage-all-changes’, and ‘unstage-all-changes’. If + and only if this mode is enabled, then ‘safe-with-wip’ has the + same effect as adding all of these symbols individually. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Completion and Confirmation, Next: The Selection, Prev: Action Confirmation, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.2 Completion and Confirmation +--------------------------------- + +Many Magit commands ask the user to select from a list of possible +things to act on, while offering the most likely choice as the default. +For many of these commands the default is the thing at point, provided +that it actually is a valid thing to act on. For many commands that act +on a branch, the current branch serves as the default if there is no +branch at point. + + These commands combine asking for confirmation and asking for a +target to act on into a single action. The user can confirm the default +target using ‘RET’ or abort using ‘C-g’. This is similar to a +‘y-or-n-p’ prompt, but the keys to confirm or abort differ. + + At the same time the user is also given the opportunity to select +another target, which is useful because for some commands and/or in some +situations you might want to select the action before selecting the +target by moving to it. + + However you might find that for some commands you always want to use +the default target, if any, or even that you want the command to act on +the default without requiring any confirmation at all. The option +‘magit-dwim-selection’ can be used to configure certain commands to that +effect. + + Note that when the region is active then many commands act on the +things that are selected using a mechanism based on the region, in many +cases after asking for confirmation. This region-based mechanism is +called the "selection" and is described in detail in the next section. +When a selection exists that is valid for the invoked command, then that +command never offers to act on something else, and whether it asks for +confirmation is not controlled by this option. + + Also note that Magit asks for confirmation of certain actions that +are not coupled with completion (or the selection). Such dialogs are +also not affected by this option and are described in the previous +section. + + -- User Option: magit-dwim-selection + + This option can be used to tell certain commands to use the thing at +point instead of asking the user to select a candidate to act on, with +or without confirmation. + + The value has the form ‘((COMMAND nil|PROMPT DEFAULT)...)’. + + • COMMAND is the command that should not prompt for a choice. To + have an effect, the command has to use the function + ‘magit-completing-read’ or a utility function which in turn uses + that function. + + • If the command uses ‘magit-completing-read’ multiple times, then + PROMPT can be used to only affect one of these uses. PROMPT, if + non-nil, is a regular expression that is used to match against the + PROMPT argument passed to ‘magit-completing-read’. + + • DEFAULT specifies how to use the default. If it is ‘t’, then the + DEFAULT argument passed to ‘magit-completing-read’ is used without + confirmation. If it is ‘ask’, then the user is given a chance to + abort. DEFAULT can also be ‘nil’, in which case the entry has no + effect. + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Selection, Next: The hunk-internal region, Prev: Completion and Confirmation, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.3 The Selection +------------------- + +If the region is active, then many Magit commands act on the things that +are selected using a mechanism based on the region instead of one single +thing. When the region is not active, then these commands act on the +thing at point or read a single thing to act on. This is described in +the previous section — this section only covers how multiple things are +selected, how that is visualized, and how certain commands behave when +that is the case. + + Magit’s mechanism for selecting multiple things, or rather sections +that represent these things, is based on the Emacs region, but the area +that Magit considers to be selected is typically larger than the region +and additional restrictions apply. + + Magit makes a distinction between a region that qualifies as forming +a valid Magit selection and a region that does not. If the region does +not qualify, then it is displayed as it is in other Emacs buffers. If +the region does qualify as a Magit selection, then the selection is +always visualized, while the region itself is only visualized if it +begins and ends on the same line. + + For a region to qualify as a Magit selection, it must begin in the +heading of one section and end in the heading of a sibling section. +Note that if the end of the region is at the very beginning of section +heading (i.e. at the very beginning of a line) then that section is +considered to be *inside* the selection. + + This is not consistent with how the region is normally treated in +Emacs — if the region ends at the beginning of a line, then that line is +outside the region. Due to how Magit visualizes the selection, it +should be obvious that this difference exists. + + Not every command acts on every valid selection. Some commands do +not even consider the location of point, others may act on the section +at point but not support acting on the selection, and even commands that +do support the selection of course only do so if it selects things that +they can act on. + + This is the main reason why the selection must include the section at +point. Even if a selection exists, the invoked command may disregard +it, in which case it may act on the current section only. It is much +safer to only act on the current section but not the other selected +sections than it is to act on the current section *instead* of the +selected sections. The latter would be much more surprising and if the +current section always is part of the selection, then that cannot +happen. + + -- Variable: magit-keep-region-overlay + + This variable controls whether the region is visualized as usual + even when a valid Magit selection or a hunk-internal region exists. + See the doc-string for more information. + + +File: magit.info, Node: The hunk-internal region, Next: Support for Completion Frameworks, Prev: The Selection, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.4 The hunk-internal region +------------------------------ + +Somewhat related to the Magit selection described in the previous +section is the hunk-internal region. + + Like the selection, the hunk-internal region is based on the Emacs +region but causes that region to not be visualized as it would in other +Emacs buffers, and includes the line on which the region ends even if it +ends at the very beginning of that line. + + Unlike the selection, which is based on a region that must begin in +the heading of one section and ends in the section of a sibling section, +the hunk-internal region must begin inside the *body* of a hunk section +and end in the body of the *same* section. + + The hunk-internal region is honored by "apply" commands, which can, +among other targets, act on a hunk. If the hunk-internal region is +active, then such commands act only on the marked part of the hunk +instead of on the complete hunk. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Support for Completion Frameworks, Next: Additional Completion Options, Prev: The hunk-internal region, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.5 Support for Completion Frameworks +--------------------------------------- + +The built-in option ‘completing-read-function’ specifies the low-level +function used by ‘completing-read’ to ask a user to select from a list +of choices. Its default value is ‘completing-read-default’. +Alternative completion frameworks typically activate themselves by +substituting their own implementation. + + Mostly for historic reasons Magit provides a similar option named +‘magit-completing-read-function’, which only controls the low-level +function used by ‘magit-completing-read’. This option also makes it +possible to use a different completing mechanism for Magit than for the +rest of Emacs, but doing that is not recommend. + + You most likely don’t have to customize the magit-specific option to +use an alternative completion framework. For example, if you enable +‘ivy-mode’, then Magit will respect that, and if you enable ‘helm-mode’, +then you are done too. + + However if you want to use Ido, then ‘ido-mode’ won’t do the trick. +You will also have to install the ‘ido-completing-read+’ package and use +‘magit-ido-completing-read’ as ‘magit-completing-read-function’. + + -- User Option: magit-completing-read-function + + The value of this variable is the low-level function used to + perform completion by code that uses ‘magit-completing-read’ (as + opposed to the built-in ‘completing-read’). + + The default value, ‘magit-builtin-completing-read’, is suitable for + the standard completion mechanism, ‘ivy-mode’, and ‘helm-mode’ at + least. + + The built-in ‘completing-read’ and ‘completing-read-default’ are + *not* suitable to be used here. ‘magit-builtin-completing-read’ + performs some additional work, and any function used in its place + has to do the same. + + -- Function: magit-builtin-completing-read prompt choices &optional + predicate require-match initial-input hist def + + This function performs completion using the built-in + ‘completion-read’ and does some additional magit-specific work. + + -- Function: magit-ido-completing-read prompt choices &optional + predicate require-match initial-input hist def + + This function performs completion using ‘ido-completing-read+’ from + the package by the same name (which you have to explicitly install) + and does some additional magit-specific work. + + We have to use ‘ido-completing-read+’ instead of the + ‘ido-completing-read’ that comes with Ido itself, because the + latter, while intended as a drop-in replacement, cannot serve that + purpose because it violates too many of the implicit conventions. + + -- Function: magit-completing-read prompt choices &optional predicate + require-match initial-input hist def fallback + + This is the function that Magit commands use when they need the + user to select a single thing to act on. The arguments have the + same meaning as for ‘completing-read’, except for FALLBACK, which + is unique to this function and is described below. + + Instead of asking the user to choose from a list of possible + candidates, this function may just return the default specified by + DEF, with or without requiring user confirmation. Whether that is + the case depends on PROMPT, ‘this-command’ and + ‘magit-dwim-selection’. See the documentation of the latter for + more information. + + If it does read a value in the minibuffer, then this function acts + similar to ‘completing-read’, except for the following: + + • If REQUIRE-MATCH is ‘nil’ and the user exits without a choice, + then ‘nil’ is returned instead of an empty string. + + • If REQUIRE-MATCH is non-nil and the users exits without a + choice, an user-error is raised. + + • FALLBACK specifies a secondary default that is only used if + the primary default DEF is ‘nil’. The secondary default is + not subject to ‘magit-dwim-selection’ — if DEF is ‘nil’ but + FALLBACK is not, then this function always asks the user to + choose a candidate, just as if both defaults were ‘nil’. + + • ": " is appended to PROMPT. + + • PROMPT is modified to end with \" (default DEF|FALLBACK): \" + provided that DEF or FALLBACK is non-nil, that neither + ‘ivy-mode’ nor ‘helm-mode’ is enabled, and that + ‘magit-completing-read-function’ is set to its default value + of ‘magit-builtin-completing-read’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Additional Completion Options, Prev: Support for Completion Frameworks, Up: Completion Confirmation and the Selection + +4.4.6 Additional Completion Options +----------------------------------- + + -- User Option: magit-list-refs-sortby + + For many commands that read a ref or refs from the user, the value + of this option can be used to control the order of the refs. Valid + values include any key accepted by the ‘--sort’ flag of ‘git + for-each-ref’. By default, refs are sorted alphabetically by their + full name (e.g., "refs/heads/master"). + + +File: magit.info, Node: Running Git, Prev: Completion Confirmation and the Selection, Up: Interface Concepts + +4.5 Running Git +=============== + +* Menu: + +* Viewing Git Output:: +* Git Process Status:: +* Running Git Manually:: +* Git Executable:: +* Global Git Arguments:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Viewing Git Output, Next: Git Process Status, Up: Running Git + +4.5.1 Viewing Git Output +------------------------ + +Magit runs Git either for side-effects (e.g. when pushing) or to get +some value (e.g. the name of the current branch). + + When Git is run for side-effects, the process output is logged in a +per-repository log buffer, which can be consulted using the +‘magit-process’ command when things don’t go as expected. + + The output/errors for up to ‘magit-process-log-max’ Git commands are +retained. + +‘$’ (‘magit-process’) + + This commands displays the process buffer for the current + repository. + + Inside that buffer, the usual key bindings for navigating and showing +sections are available. There is one additional command. + +‘k’ (‘magit-process-kill’) + + This command kills the process represented by the section at point. + + -- User Option: magit-git-debug + + When this is non-nil then the output of all calls to git are logged + in the process buffer. This is useful when debugging, otherwise it + just negatively affects performance. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Git Process Status, Next: Running Git Manually, Prev: Viewing Git Output, Up: Running Git + +4.5.2 Git Process Status +------------------------ + +When a Git process is running for side-effects, Magit displays an +indicator in the mode line, using the ‘magit-mode-line-process’ face. + + If the Git process exits successfully, the process indicator is +removed from the mode line immediately. + + In the case of a Git error, the process indicator is not removed, but +is instead highlighted with the ‘magit-mode-line-process-error’ face, +and the error details from the process buffer are provided as a tooltip +for mouse users. This error indicator persists in the mode line until +the next magit buffer refresh. + + If you do not wish process errors to be indicated in the mode line, +customize the ‘magit-process-display-mode-line-error’ user option. + + Process errors are additionally indicated at the top of the status +buffer. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Running Git Manually, Next: Git Executable, Prev: Git Process Status, Up: Running Git + +4.5.3 Running Git Manually +-------------------------- + +While Magit provides many Emacs commands to interact with Git, it does +not cover everything. In those cases your existing Git knowledge will +come in handy. Magit provides some commands for running arbitrary Git +commands by typing them into the minibuffer, instead of having to switch +to a shell. + +‘!’ (‘magit-run-popup’) + + Shows the popup buffer featuring the below suffix commands. + +‘! !’ (‘magit-git-command-topdir’) + + This command reads a command from the user and executes it in the + top-level directory of the current working tree. + + The string "git " is used as initial input when prompting the user + for the command. It can be removed to run another command. + +‘! p’ (‘magit-git-command’) + + This command reads a command from the user and executes it in + ‘default-directory’. With a prefix argument the command is + executed in the top-level directory of the current working tree + instead. + + The string "git " is used as initial input when prompting the user + for the command. It can be removed to run another command. + +‘! s’ (‘magit-shell-command-topdir’) + + This command reads a command from the user and executes it in the + top-level directory of the current working tree. + +‘! S’ (‘magit-shell-command’) + + This command reads a command from the user and executes it in + ‘default-directory’. With a prefix argument the command is + executed in the top-level directory of the current working tree + instead. + + -- User Option: magit-shell-command-verbose-prompt + + Whether the prompt, used by the the above commands when reading a + shell command, shows the directory in which it will be run. + + These suffix commands start external gui tools. + +‘! k’ (‘magit-run-gitk’) + + This command runs ‘gitk’ in the current repository. + +‘! a’ (‘magit-run-gitk-all’) + + This command runs ‘gitk --all’ in the current repository. + +‘! b’ (‘magit-run-gitk-branches’) + + This command runs ‘gitk --branches’ in the current repository. + +‘! g’ (‘magit-run-git-gui’) + + This command runs ‘git gui’ in the current repository. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Git Executable, Next: Global Git Arguments, Prev: Running Git Manually, Up: Running Git + +4.5.4 Git Executable +-------------------- + +Except on MS Windows, Magit defaults to running Git without specifying +the path to the git executable. Instead the first executable found by +Emacs on ‘exec-path’ is used (whose value in turn is set based on the +value of the environment variable ‘$PATH’ when Emacs was started). + + This has the advantage that it continues to work even when using +Tramp to connect to a remote machine on which the executable is found in +a different place. The downside is that if you have multiple versions +of Git installed, then you might end up using another version than the +one you think you are using. + +‘M-x magit-version’ (‘magit-version’) + + This command shows the currently used versions of Magit, Git, and + Emacs in the echo area. Non-interactively this just returns the + Magit version. + + When the ‘system-type’ is ‘windows-nt’, then ‘magit-git-executable’ +is set to an absolute path when Magit is first loaded. This is +necessary because Git on that platform comes with several wrapper +scripts for the actual git binary, which are also placed on ‘$PATH’, and +using one of these wrappers instead of the binary would degrade +performance horribly. + + If Magit doesn’t find the correct executable then you *can* work +around that by setting ‘magit-git-executable’ to an absolute path. But +note that doing so is a kludge. It is better to make sure the order in +the environment variable ‘$PATH’ is correct, and that Emacs is started +with that environment in effect. The command +‘magit-debug-git-executable’ can be useful to find out where Emacs is +searching for git. If you have to connect from Windows to a non-Windows +machine, then you must change the value to "git". + + -- User Option: magit-git-executable + + The git executable used by Magit, either the full path to the + executable or the string "git" to let Emacs find the executable + itself, using the standard mechanism for doing such things. + +‘M-x magit-debug-git-executable’ (‘magit-debug-git-executable’) + + Display a buffer with information about ‘magit-git-executable’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Global Git Arguments, Prev: Git Executable, Up: Running Git + +4.5.5 Global Git Arguments +-------------------------- + + -- User Option: magit-git-global-arguments + + The arguments set here are used every time the git executable is + run as a subprocess. They are placed right after the executable + itself and before the git command - as in ‘git HERE... COMMAND + REST’. For valid arguments see *note (gitman)git::. + + Be careful what you add here, especially if you are using Tramp to + connect to servers with ancient Git versions. Never remove + anything that is part of the default value, unless you really know + what you are doing. And think very hard before adding something; + it will be used every time Magit runs Git for any purpose. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Inspecting, Next: Manipulating, Prev: Interface Concepts, Up: Top + +5 Inspecting +************ + +The functionality provided by Magit can be roughly divided into three +groups: inspecting existing data, manipulating existing data or adding +new data, and transferring data. Of course that is a rather crude +distinction that often falls short, but it’s more useful than no +distinction at all. This section is concerned with inspecting data, the +next two with manipulating and transferring it. Then follows a section +about miscellaneous functionality, which cannot easily be fit into this +distinction. + + Of course other distinctions make sense too, e.g. Git’s distinction +between porcelain and plumbing commands, which for the most part is +equivalent to Emacs’ distinction between interactive commands and +non-interactive functions. All of the sections mentioned before are +mainly concerned with the porcelain – Magit’s plumbing layer is +described later. + +* Menu: + +* Status Buffer:: +* Repository List:: +* Logging:: +* Diffing:: +* Ediffing:: +* References Buffer:: +* Bisecting:: +* Visiting Blobs:: +* Blaming:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Status Buffer, Next: Repository List, Up: Inspecting + +5.1 Status Buffer +================= + +While other Magit buffers contain e.g. one particular diff or one +particular log, the status buffer contains the diffs for staged and +unstaged changes, logs for unpushed and unpulled commits, lists of +stashes and untracked files, and information related to the current +branch. + + During certain incomplete operations – for example when a merge +resulted in a conflict – additional information is displayed that helps +proceeding with or aborting the operation. + + The command ‘magit-status’ displays the status buffer belonging to +the current repository in another window. This command is used so often +that it should be bound globally. We recommend using ‘C-x g’: + + (global-set-key (kbd "C-x g") 'magit-status) + +‘C-x g’ (‘magit-status’) + + Show the status of the current Git repository in a buffer. With a + prefix argument prompt for a repository to be shown. With two + prefix arguments prompt for an arbitrary directory. If that + directory isn’t the root of an existing repository, then offer to + initialize it as a new repository. + + -- User Option: magit-repository-directories + + List of directories that are Git repositories or contain Git + repositories. + + Each element has the form ‘(DIRECTORY . DEPTH)’. DIRECTORY has to + be a directory or a directory file-name, a string. DEPTH, an + integer, specifies the maximum depth to look for Git repositories. + If it is 0, then only add DIRECTORY itself. + + -- User Option: magit-repository-directories-depth + + The maximum depth to look for Git repositories. This option is + obsolete and only used for elements of the option + ‘magit-repository-directories’ (which see) that don’t specify the + depth directly. + + -- Command: ido-enter-magit-status + + From an Ido prompt used to open a file, instead drop into + ‘magit-status’. This is similar to ‘ido-magic-delete-char’, which, + despite its name, usually causes a Dired buffer to be created. + + To make this command available, use something like: + + (add-hook 'ido-setup-hook + (lambda () + (define-key ido-completion-map + (kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status))) + + Starting with Emacs 25.1 the Ido keymaps are defined just once + instead of every time Ido is invoked, so now you can modify it like + pretty much every other keymap: + + (define-key ido-common-completion-map + (kbd \"C-x g\") 'ido-enter-magit-status) + +* Menu: + +* Status Sections:: +* Status Header Sections:: +* Status Module Sections:: +* Status Options:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Status Sections, Next: Status Header Sections, Up: Status Buffer + +5.1.1 Status Sections +--------------------- + +The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook +‘magit-status-sections-hook’. See *note Section Hooks:: to learn about +such hooks and how to customize them. + + -- User Option: magit-status-sections-hook + + Hook run to insert sections into a status buffer. + + The first function on that hook by default is +‘magit-insert-status-headers’; it is described in the next section. By +default the following functions are also members of that hook: + + -- Function: magit-insert-merge-log + + Insert section for the on-going merge. Display the heads that are + being merged. If no merge is in progress, do nothing. + + -- Function: magit-insert-rebase-sequence + + Insert section for the on-going rebase sequence. If no such + sequence is in progress, do nothing. + + -- Function: magit-insert-am-sequence + + Insert section for the on-going patch applying sequence. If no + such sequence is in progress, do nothing. + + -- Function: magit-insert-sequencer-sequence + + Insert section for the on-going cherry-pick or revert sequence. If + no such sequence is in progress, do nothing. + + -- Function: magit-insert-bisect-output + + While bisecting, insert section with output from ‘git bisect’. + + -- Function: magit-insert-bisect-rest + + While bisecting, insert section visualizing the bisect state. + + -- Function: magit-insert-bisect-log + + While bisecting, insert section logging bisect progress. + + -- Function: magit-insert-untracked-files + + Maybe insert a list or tree of untracked files. + + Do so depending on the value of ‘status.showUntrackedFiles’. Note + that even if the value is ‘all’, Magit still initially only shows + directories. But the directory sections can then be expanded using + ‘TAB’. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unstaged-changes + + Insert section showing unstaged changes. + + -- Function: magit-insert-staged-changes + + Insert section showing staged changes. + + -- Function: magit-insert-stashes &optional ref heading + + Insert the ‘stashes’ section showing reflog for "refs/stash". If + optional REF is non-nil show reflog for that instead. If optional + HEADING is non-nil use that as section heading instead of + "Stashes:". + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-from-upstream + + Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pulled from the + upstream branch yet. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-from-pushremote + + Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pulled from the + push-remote branch yet. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-to-upstream + + Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pushed to the + upstream yet. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-to-pushremote + + Insert section showing commits that haven’t been pushed to the + push-remote yet. + + The following functions can also be added to the above hook: + + -- Function: magit-insert-tracked-files + + Insert a tree of tracked files. + + -- Function: magit-insert-ignored-files + + Insert a tree of ignored files. + + If the first element of ‘magit-diff-section-arguments’ is a + directory, then limit the list to files below that. The value of + that variable can be set using ‘D = f <DIRECTORY> RET g’. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits + + Insert section showing unpulled or recent commits. If an upstream + is configured for the current branch and it is ahead of the current + branch, then show the missing commits. Otherwise, show the last + ‘magit-log-section-commit-count’ commits. + + -- Function: magit-insert-recent-commits + + Insert section showing the last ‘magit-log-section-commit-count’ + commits. + + -- User Option: magit-log-section-commit-count + + How many recent commits ‘magit-insert-recent-commits’ and + ‘magit-insert-unpulled-or-recent-commits’ (provided there are no + unpulled commits) show. + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpulled-cherries + + Insert section showing unpulled commits. Like + ‘magit-insert-unpulled-commits’ but prefix each commit that has not + been applied yet (i.e. a commit with a patch-id not shared with + any local commit) with "+", and all others with "-". + + -- Function: magit-insert-unpushed-cherries + + Insert section showing unpushed commits. Like + ‘magit-insert-unpushed-commits’ but prefix each commit which has + not been applied to upstream yet (i.e. a commit with a patch-id + not shared with any upstream commit) with "+" and all others with + "-". + + See *note References Buffer:: for some more section inserters, which +could be used here. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Status Header Sections, Next: Status Module Sections, Prev: Status Sections, Up: Status Buffer + +5.1.2 Status Header Sections +---------------------------- + +The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook +‘magit-status-sections-hook’ (see *note Status Sections::). + + By default ‘magit-insert-status-headers’ is the first member of that +hook variable. + + -- Function: magit-insert-status-headers + + Insert headers sections appropriate for ‘magit-status-mode’ + buffers. The sections are inserted by running the functions on the + hook ‘magit-status-headers-hook’. + + -- User Option: magit-status-headers-hook + + Hook run to insert headers sections into the status buffer. + + This hook is run by ‘magit-insert-status-headers’, which in turn + has to be a member of ‘magit-status-sections-hook’ to be used at + all. + + By default the following functions are members of the above hook: + + -- Function: magit-insert-error-header + + Insert a header line showing the message about the Git error that + just occurred. + + This function is only aware of the last error that occur when Git + was run for side-effects. If, for example, an error occurs while + generating a diff, then that error won’t be inserted. Refreshing + the status buffer causes this section to disappear again. + + -- Function: magit-insert-diff-filter-header + + Insert a header line showing the effective diff filters. + + -- Function: magit-insert-head-branch-header + + Insert a header line about the current branch or detached ‘HEAD’. + + -- Function: magit-insert-upstream-branch-header + + Insert a header line about the branch that is usually pulled into + the current branch. + + -- Function: magit-insert-push-branch-header + + Insert a header line about the branch that the current branch is + usually pushed to. + + -- Function: magit-insert-tags-header + + Insert a header line about the current and/or next tag, along with + the number of commits between the tag and ‘HEAD’. + + The following functions can also be added to the above hook: + + -- Function: magit-insert-repo-header + + Insert a header line showing the path to the repository top-level. + + -- Function: magit-insert-remote-header + + Insert a header line about the remote of the current branch. + + If no remote is configured for the current branch, then fall back + showing the "origin" remote, or if that does not exist the first + remote in alphabetic order. + + -- Function: magit-insert-user-header + + Insert a header line about the current user. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Status Module Sections, Next: Status Options, Prev: Status Header Sections, Up: Status Buffer + +5.1.3 Status Module Sections +---------------------------- + +The contents of status buffers is controlled using the hook +‘magit-status-sections-hook’ (see *note Status Sections::). + + By default ‘magit-insert-modules’ is _not_ a member of that hook +variable. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules + + Insert submodule sections. + + Hook ‘magit-module-sections-hook’ controls which module sections + are inserted, and option ‘magit-module-sections-nested’ controls + whether they are wrapped in an additional section. + + -- User Option: magit-module-sections-hook + + Hook run by ‘magit-insert-modules’. + + -- User Option: magit-module-sections-nested + + This option controls whether ‘magit-insert-modules’ wraps inserted + sections in an additional section. + + If this is non-nil, then only a single top-level section is + inserted. If it is nil, then all sections listed in + ‘magit-module-sections-hook’ become top-level sections. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules-overview + + Insert sections for all submodules. For each section insert the + path, the branch, and the output of ‘git describe --tags’, or, + failing that, the abbreviated HEAD commit hash. + + Press ‘RET’ on such a submodule section to show its own status + buffer. Press ‘RET’ on the "Modules" section to display a list of + submodules in a separate buffer. This shows additional information + not displayed in the super-repository’s status buffer. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-upstream + + Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pulled from the + upstream yet. These sections can be expanded to show the + respective commits. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpulled-from-pushremote + + Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pulled from the + push-remote yet. These sections can be expanded to show the + respective commits. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-upstream + + Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pushed to the + upstream yet. These sections can be expanded to show the + respective commits. + + -- Function: magit-insert-modules-unpushed-to-pushremote + + Insert sections for modules that haven’t been pushed to the + push-remote yet. These sections can be expanded to show the + respective commits. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Status Options, Prev: Status Module Sections, Up: Status Buffer + +5.1.4 Status Options +-------------------- + + -- User Option: magit-status-refresh-hook + + Hook run after a status buffer has been refreshed. + + -- User Option: magit-status-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Status mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + -- User Option: magit-log-section-args + + Additional Git arguments used when creating log sections. Only + ‘--graph’, ‘--decorate’, and ‘--show-signature’ are supported. + This option is only a temporary kludge and will be removed. + + Note that due to an issue in Git the use of ‘--graph’ is very slow + with long histories, so you probably don’t want to add this here. + + Also see the proceeding section for more options concerning status +buffers. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Repository List, Next: Logging, Prev: Status Buffer, Up: Inspecting + +5.2 Repository List +=================== + + -- Command: magit-list-repositories + + This command displays a list of repositories in a separate buffer. + + The options ‘magit-repository-directories’ and + ‘magit-repository-directories-depth’ control which repositories are + displayed. + + -- User Option: magit-repolist-columns + + This option controls what columns are displayed by the command + ‘magit-list-repositories’ and how they are displayed. + + Each element has the form ‘(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)’. + + HEADER is the string displayed in the header. WIDTH is the width + of the column. FORMAT is a function that is called with one + argument, the repository identification (usually its basename), and + with ‘default-directory’ bound to the toplevel of its working tree. + It has to return a string to be inserted or nil. PROPS is an alist + that supports the keys ‘:right-align’ and ‘:pad-right’. + + The following functions can be added to the above option: + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-ident + + This function inserts the identification of the repository. + Usually this is just its basename. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-path + + This function inserts the absolute path of the repository. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-version + + This function inserts a description of the repository’s ‘HEAD’ + revision. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-upstream + + This function inserts the number of upstream commits not in the + current branch. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpulled-from-pushremote + + This function inserts the number of commits in the push branch but + not the current branch. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-upstream + + This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch + but not its upstream. + + -- Function: magit-repolist-column-unpushed-to-pushremote + + This function inserts the number of commits in the current branch + but not its push branch. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Logging, Next: Diffing, Prev: Repository List, Up: Inspecting + +5.3 Logging +=========== + +The status buffer contains logs for the unpushed and unpulled commits, +but that obviously isn’t enough. The prefix command ‘magit-log-popup’, +on ‘l’, features several suffix commands, which show a specific log in a +separate log buffer. + + Like other popups, the log popup also features several arguments that +can be changed before invoking one of the suffix commands. However, in +the case of the log popup, these arguments may be taken from those +currently in use in the current repository’s log buffer, depending on +the value of ‘magit-use-sticky-arguments’ (see *note Popup Buffers and +Prefix Commands::). + + For information about the various arguments, see *note +(gitman)git-log::. + + The switch ‘++order=VALUE’ is converted to one of +‘--author-date-order’, ‘--date-order’, or ‘--topo-order’ before being +passed to ‘git log’. + + The log popup also features several reflog commands. See *note +Reflog::. + +‘l’ (‘magit-log-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘l l’ (‘magit-log-current’) + + Show log for the current branch. When ‘HEAD’ is detached or with a + prefix argument, show log for one or more revs read from the + minibuffer. + +‘l o’ (‘magit-log’) + + Show log for one or more revs read from the minibuffer. The user + can input any revision or revisions separated by a space, or even + ranges, but only branches, tags, and a representation of the commit + at point are available as completion candidates. + +‘l h’ (‘magit-log-head’) + + Show log for ‘HEAD’. + +‘l L’ (‘magit-log-branches’) + + Show log for all local branches and ‘HEAD’. + +‘l b’ (‘magit-log-all-branches’) + + Show log for all local and remote branches and ‘HEAD’. + +‘l a’ (‘magit-log-all’) + + Show log for all references and ‘HEAD’. + + Two additional commands that show the log for the file or blob that +is being visited in the current buffer exists, see *note Minor Mode for +Buffers Visiting Files::. The command ‘magit-cherry’ also shows a log, +see *note Cherries::. + +* Menu: + +* Refreshing Logs:: +* Log Buffer:: +* Log Margin:: +* Select from Log:: +* Reflog:: +* Cherries:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Refreshing Logs, Next: Log Buffer, Up: Logging + +5.3.1 Refreshing Logs +--------------------- + +The prefix command ‘magit-log-refresh-popup’, on ‘L’, can be used to +change the log arguments used in the current buffer, without changing +which log is shown. This works in dedicated log buffers, but also in +the status buffer. + +‘L’ (‘magit-log-refresh-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘L g’ (‘magit-log-refresh’) + + This suffix command sets the local log arguments for the current + buffer. + +‘L s’ (‘magit-log-set-default-arguments’) + + This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of + the same type as that of the current buffer. Other existing + buffers of the same type are not affected because their local + values have already been initialized. + +‘L w’ (‘magit-log-save-default-arguments’) + + This suffix command sets the default log arguments for buffers of + the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value + for future sessions. Other existing buffers of the same type are + not affected because their local values have already been + initialized. + +‘L t’ (‘magit-toggle-margin’) + + Show or hide the margin. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Log Buffer, Next: Log Margin, Prev: Refreshing Logs, Up: Logging + +5.3.2 Log Buffer +---------------- + +‘L’ (‘magit-log-refresh-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note + Refreshing Logs::. + +‘q’ (‘magit-log-bury-buffer’) + + Bury the current buffer or the revision buffer in the same frame. + Like ‘magit-mode-bury-buffer’ (which see) but with a negative + prefix argument instead bury the revision buffer, provided it is + displayed in the current frame. + +‘C-c C-b’ (‘magit-go-backward’) + + Move backward in current buffer’s history. + +‘C-c C-f’ (‘magit-go-forward’) + + Move forward in current buffer’s history. + +‘C-c C-n’ (‘magit-log-move-to-parent’) + + Move to a parent of the current commit. By default, this is the + first parent, but a numeric prefix can be used to specify another + parent. + +‘SPC’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up’) + + Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point. + + Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer, + or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame + and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead + scroll the buffer up. If there is no commit or stash at point, + then prompt for a commit. + +‘DEL’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down’) + + Update the commit or diff buffer for the thing at point. + + Either show the commit or stash at point in the appropriate buffer, + or if that buffer is already being displayed in the current frame + and contains information about that commit or stash, then instead + scroll the buffer down. If there is no commit or stash at point, + then prompt for a commit. + +‘=’ (‘magit-log-toggle-commit-limit’) + + Toggle the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to. + If the number of commits is currently limited, then remove that + limit. Otherwise set it to 256. + +‘+’ (‘magit-log-double-commit-limit’) + + Double the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to. + +‘-’ (‘magit-log-half-commit-limit’) + + Half the number of commits the current log buffer is limited to. + + -- User Option: magit-log-auto-more + + Insert more log entries automatically when moving past the last + entry. Only considered when moving past the last entry with + ‘magit-goto-*-section’ commands. + + -- User Option: magit-log-show-refname-after-summary + + Whether to show the refnames after the commit summaries. This is + useful if you use really long branch names. + + Magit displays references in logs a bit differently from how Git does +it. + + Local branches are blue and remote branches are green. Of course +that depends on the used theme, as do the colors used for other types of +references. The current branch has a box around it, as do remote +branches that are their respective remote’s ‘HEAD’ branch. + + If a local branch and its push-target point at the same commit, then +their names are combined to preserve space and to make that relationship +visible. For example: + + origin/feature + [green][blue-] + + instead of + + feature origin/feature + [blue-] [green-------] + + Also note that while the popup features the ‘--show-signature’ +argument, that won’t actually be used when enabled, because Magit +defaults to use just one line per commit. Instead the commit colorized +to indicate the validity of the signed commit object, using the faces +named ‘magit-signature-*’ (which see). + + For a description of ‘magit-log-margin’ see *note Log Margin::. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Log Margin, Next: Select from Log, Prev: Log Buffer, Up: Logging + +5.3.3 Log Margin +---------------- + +In buffers which show one or more logs, it is possible to show +additional information about each commit in the margin. The options +used to configure the margin are named ‘magit-INFIX-margin’, where INFIX +is the same as in the respective major-mode ‘magit-INFIX-mode’. In +regular log buffers that would be ‘magit-log-margin’. + + -- User Option: magit-log-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Log mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + You can change the STYLE and AUTHOR-WIDTH of all ‘magit-INFIX-margin’ +options to the same values by customizing ‘magit-log-margin’ *before* +‘magit’ is loaded. If you do that, then the respective values for the +other options will default to what you have set for that variable. +Likewise if you set INIT in ‘magit-log-margin’ to ‘nil’, then that is +used in the default of all other options. But setting it to ‘t’, i.e. +re-enforcing the default for that option, does not carry to other +options. + +‘L’ (‘magit-margin-popup’) + + This prefix command features the following commands for changing + the appearance of the margin. + + In some buffers that support the margin, "L" is bound to +‘magit-log-refresh-popup’, but that popup features the same commands, +and then some other unrelated commands. + +‘L L’ (‘magit-toggle-margin’) + + This command shows or hides the margin. + +‘L l’ (‘magit-cycle-margin-style’) + + This command cycles the style used for the margin. + +‘L d’ (‘magit-toggle-margin-details’) + + This command shows or hides details in the margin. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Select from Log, Next: Reflog, Prev: Log Margin, Up: Logging + +5.3.4 Select from Log +--------------------- + +When the user has to select a recent commit that is reachable from +‘HEAD’, using regular completion would be inconvenient (because most +humans cannot remember hashes or "HEAD~5", at least not without double +checking). Instead a log buffer is used to select the commit, which has +the advantage that commits are presented in order and with the commit +message. + + Such selection logs are used when selecting the beginning of a rebase +and when selecting the commit to be squashed into. + + In addition to the key bindings available in all log buffers, the +following additional key bindings are available in selection log +buffers: + +‘C-c C-c’ (‘magit-log-select-pick’) + + Select the commit at point and act on it. Call + ‘magit-log-select-pick-function’ with the selected commit as + argument. + +‘C-c C-k’ (‘magit-log-select-quit’) + + Abort selecting a commit, don’t act on any commit. + + -- User Option: magit-log-select-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Log-Select mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Reflog, Next: Cherries, Prev: Select from Log, Up: Logging + +5.3.5 Reflog +------------ + +Also see *note (gitman)git-reflog::. + + These reflog commands are available from the log popup. See *note +Logging::. + +‘l r’ (‘magit-reflog-current’) + + Display the reflog of the current branch. + +‘l O’ (‘magit-reflog-other’) + + Display the reflog of a branch. + +‘l H’ (‘magit-reflog-head’) + + Display the ‘HEAD’ reflog. + + -- User Option: magit-reflog-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Reflog mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Cherries, Prev: Reflog, Up: Logging + +5.3.6 Cherries +-------------- + +Cherries are commits that haven’t been applied upstream (yet), and are +usually visualized using a log. Each commit is prefixed with ‘-’ if it +has an equivalent in the upstream and ‘+’ if it does not, i.e. if it is +a cherry. + + The command ‘magit-cherry’ shows cherries for a single branch, but +the references buffer (see *note References Buffer::) can show cherries +for multiple "upstreams" at once. + + Also see *note (gitman)git-reflog::. + +‘Y’ (‘magit-cherry’) + + Show commits that are in a certain branch but that have not been + merged in the upstream branch. + + -- User Option: magit-cherry-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Cherry mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Diffing, Next: Ediffing, Prev: Logging, Up: Inspecting + +5.4 Diffing +=========== + +The status buffer contains diffs for the staged and unstaged commits, +but that obviously isn’t enough. The prefix command ‘magit-diff-popup’, +on ‘d’, features several suffix commands, which show a specific diff in +a separate diff buffer. + + Like other popups, the diff popup also features several arguments +that can be changed before invoking one of the suffix commands. +However, in the case of the diff popup, these arguments may be taken +from those currently in use in the current repository’s log buffer, +depending on the value of ‘magit-use-sticky-arguments’ (see *note Popup +Buffers and Prefix Commands::). + + Also see *note (gitman)git-diff::. + +‘d’ (‘magit-diff-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘d d’ (‘magit-diff-dwim’) + + Show changes for the thing at point. + +‘d r’ (‘magit-diff’) + + Show differences between two commits. + + RANGE should be a range (A..B or A...B) but can also be a single + commit. If one side of the range is omitted, then it defaults to + ‘HEAD’. If just a commit is given, then changes in the working + tree relative to that commit are shown. + + If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last + line of the region. With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the + revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the + common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "..." range). + +‘d w’ (‘magit-diff-working-tree’) + + Show changes between the current working tree and the ‘HEAD’ + commit. With a prefix argument show changes between the working + tree and a commit read from the minibuffer. + +‘d s’ (‘magit-diff-staged’) + + Show changes between the index and the ‘HEAD’ commit. With a + prefix argument show changes between the index and a commit read + from the minibuffer. + +‘d u’ (‘magit-diff-unstaged’) + + Show changes between the working tree and the index. + +‘d p’ (‘magit-diff-paths’) + + Show changes between any two files on disk. + + All of the above suffix commands update the repository’s diff buffer. +The diff popup also features two commands which show differences in +another buffer: + +‘d c’ (‘magit-show-commit’) + + Show the commit at point. If there is no commit at point or with a + prefix argument, prompt for a commit. + +‘d t’ (‘magit-stash-show’) + + Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer. + + Two additional commands that show the diff for the file or blob that +is being visited in the current buffer exists, see *note Minor Mode for +Buffers Visiting Files::. + +* Menu: + +* Refreshing Diffs:: +* Diff Buffer:: +* Diff Options:: +* Revision Buffer:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Refreshing Diffs, Next: Diff Buffer, Up: Diffing + +5.4.1 Refreshing Diffs +---------------------- + +The prefix command ‘magit-diff-refresh-popup’, on ‘D’, can be used to +change the diff arguments used in the current buffer, without changing +which diff is shown. This works in dedicated diff buffers, but also in +the status buffer. + +‘D’ (‘magit-diff-refresh-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘D g’ (‘magit-diff-refresh’) + + This suffix command sets the local diff arguments for the current + buffer. + +‘D s’ (‘magit-diff-set-default-arguments’) + + This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of + the same type as that of the current buffer. Other existing + buffers of the same type are not affected because their local + values have already been initialized. + +‘D w’ (‘magit-diff-save-default-arguments’) + + This suffix command sets the default diff arguments for buffers of + the same type as that of the current buffer, and saves the value + for future sessions. Other existing buffers of the same type are + not affected because their local values have already been + initialized. + +‘D t’ (‘magit-diff-toggle-refine-hunk’) + + This command toggles hunk refinement on or off. + +‘D r’ (‘magit-diff-switch-range-type’) + + This command converts the diff range type from "revA..revB" to + "revB...revA", or vice versa. + +‘D f’ (‘magit-diff-flip-revs’) + + This command swaps revisions in the diff range from "revA..revB" to + "revB..revA", or vice versa. + +‘D F’ (‘magit-diff-toggle-file-filter’) + + This command toggles the file restriction of the diffs in the + current buffer, allowing you to quickly switch between viewing all + the changes in the commit and the restricted subset. As a special + case, when this command is called from a log buffer, it toggles the + file restriction in the repository’s revision buffer, which is + useful when you display a revision from a log buffer that is + restricted to a file or files. + + In addition to the above popup, which allows changing any of the +supported arguments, there also exist some commands which change a +particular argument. + +‘-’ (‘magit-diff-less-context’) + + This command decreases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines. + +‘+’ (‘magit-diff-more-context’) + + This command increases the context for diff hunks by COUNT lines. + +‘0’ (‘magit-diff-default-context’) + + This command resets the context for diff hunks to the default + height. + + The following commands quickly change what diff is being displayed +without having to using one of the diff popups. + +‘C-c C-d’ (‘magit-diff-while-committing’) + + While committing, this command shows the changes that are about to + be committed. While amending, invoking the command again toggles + between showing just the new changes or all the changes that will + be committed. + + This binding is available in the diff buffer as well as the commit + message buffer. + +‘C-c C-b’ (‘magit-go-backward’) + + This command moves backward in current buffer’s history. + +‘C-c C-f’ (‘magit-go-forward’) + + This command moves forward in current buffer’s history. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Diff Buffer, Next: Diff Options, Prev: Refreshing Diffs, Up: Diffing + +5.4.2 Diff Buffer +----------------- + +These commands are available in diff buffers. + +‘RET’ (‘magit-diff-visit-file’) + + From a diff, visit the corresponding file at the appropriate + position. + + If the diff shows changes in the worktree, the index, or ‘HEAD’, + then visit the actual file. Otherwise, when the diff is about an + older commit or a range, then visit the appropriate blob. + + If point is on a removed line, then visit the blob for the first + parent of the commit which removed that line, i.e. the last commit + where that line still existed. Otherwise visit the blob for the + commit whose changes are being shown. + + Interactively, when the file or blob to be displayed is already + being displayed in another window of the same frame, then just + select that window and adjust point. Otherwise, or with a prefix + argument, display the buffer in another window. The meaning of the + prefix argument can be inverted or further modified using the + option ‘magit-display-file-buffer-function’. + + Non-interactively the optional OTHER-WINDOW argument is taken + literally. DISPLAY-FN can be used to specify the display function + explicitly, in which case OTHER-WINDOW is ignored. + + The optional FORCE-WORKTREE means to force visiting the worktree + version of the file. To do this interactively use the command + ‘magit-diff-visit-file-worktree’ instead. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-visit-previous-blob + + This option controls whether ‘magit-diff-visit-file’ may visit the + previous blob. When this is ‘t’ and point is on a removed line in + a diff for a committed change, then ‘magit-diff-visit-file’ visits + the blob from the last revision which still had that line. + + Currently this is only supported for committed changes, for staged + and unstaged changes ‘magit-diff-visit-file’ always visits the file + in the working tree. + +‘C-<return>’ (‘magit-diff-visit-file-worktree’) + + From a diff, visit the corresponding file at the appropriate + position. + + When the file is already being displayed in another window of the + same frame, then just select that window and adjust point. With a + prefix argument also display in another window. + + The actual file in the worktree is visited. The positions in the + hunk headers get less useful the "older" the changes are, and as a + result, jumping to the appropriate position gets less reliable. + + Also see ‘magit-diff-visit-file’, which visits the respective blob, + unless the diff shows changes in the worktree, the index, or + ‘HEAD’. + + -- Command: magit-diff-visit-file-other-window + + From a diff, visit the corresponding file at the appropriate + position in another window. + +‘C-c C-t’ (‘magit-diff-trace-definition’) + + From a diff, show log for the definition at point. + +‘C-c C-e’ (‘magit-diff-edit-hunk-commit’) + + From a hunk, edit the respective commit and visit the file. + + First visit the file being modified by the hunk at the correct + location using ‘magit-diff-visit-file’. This actually visits a + blob. When point is on a diff header, not within an individual + hunk, then this visits the blob the first hunk is about. + + Then invoke ‘magit-edit-line-commit’, which uses an interactive + rebase to make the commit editable, or if that is not possible + because the commit is not reachable from ‘HEAD’ by checking out + that commit directly. This also causes the actual worktree file to + be visited. + + Neither the blob nor the file buffer are killed when finishing the + rebase. If that is undesirable, then it might be better to use + ‘magit-rebase-edit-command’ instead of this command. + +‘j’ (‘magit-jump-to-diffstat-or-diff’) + + Jump to the diffstat or diff. When point is on a file inside the + diffstat section, then jump to the respective diff section. + Otherwise, jump to the diffstat section or a child thereof. + +‘SPC’ (‘scroll-up’) + + Scroll text upward. + +‘DEL’ (‘scroll-down’) + + Scroll text downward. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Diff Options, Next: Revision Buffer, Prev: Diff Buffer, Up: Diffing + +5.4.3 Diff Options +------------------ + + -- User Option: magit-diff-refine-hunk + + Whether to show word-granularity differences within diff hunks. + + • ‘nil’ never show fine differences. + + • ‘t’ show fine differences for the current diff hunk only. + + • ‘all’ show fine differences for all displayed diff hunks. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-adjust-tab-width + + Whether to adjust the width of tabs in diffs. + + Determining the correct width can be expensive if it requires + opening large and/or many files, so the widths are cached in the + variable ‘magit-diff--tab-width-cache’. Set that to nil to + invalidate the cache. + + • ‘nil’ Never ajust tab width. Use ‘tab-width’s value from the + Magit buffer itself instead. + + • ‘t’ If the corresponding file-visiting buffer exits, then use + ‘tab-width’’s value from that buffer. Doing this is cheap, so + this value is used even if a corresponding cache entry exists. + + • ‘always’ If there is no such buffer, then temporarily visit + the file to determine the value. + + • NUMBER Like ‘always’, but don’t visit files larger than NUMBER + bytes. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-paint-whitespace + + Specify where to highlight whitespace errors. + + See ‘magit-diff-highlight-trailing’, + ‘magit-diff-highlight-indentation’. The symbol ‘t’ means in all + diffs, ‘status’ means only in the status buffer, and nil means + nowhere. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-trailing + + Whether to highlight whitespace at the end of a line in diffs. + Used only when ‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’ is non-nil. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-indentation + + Highlight the "wrong" indentation style. Used only when + ‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’ is non-nil. + + The value is a list of cons cells. The car is a regular + expression, and the cdr is the value that applies to repositories + whose directory matches the regular expression. If more than one + element matches, then the *last* element in the list applies. The + default value should therefore come first in the list. + + If the value is ‘tabs’, highlight indentation with tabs. If the + value is an integer, highlight indentation with at least that many + spaces. Otherwise, highlight neither. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-hide-trailing-cr-characters + + Whether to hide ^M characters at the end of a line in diffs. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions + + This option specifies the functions used to highlight the + hunk-internal region. + + ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-dim-outside’ overlays the outside + of the hunk internal selection with a face that causes the added + and removed lines to have the same background color as context + lines. This function should not be removed from the value of this + option. + + ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-overlays’ and + ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-underline’ emphasize the + region by placing delimiting horizontal lines before and after it. + Both of these functions have glitches which cannot be fixed due to + limitations of Emacs’ display engine. For more information see + <https://github.com/magit/magit/issues/2758> ff. + + Instead of, or in addition to, using delimiting horizontal lines, + to emphasize the boundaries, you may which to emphasize the text + itself, using ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-using-face’. + + In terminal frames it’s not possible to draw lines as the overlay + and underline variants normally do, so there they fall back to + calling the face function instead. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-unmarked-lines-keep-foreground + + This option controls whether added and removed lines outside the + hunk-internal region only lose their distinct background color or + also the foreground color. Whether the outside of the region is + dimmed at all depends on + ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-region-functions’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Revision Buffer, Prev: Diff Options, Up: Diffing + +5.4.4 Revision Buffer +--------------------- + + -- User Option: magit-revision-insert-related-refs + + Whether to show related refs in revision buffers. + + -- User Option: magit-revision-show-gravatar + + Whether to show gravatar images in revision buffers. + + If non-nil, then the value has to be a cons-cell which specifies + where the gravatar images for the author and/or the committer are + inserted inside the text that was previously inserted according to + ‘magit-revision-header-format’. + + Both cells are regular expressions. The car specifies where to + insert the author gravatar image. The top half of the image is + inserted right after the matched text, the bottom half on the next + line at the same offset. The cdr specifies where to insert the + committer image, accordingly. Either the car or the cdr may be + nil. + + -- User Option: magit-revision-use-hash-sections + + Whether to turn hashes inside the commit message into sections. + + If non-nil, then hashes inside the commit message are turned into + ‘commit’ sections. There is a trade off to be made between + performance and reliability: + + • ‘slow’ calls git for every word to be absolutely sure. + + • ‘quick’ skips words less than seven characters long. + + • ‘quicker’ additionally skips words that don’t contain a + number. + + • ‘quickest’ uses all words that are at least seven characters + long and which contain at least one number as well as at least + one letter. + + If nil, then no hashes are turned into sections, but you can still + visit the commit at point using "RET". + + The diffs shown in the revision buffer may be automatically +restricted to a subset of the changed files. If the revision buffer is +displayed from a log buffer, the revision buffer will share the same +file restriction as that log buffer (also see the command +‘magit-diff-toggle-file-filter’). Note, however, that the log’s file +restriction will be ignored when ‘magit-log-arguments’ includes +‘--follow’. In this case, the ‘-u’ argument of the log popup can be +used to show the file-restricted diffs inline. + + If the revision buffer is not displayed from a log buffer, the file +restriction is determined by the file restriction in the repository’s +diff buffer, if it exists, and the value of the option +‘magit-use-sticky-arguments’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Ediffing, Next: References Buffer, Prev: Diffing, Up: Inspecting + +5.5 Ediffing +============ + +This section describes how to enter Ediff from Magit buffers. For +information on how to use Ediff itself, see *note (ediff)Top::. + +‘e’ (‘magit-ediff-dwim’) + + Compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff. + + This command tries to guess what file, and what commit or range the + user wants to compare, stage, or resolve using Ediff. It might + only be able to guess either the file, or range/commit, in which + case the user is asked about the other. It might not always guess + right, in which case the appropriate ‘magit-ediff-*’ command has to + be used explicitly. If it cannot read the user’s mind at all, then + it asks the user for a command to run. + +‘E’ (‘magit-ediff-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup + buffer. + +‘E r’ (‘magit-ediff-compare’) + + Compare two revisions of a file using Ediff. + + If the region is active, use the revisions on the first and last + line of the region. With a prefix argument, instead of diffing the + revisions, choose a revision to view changes along, starting at the + common ancestor of both revisions (i.e., use a "..." range). + +‘E m’ (‘magit-ediff-resolve’) + + Resolve outstanding conflicts in a file using Ediff, defaulting to + the file at point. + + Provided that the value of ‘merge.conflictstyle’ is ‘diff3’, you + can view the file’s merge-base revision using ‘/’ in the Ediff + control buffer. + + In the rare event that you want to manually resolve all conflicts, + including those already resolved by Git, use + ‘ediff-merge-revisions-with-ancestor’. + +‘E s’ (‘magit-ediff-stage’) + + Stage and unstage changes to a file using Ediff, defaulting to the + file at point. + +‘E u’ (‘magit-ediff-show-unstaged’) + + Show unstaged changes to a file using Ediff. + +‘E i’ (‘magit-ediff-show-staged’) + + Show staged changes to a file using Ediff. + +‘E w’ (‘magit-ediff-show-working-tree’) + + Show changes in a file between ‘HEAD’ and working tree using Ediff. + +‘E c’ (‘magit-ediff-show-commit’) + + Show changes to a file introduced by a commit using Ediff. + +‘E z’ (‘magit-ediff-show-stash’) + + Show changes to a file introduced by a stash using Ediff. + + -- User Option: magit-ediff-dwim-show-on-hunks + + This option controls what command ‘magit-ediff-dwim’ calls when + point is on uncommitted hunks. When nil, always run + ‘magit-ediff-stage’. Otherwise, use ‘magit-ediff-show-staged’ and + ‘magit-ediff-show-unstaged’ to show staged and unstaged changes, + respectively. + + -- User Option: magit-ediff-show-stash-with-index + + This option controls whether ‘magit-ediff-show-stash’ includes a + buffer containing the file’s state in the index at the time the + stash was created. This makes it possible to tell which changes in + the stash were staged. + + -- User Option: magit-ediff-quit-hook + + This hook is run after quitting an Ediff session that was created + using a Magit command. The hook functions are run inside the Ediff + control buffer, and should not change the current buffer. + + This is similar to ‘ediff-quit-hook’ but takes the needs of Magit + into account. The regular ‘ediff-quit-hook’ is ignored by Ediff + sessions that were created using a Magit command. + + +File: magit.info, Node: References Buffer, Next: Bisecting, Prev: Ediffing, Up: Inspecting + +5.6 References Buffer +===================== + +‘y’ (‘magit-show-refs-popup’) + + List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. By default all + refs are compared with ‘HEAD’, but with a prefix argument this + command instead acts as a prefix command and shows the following + suffix commands along with the appropriate infix arguments in a + popup buffer. + +‘y y’ (‘magit-show-refs-head’) + + List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are + compared with ‘HEAD’. + +‘y c’ (‘magit-show-refs-current’) + + List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are + compared with the current branch or ‘HEAD’ if it is detached. + +‘y o’ (‘magit-show-refs’) + + List and compare references in a dedicated buffer. Refs are + compared with a branch read from the user. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-show-commit-count + + Whether to show commit counts in Magit-Refs mode buffers. + + • ‘all’ Show counts for branches and tags. + + • ‘branch’ Show counts for branches only. + + • ‘nil’ Never show counts. + + The default is ‘nil’ because anything else can be very expensive. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-pad-commit-counts + + Whether to pad all commit counts on all sides in Magit-Refs mode + buffers. + + If this is nil, then some commit counts are displayed right next to + one of the branches that appear next to the count, without any + space in between. This might look bad if the branch name faces + look too similar to ‘magit-dimmed’. + + If this is non-nil, then spaces are placed on both sides of all + commit counts. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-show-remote-prefix + + Whether to show the remote prefix in lists of remote branches. + + Showing the prefix is redundant because the name of the remote is + already shown in the heading preceeding the list of its branches. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-primary-column-width + + Width of the primary column in ‘magit-refs-mode’ buffers. The + primary column is the column that contains the name of the branch + that the current row is about. + + If this is an integer, then the column is that many columns wide. + Otherwise it has to be a cons-cell of two integers. The first + specifies the minimal width, the second the maximal width. In that + case the actual width is determined using the length of the names + of the shown local branches. (Remote branches and tags are not + taken into account when calculating to optimal width.) + + -- User Option: magit-refs-focus-column-width + + Width of the focus column in ‘magit-refs-mode’ buffers. + + The focus column is the first column, which marks one branch + (usually the current branch) as the focused branch using ‘*’ or + ‘@’. For each other reference, this column optionally shows how + many commits it is ahead of the focused branch and ‘<’, or if it + isn’t ahead then the commits it is behind and ‘>’, or if it isn’t + behind either, then a ‘=’. + + This column may also display only ‘*’ or ‘@’ for the focused + branch, in which case this option is ignored. Use ‘L v’ to change + the verbosity of this column. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + Magit-Refs mode buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-margin-for-tags + + This option specifies whether to show information about tags in the + margin. This is disabled by default because it is slow if there + are many tags. + + The following variables control how individual refs are displayed. +If you change one of these variables (especially the "%c" part), then +you should also change the others to keep things aligned. The following +%-sequences are supported: + + • ‘%a’ Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to. + + • ‘%b’ Number of commits the ref we compare to has over this one. + + • ‘%c’ Number of commits this ref has over the one we compare to. + For the ref which all other refs are compared this is instead "@", + if it is the current branch, or "#" otherwise. + + • ‘%C’ For the ref which all other refs are compared this is "@", if + it is the current branch, or "#" otherwise. For all other refs " + ". + + • ‘%h’ Hash of this ref’s tip. + + • ‘%m’ Commit summary of the tip of this ref. + + • ‘%n’ Name of this ref. + + • ‘%u’ Upstream of this local branch. + + • ‘%U’ Upstream of this local branch and additional local vs. + upstream information. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-filter-alist + + This alist controls which tags and branches are omitted from being + displayed in ‘magit-refs-mode’ buffers. If it is ‘nil’, then all + refs are displayed (subject to ‘magit-refs-sections-hook’). + + All keys are tried in order until one matches. Then its value is + used and subsequent elements are ignored. If the value is non-nil, + then the reference is displayed, otherwise it is not. If no + element matches, then the reference is displayed. + + A key can either be a regular expression that the refname has to + match, or a function that takes the refname as only argument and + returns a boolean. Contrary to how they are displayed in the + buffer, for comparison each tag begins with "tags/" and each remote + branch with "<remote>/". + +‘RET’ (‘magit-visit-ref’) + + This command visits the reference or revision at point in another + buffer. If there is no revision at point or with a prefix argument + then it prompts for a revision. + + This command behaves just like ‘magit-show-commit’ as described + above, except if point is on a reference in a ‘magit-refs-mode’ + buffer, in which case the behavior may be different, but only if + you have customized the option ‘magit-visit-ref-behavior’. + + -- User Option: magit-visit-ref-behavior + + This option controls how ‘magit-visit-ref’ behaves in + ‘magit-refs-mode’ buffers. + + By default ‘magit-visit-ref’ behaves like ‘magit-show-commit’, in + all buffers, including ‘magit-refs-mode’ buffers. When the type of + the section at point is ‘commit’ then "RET" is bound to + ‘magit-show-commit’, and when the type is either ‘branch’ or ‘tag’ + then it is bound to ‘magit-visit-ref’. + + "RET" is one of Magit’s most essential keys and at least by default + it should behave consistently across all of Magit, especially + because users quickly learn that it does something very harmless; + it shows more information about the thing at point in another + buffer. + + However "RET" used to behave differently in ‘magit-refs-mode’ + buffers, doing surprising things, some of which cannot really be + described as "visit this thing". If you’ve grown accustomed this + behavior, you can restore it by adding one or more of the below + symbols to the value of this option. But keep in mind that by + doing so you don’t only introduce inconsistencies, you also lose + some functionality and might have to resort to ‘M-x + magit-show-commit’ to get it back. + + ‘magit-visit-ref’ looks for these symbols in the order in which + they are described here. If the presence of a symbol applies to + the current situation, then the symbols that follow do not affect + the outcome. + + • ‘focus-on-ref’ + + With a prefix argument update the buffer to show commit counts + and lists of cherry commits relative to the reference at point + instead of relative to the current buffer or ‘HEAD’. + + Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "C-u y o + RET". + + • ‘create-branch’ + + If point is on a remote branch, then create a new local branch + with the same name, use the remote branch as its upstream, and + then check out the local branch. + + Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b c RET + RET", like you would do in other buffers. + + • ‘checkout-any’ + + Check out the reference at point. If that reference is a tag + or a remote branch, then this results in a detached ‘HEAD’. + + Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b b RET", + like you would do in other buffers. + + • ‘checkout-branch’ + + Check out the local branch at point. + + Instead of adding this symbol, consider pressing "b b RET", + like you would do in other buffers. + +* Menu: + +* References Sections:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: References Sections, Up: References Buffer + +5.6.1 References Sections +------------------------- + +The contents of references buffers is controlled using the hook +‘magit-refs-sections-hook’. See *note Section Hooks:: to learn about +such hooks and how to customize them. All of the below functions are +members of the default value. Note that it makes much less sense to +customize this hook than it does for the respective hook used for the +status buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-refs-sections-hook + + Hook run to insert sections into a references buffer. + + -- Function: magit-insert-local-branches + + Insert sections showing all local branches. + + -- Function: magit-insert-remote-branches + + Insert sections showing all remote-tracking branches. + + -- Function: magit-insert-tags + + Insert sections showing all tags. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Bisecting, Next: Visiting Blobs, Prev: References Buffer, Up: Inspecting + +5.7 Bisecting +============= + +Also see *note (gitman)git-bisect::. + +‘B’ (‘magit-bisect-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup + buffer. + + When bisecting is not in progress, then the popup buffer features the +following commands. + +‘B B’ (‘magit-bisect-start’) + + Start a bisect session. + + Bisecting a bug means to find the commit that introduced it. This + command starts such a bisect session by asking for a known good and + a bad commit. + +‘B s’ (‘magit-bisect-run’) + + Bisect automatically by running commands after each step. + + When bisecting is in progress, then the popup buffer features these +commands instead. + +‘B b’ (‘magit-bisect-bad’) + + Mark the current commit as bad. Use this after you have asserted + that the commit does contain the bug in question. + +‘B g’ (‘magit-bisect-good’) + + Mark the current commit as good. Use this after you have asserted + that the commit does not contain the bug in question. + +‘B k’ (‘magit-bisect-skip’) + + Skip the current commit. Use this if for some reason the current + commit is not a good one to test. This command lets Git choose a + different one. + +‘B r’ (‘magit-bisect-reset’) + + After bisecting, cleanup bisection state and return to original + ‘HEAD’. + + By default the status buffer shows information about the ongoing +bisect session. + + -- User Option: magit-bisect-show-graph + + This option controls whether a graph is displayed for the log of + commits that still have to be bisected. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Visiting Blobs, Next: Blaming, Prev: Bisecting, Up: Inspecting + +5.8 Visiting Blobs +================== + +‘M-x magit-find-file’ (‘magit-find-file’) + + View FILE from REV. Switch to a buffer visiting blob REV:FILE, + creating one if none already exists. + +‘M-x magit-find-file-other-window’ (‘magit-find-file-other-window’) + + View FILE from REV, in another window. Like ‘magit-find-file’, but + create a new window or reuse an existing one. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Blaming, Prev: Visiting Blobs, Up: Inspecting + +5.9 Blaming +=========== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-blame::. + + To start blaming you can use ‘M-x’ in a file-visiting buffer to +invoke one of the following commands. You can also invoke these +commands using the blame popup, which is available on ‘b’ in +file-visiting buffers that already contain blame information and, also +on ‘b’, in all blob-visiting buffers. You can also enter the blame +popup from the file popup, which is available on ‘C-c M-g’, provided +‘magit-file-mode’ is enabled, see *note Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting +Files::. + + -- Command: magit-blame + + This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current + file- or blob-visiting buffer with information about what commits + last touched these lines. + + If the buffer visits a revision of that file, then history up to + that revision is considered. Otherwise, the file’s full history is + considered, including uncommitted changes. + + If Magit-Blame mode is already turned on in the current buffer then + blaming is done recursively, by visiting REVISION:FILE (using + ‘magit-find-file’), where REVISION is a parent of the revision that + added the current line or chunk of lines. + + -- Command: magit-blame-echo + + This command is like ‘magit-blame’ except that it doesn’t turn on + ‘read-only-mode’ and that it initially uses the visualization style + specified by option ‘magit-blame-echo-style’. + + -- Command: magit-blame-removal + + This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current + blob-visiting buffer with information about the revision that + removes it. It cannot be used in file-visiting buffers. + + Like ‘magit-blame’, this command can be used recursively. + + -- Command: magit-blame-reverse + + This command augments each line or chunk of lines in the current + file- or blob-visiting buffer with information about the last + revision in which a line still existed. + + Like ‘magit-blame’, this command can be used recursively. + + The following key bindings are available when Magit-Blame mode is +enabled and Read-Only mode is not enabled. These commands are also +available in other buffers; here only the behavior is described that is +relevant in file-visiting buffers that are being blamed. + +‘RET’ (‘magit-show-commit’) + + This command shows the commit that last touched the line at point. + +‘SPC’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-up’) + + This command updates the commit buffer. + + This either shows the commit that last touched the line at point in + the appropriate buffer, or if that buffer is already being + displayed in the current frame and if that buffer contains + information about that commit, then the buffer is scrolled up + instead. + +‘DEL’ (‘magit-diff-show-or-scroll-down’) + + This command updates the commit buffer. + + This either shows the commit that last touched the line at point in + the appropriate buffer, or if that buffer is already being + displayed in the current frame and if that buffer contains + information about that commit, then the buffer is scrolled down + instead. + + The following key bindings are available when Magit-Blame mode is +enabled and Read-Only mode is not enabled. + +‘b’ (‘magit-blame-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the above suffix command along with the + appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘n’ (‘magit-blame-next-chunk’) + + This command moves to the next chunk. + +‘N’ (‘magit-blame-next-chunk-same-commit’) + + This command moves to the next chunk from the same commit. + +‘p’ (‘magit-blame-previous-chunk’) + + This command moves to the previous chunk. + +‘P’ (‘magit-blame-previous-chunk-same-commit’) + + This command moves to the previous chunk from the same commit. + +‘q’ (‘magit-blame-quit’) + + This command turns off Magit-Blame mode. If the buffer was created + during a recursive blame, then it also kills the buffer. + +‘M-w’ (‘magit-blame-copy-hash’) + + This command saves the hash of the current chunk’s commit to the + kill ring. + + When the region is active, the command saves the region’s content + instead of the hash, like ‘kill-ring-save’ would. + +‘c’ (‘magit-blame-cycle-style’) + + This command changes how blame information is visualized in the + current buffer by cycling through the styles specified using the + option ‘magit-blame-styles’. + + Blaming is also controlled using the following options. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-styles + + This option defines a list of styles used to visualize blame + information. For now see its doc-string to learn more. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-echo-style + + This option specifies the blame visualization style used by the + command ‘magit-blame-echo’. This must be a symbol that is used as + the identifier for one of the styles defined in + ‘magit-blame-styles’. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-time-format + + This option specifies the format string used to display times when + showing blame information. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-read-only + + This option controls whether blaming a buffer also makes + temporarily read-only. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-disable-modes + + This option lists incompatible minor-modes that should be disabled + temporarily when a buffer contains blame information. They are + enabled again when the buffer no longer shows blame information. + + -- User Option: magit-blame-goto-chunk-hook + + This hook is run when moving between chunks. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Manipulating, Next: Transferring, Prev: Inspecting, Up: Top + +6 Manipulating +************** + +* Menu: + +* Repository Setup:: +* Staging and Unstaging:: +* Applying:: +* Committing:: +* Branching:: +* Merging:: +* Resolving Conflicts:: +* Rebasing:: +* Cherry Picking:: +* Resetting:: +* Stashing:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Repository Setup, Next: Staging and Unstaging, Up: Manipulating + +6.1 Repository Setup +==================== + +‘M-x magit-init’ (‘magit-init’) + + This command initializes a repository and then shows the status + buffer for the new repository. + + If the directory is below an existing repository, then the user has + to confirm that a new one should be created inside. If the + directory is the root of the existing repository, then the user has + to confirm that it should be reinitialized. + +‘M-x magit-clone’ (‘magit-clone’) + + This command clones a repository and then shows the status buffer + for the new repository. + + The user is queried for a remote url and a local directory. + + -- User Option: magit-clone-set-remote.pushDefault + + Whether to set the value of ‘remote.pushDefault’ after cloning. + + If ‘t’, then set without asking. If ‘nil’, then don’t set. If + ‘ask’, then ask the user every time she clones a repository. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Staging and Unstaging, Next: Applying, Prev: Repository Setup, Up: Manipulating + +6.2 Staging and Unstaging +========================= + +Like Git, Magit can of course stage and unstage complete files. Unlike +Git, it also allows users to gracefully un-/stage individual hunks and +even just part of a hunk. To stage individual hunks and parts of hunks +using Git directly, one has to use the very modal and rather clumsy +interface of a ‘git add --interactive’ session. + + With Magit, on the other hand, one can un-/stage individual hunks by +just moving point into the respective section inside a diff displayed in +the status buffer or a separate diff buffer and typing ‘s’ or ‘u’. To +operate on just parts of a hunk, mark the changes that should be +un-/staged using the region and then press the same key that would be +used to un-/stage. To stage multiple files or hunks at once use a +region that starts inside the heading of such a section and ends inside +the heading of a sibling section of the same type. + + Besides staging and unstaging, Magit also provides several other +"apply variants" that can also operate on a file, multiple files at +once, a hunk, multiple hunks at once, and on parts of a hunk. These +apply variants are described in the next section. + + You can also use Ediff to stage and unstage. See *note Ediffing::. + +‘s’ (‘magit-stage’) + + Add the change at point to the staging area. + + With a prefix argument and an untracked file (or files) at point, + stage the file but not its content. This makes it possible to + stage only a subset of the new file’s changes. + +‘S’ (‘magit-stage-modified’) + + Stage all changes to files modified in the worktree. Stage all new + content of tracked files and remove tracked files that no longer + exist in the working tree from the index also. With a prefix + argument also stage previously untracked (but not ignored) files. + +‘u’ (‘magit-unstage’) + + Remove the change at point from the staging area. + + Only staged changes can be unstaged. But by default this command + performs an action that is somewhat similar to unstaging, when it + is called on a committed change: it reverses the change in the + index but not in the working tree. + +‘U’ (‘magit-unstage-all’) + + Remove all changes from the staging area. + + -- User Option: magit-unstage-committed + + This option controls whether ‘magit-unstage’ "unstages" committed + changes by reversing them in the index but not the working tree. + The alternative is to raise an error. + +‘M-x magit-reverse-in-index’ (‘magit-reverse-in-index’) + + This command reverses the committed change at point in the index + but not the working tree. By default no key is bound directly to + this command, but it is indirectly called when ‘u’ + (‘magit-unstage’) is pressed on a committed change. + + This allows extracting a change from ‘HEAD’, while leaving it in + the working tree, so that it can later be committed using a + separate commit. A typical workflow would be: + + • Optionally make sure that there are no uncommitted changes. + + • Visit the ‘HEAD’ commit and navigate to the change that should + not have been included in that commit. + + • Type ‘u’ (‘magit-unstage’) to reverse it in the index. This + assumes that ‘magit-unstage-committed-changes’ is non-nil. + + • Type ‘c e’ to extend ‘HEAD’ with the staged changes, including + those that were already staged before. + + • Optionally stage the remaining changes using ‘s’ or ‘S’ and + then type ‘c c’ to create a new commit. + +‘M-x magit-reset-index’ (‘magit-reset-index’) + + Reset the index to some commit. The commit is read from the user + and defaults to the commit at point. If there is no commit at + point, then it defaults to ‘HEAD’. + +* Menu: + +* Staging from File-Visiting Buffers:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Staging from File-Visiting Buffers, Up: Staging and Unstaging + +6.2.1 Staging from File-Visiting Buffers +---------------------------------------- + +Fine-grained un-/staging has to be done from the status or a diff +buffer, but it’s also possible to un-/stage all changes made to the file +visited in the current buffer right from inside that buffer. + +‘M-x magit-stage-file’ (‘magit-stage-file’) + + When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then stage all changes + to that file. In a Magit buffer, stage the file at point if any. + Otherwise prompt for a file to be staged. With a prefix argument + always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting buffer + or when there is a file section at point. + +‘M-x magit-unstage-file’ (‘magit-unstage-file’) + + When invoked inside a file-visiting buffer, then unstage all + changes to that file. In a Magit buffer, unstage the file at point + if any. Otherwise prompt for a file to be unstaged. With a prefix + argument always prompt the user for a file, even in a file-visiting + buffer or when there is a file section at point. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Applying, Next: Committing, Prev: Staging and Unstaging, Up: Manipulating + +6.3 Applying +============ + +Magit provides several "apply variants": stage, unstage, discard, +reverse, and "regular apply". At least when operating on a hunk they +are all implemented using ‘git apply’, which is why they are called +"apply variants". + + • Stage. Apply a change from the working tree to the index. The + change also remains in the working tree. + + • Unstage. Remove a change from the index. The change remains in + the working tree. + + • Discard. On a staged change, remove it from the working tree and + the index. On an unstaged change, remove it from the working tree + only. + + • Reverse. Reverse a change in the working tree. Both committed and + staged changes can be reversed. Unstaged changes cannot be + reversed. Discard them instead. + + • Apply. Apply a change to the working tree. Both committed and + staged changes can be applied. Unstaged changes cannot be applied + - as they already have been applied. + + The previous section described the staging and unstaging commands. +What follows are the commands which implement the remaining apply +variants. + +‘a’ (‘magit-apply’) + + Apply the change at point to the working tree. + + With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge. Doing so causes + the change to be applied to the index as well. + +‘k’ (‘magit-discard’) + + Remove the change at point from the working tree. + +‘v’ (‘magit-reverse’) + + Reverse the change at point in the working tree. + + With a prefix argument fallback to a 3-way merge. Doing so causes + the change to be applied to the index as well. + + With a prefix argument all apply variants attempt a 3-way merge when +appropriate (i.e. when ‘git apply’ is used internally). + + +File: magit.info, Node: Committing, Next: Branching, Prev: Applying, Up: Manipulating + +6.4 Committing +============== + +When the user initiates a commit, Magit calls ‘git commit’ without any +arguments, so Git has to get it from the user. It creates the file +‘.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG’ and then opens that file in an editor. Magit +arranges for that editor to be the Emacsclient. Once the user finishes +the editing session, the Emacsclient exits and Git creates the commit +using the file’s content as message. + +* Menu: + +* Initiating a Commit:: +* Editing Commit Messages:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Initiating a Commit, Next: Editing Commit Messages, Up: Committing + +6.4.1 Initiating a Commit +------------------------- + +Also see *note (gitman)git-commit::. + +‘c’ (‘magit-commit-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘c c’ (‘magit-commit’) + + Create a new commit on ‘HEAD’. With a prefix argument amend to the + commit at ‘HEAD’ instead. + +‘c a’ (‘magit-commit-amend’) + + Amend the last commit. + +‘c e’ (‘magit-commit-extend’) + + Amend the last commit, without editing the message. With a prefix + argument keep the committer date, otherwise change it. The option + ‘magit-commit-extend-override-date’ can be used to inverse the + meaning of the prefix argument. + + Non-interactively respect the optional OVERRIDE-DATE argument and + ignore the option. + +‘c w’ (‘magit-commit-reword’) + + Reword the last commit, ignoring staged changes. With a prefix + argument keep the committer date, otherwise change it. The option + ‘magit-commit-reword-override-date’ can be used to inverse the + meaning of the prefix argument. + + Non-interactively respect the optional OVERRIDE-DATE argument and + ignore the option. + +‘c f’ (‘magit-commit-fixup’) + + Create a fixup commit. + + With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed. + Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation + depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’. + +‘c F’ (‘magit-commit-instant-fixup’) + + Create a fixup commit and instantly rebase. + +‘c s’ (‘magit-commit-squash’) + + Create a squash commit, without editing the squash message. + + With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed. + Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation + depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’. + +‘c S’ (‘magit-commit-instant-squash’) + + Create a squash commit and instantly rebase. + +‘c A’ (‘magit-commit-augment’) + + Create a squash commit, editing the squash message. + + With a prefix argument the target commit has to be confirmed. + Otherwise the commit at point may be used without confirmation + depending on the value of option ‘magit-commit-squash-confirm’. + + -- User Option: magit-commit-ask-to-stage + + Whether to ask to stage all unstaged changes when committing and + nothing is staged. + + -- User Option: magit-commit-extend-override-date + + Whether using ‘magit-commit-extend’ changes the committer date. + + -- User Option: magit-commit-reword-override-date + + Whether using ‘magit-commit-reword’ changes the committer date. + + -- User Option: magit-commit-squash-confirm + + Whether the commit targeted by squash and fixup has to be + confirmed. When non-nil then the commit at point (if any) is used + as default choice. Otherwise it has to be confirmed. This option + only affects ‘magit-commit-squash’ and ‘magit-commit-fixup’. The + "instant" variants always require confirmation because making an + error while using those is harder to recover from. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Editing Commit Messages, Prev: Initiating a Commit, Up: Committing + +6.4.2 Editing Commit Messages +----------------------------- + +After initiating a commit as described in the previous section, two new +buffers appear. One shows the changes that are about to committed, +while the other is used to write the message. All regular editing +commands are available in the commit message buffer. This section only +describes the additional commands. + + Commit messages are edited in an edit session - in the background Git +is waiting for the editor, in our case the Emacsclient, to save the +commit message in a file (in most cases ‘.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG’) and then +return. If the Emacsclient returns with a non-zero exit status then Git +does not create the commit. So the most important commands are those +for finishing and aborting the commit. + +‘C-c C-c’ (‘with-editor-finish’) + + Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0. + Git then creates the commit using the message it finds in the file. + +‘C-c C-k’ (‘with-editor-cancel’) + + Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1. + Git then cancels the commit, but leaves the file untouched. + + In addition to being used by Git, these messages may also be stored +in a ring that persists until Emacs is closed. By default the message +is stored at the beginning and the end of an edit session (regardless of +whether the session is finished successfully or was canceled). It is +sometimes useful to bring back messages from that ring. + +‘C-c M-s’ (‘git-commit-save-message’) + + Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring. + +‘M-p’ (‘git-commit-prev-message’) + + Cycle backward through the commit message ring, after saving the + current message to the ring. With a numeric prefix ARG, go back + ARG comments. + +‘M-n’ (‘git-commit-next-message’) + + Cycle forward through the commit message ring, after saving the + current message to the ring. With a numeric prefix ARG, go back + ARG comments. + + By default the diff for the changes that are about to be committed +are automatically shown when invoking the commit. When amending to an +existing commit it may be useful to show either the changes that are +about to be added to that commit or to show those changes together with +those that are already committed. + +‘C-c C-d’ (‘magit-diff-while-committing’) + + While committing, show the changes that are about to be committed. + While amending, invoking the command again toggles between showing + just the new changes or all the changes that will be committed. + +‘C-c C-w’ (‘magit-pop-revision-stack’) + + This command inserts a representation of a revision into the + current buffer. It can be used inside buffers used to write commit + messages but also in other buffers such as buffers used to edit + emails or ChangeLog files. + + By default this command pops the revision which was last added to + the ‘magit-revision-stack’ and inserts it into the current buffer + according to ‘magit-pop-revision-stack-format’. Revisions can be + put on the stack using ‘magit-copy-section-value’ and + ‘magit-copy-buffer-revision’. + + If the stack is empty or with a prefix argument it instead reads a + revision in the minibuffer. By using the minibuffer history this + allows selecting an item which was popped earlier or to insert an + arbitrary reference or revision without first pushing it onto the + stack. + + When reading the revision from the minibuffer, then it might not be + possible to guess the correct repository. When this command is + called inside a repository (e.g. while composing a commit + message), then that repository is used. Otherwise (e.g. while + composing an email) then the repository recorded for the top + element of the stack is used (even though we insert another + revision). If not called inside a repository and with an empty + stack, or with two prefix arguments, then read the repository in + the minibuffer too. + + -- User Option: magit-pop-revision-stack-format + + This option controls how the command ‘magit-pop-revision-stack’ + inserts a revision into the current buffer. + + The entries on the stack have the format ‘(HASH TOPLEVEL)’ and this + option has the format ‘(POINT-FORMAT EOB-FORMAT INDEX-REGEXP)’, all + of which may be nil or a string (though either one of EOB-FORMAT or + POINT-FORMAT should be a string, and if INDEX-REGEXP is non-nil, + then the two formats should be too). + + First INDEX-REGEXP is used to find the previously inserted entry, + by searching backward from point. The first submatch must match + the index number. That number is incremented by one, and becomes + the index number of the entry to be inserted. If you don’t want to + number the inserted revisions, then use nil for INDEX-REGEXP. + + If INDEX-REGEXP is non-nil then both POINT-FORMAT and EOB-FORMAT + should contain \"%N\", which is replaced with the number that was + determined in the previous step. + + Both formats, if non-nil and after removing %N, are then expanded + using ‘git show –format=FORMAT ...’ inside TOPLEVEL. + + The expansion of POINT-FORMAT is inserted at point, and the + expansion of EOB-FORMAT is inserted at the end of the buffer (if + the buffer ends with a comment, then it is inserted right before + that). + + Some projects use pseudo headers in commit messages. Magit colorizes +such headers and provides some commands to insert such headers. + + -- User Option: git-commit-known-pseudo-headers + + A list of Git pseudo headers to be highlighted. + +‘C-c C-a’ (‘git-commit-ack’) + + Insert a header acknowledging that you have looked at the commit. + +‘C-c C-r’ (‘git-commit-review’) + + Insert a header acknowledging that you have reviewed the commit. + +‘C-c C-s’ (‘git-commit-signoff’) + + Insert a header to sign off the commit. + +‘C-c C-t’ (‘git-commit-test’) + + Insert a header acknowledging that you have tested the commit. + +‘C-c C-o’ (‘git-commit-cc’) + + Insert a header mentioning someone who might be interested. + +‘C-c C-p’ (‘git-commit-reported’) + + Insert a header mentioning the person who reported the issue being + fixed by the commit. + +‘C-c C-i’ (‘git-commit-suggested’) + + Insert a header mentioning the person who suggested the change. + + ‘git-commit-mode’ is a minor mode that is only used to establish the +above key bindings. This allows using an arbitrary major mode when +editing the commit message. It’s even possible to use a different major +mode in different repositories, which is useful when different projects +impose different commit message conventions. + + -- User Option: git-commit-major-mode + + The value of this option is the major mode used to edit Git commit + messages. + + Because ‘git-commit-mode’ is a minor mode, we don’t use its mode hook +to setup the buffer, except for the key bindings. All other setup +happens in the function ‘git-commit-setup’, which among other things +runs the hook ‘git-commit-setup-hook’. The following functions are +suitable for that hook. + + -- User Option: git-commit-setup-hook + + Hook run at the end of ‘git-commit-setup’. + + -- Function: magit-revert-buffers &optional force + + Revert unmodified file-visiting buffers of the current repository. + + If either ‘magit-revert-buffers’ is non-nil and + ‘inhibit-magit-revert’ is nil, or if optional FORCE is non-nil, + then revert all unmodified buffers that visit files being tracked + in the current repository. + + -- Function: git-commit-save-message + + Save the current buffer content to the commit message ring. + + -- Function: git-commit-setup-changelog-support + + After this function is called, ChangeLog entries are treated as + paragraphs. + + -- Function: git-commit-turn-on-auto-fill + + Turn on ‘auto-fill-mode’ and set ‘fill-column’ to the value of + ‘git-commit-fill-column’. + + -- Function: git-commit-turn-on-flyspell + + Turn on Flyspell mode. Also prevent comments from being checked + and finally check current non-comment text. + + -- Function: git-commit-propertize-diff + + Propertize the diff shown inside the commit message buffer. Git + inserts such diffs into the commit message template when the + ‘--verbose’ argument is used. Magit’s commit popup by default does + not offer that argument because the diff that is shown in a + separate buffer is more useful. But some users disagree, which is + why this function exists. + + -- Function: with-editor-usage-message + + Show usage information in the echo area. + + Magit also helps with writing *good* commit messages by complaining +when certain rules are violated. + + -- User Option: git-commit-summary-max-length + + The intended maximal length of the summary line of commit messages. + Characters beyond this column are colorized to indicate that this + preference has been violated. + + -- User Option: git-commit-fill-column + + Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen in commit + message buffers. + + -- User Option: git-commit-finish-query-functions + + List of functions called to query before performing commit. + + The commit message buffer is current while the functions are + called. If any of them returns nil, then the commit is not + performed and the buffer is not killed. The user should then fix + the issue and try again. + + The functions are called with one argument. If it is non-nil then + that indicates that the user used a prefix argument to force + finishing the session despite issues. Functions should usually + honor this wish and return non-nil. + + -- Function: git-commit-check-style-conventions + + Check for violations of certain basic style conventions. For each + violation ask the user if she wants to proceed anyway. This makes + sure the summary line isn’t too long and that the second line is + empty. + + To show no diff while committing remove ‘magit-commit-diff’ from +‘server-switch-hook’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Branching, Next: Merging, Prev: Committing, Up: Manipulating + +6.5 Branching +============= + +* Menu: + +* The Two Remotes:: +* The Branch Popup:: +* The Branch Config Popup:: +* Auxillary Branch Commands:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Two Remotes, Next: The Branch Popup, Up: Branching + +6.5.1 The Two Remotes +--------------------- + +The upstream branch of some local branch is the branch into which the +commits on that local branch should eventually be merged, usually +something like ‘origin/master’. For the ‘master’ branch itself the +upstream branch and the branch it is being pushed to, are usually the +same remote branch. But for a feature branch the upstream branch and +the branch it is being pushed to should differ. + + The commits on feature branches too should _eventually_ end up in a +remote branch such as ‘origin/master’ or ‘origin/maint’. Such a branch +should therefore be used as the upstream. But feature branches +shouldn’t be pushed directly to such branches. Instead a feature branch +‘my-feature’ is usually pushed to ‘my-fork/my-feature’ or if you are a +contributor ‘origin/my-feature’. After the new feature has been +reviewed, the maintainer merges the feature into ‘master’. And finally +‘master’ (not ‘my-feature’ itself) is pushed to ‘origin/master’. + + But new features seldom are perfect on the first try, and so feature +branches usually have to be reviewed, improved, and re-pushed several +times. Pushing should therefore be easy to do, and for that reason many +Git users have concluded that it is best to use the remote branch to +which the local feature branch is being pushed as its upstream. + + But luckily Git has long ago gained support for a push-remote which +can be configured separately from the upstream branch, using the +variables ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ and ‘remote.pushDefault’. So we no +longer have to choose which of the two remotes should be used as "the +remote". + + Each of the fetching, pulling, and pushing popups features three +commands that act on the current branch and some other branch. Of +these, ‘p’ is bound to a command which acts on the push-remote, ‘u’ is +bound to a command which acts on the upstream, and ‘e’ is bound to a +command which acts on any other branch. The status buffer shows +unpushed and unpulled commits for both the push-remote and the upstream. + + It’s fairly simple to configure these two remotes. The values of all +the variables that are related to fetching, pulling, and pushing (as +well as some other branch-related variables) can be inspected and +changed using the popup ‘magit-branch-config-popup’, which is a +sub-popup of many popups that deal with branches. It is also possible +to set the push-remote or upstream while pushing (see *note Pushing::). + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Branch Popup, Next: The Branch Config Popup, Prev: The Two Remotes, Up: Branching + +6.5.2 The Branch Popup +---------------------- + +The popup ‘magit-branch-popup’ is used to create and checkout branches, +and to make changes to existing branches. It is not used to fetch, +pull, merge, rebase, or push branches, i.e. this popup deals with +branches themselves, not with the commits reachable from them. Those +features are available from separate popups. + +‘b’ (‘magit-branch-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup + buffer. + + By default it also displays the values of some branch-related Git + variables and allows changing their values, just like the + specialized ‘magit-branch-config-popup’ does. + + -- User Option: magit-branch-popup-show-variables + + Whether the ‘magit-branch-popup’ shows Git variables. This + defaults to t to avoid changing key bindings. When set to nil, no + variables are displayed directly in this popup, and the sub-popup + ‘magit-branch-config-popup’ has to be used instead to view and + change branch related variables. + +‘b C’ (‘magit-branch-config-popup’) + + This command shows branch related variables in a separate popup. + By default this asks the user for which branch the variables should + be shown. When ‘magit-branch-popup-show-variables’ is ‘nil’, then + it shows the variables for the current branch, unless a prefix + argument is used. + +‘b b’ (‘magit-checkout’) + + Checkout a revision read in the minibuffer and defaulting to the + branch or arbitrary revision at point. If the revision is a local + branch then that becomes the current branch. If it is something + else then ‘HEAD’ becomes detached. Checkout fails if the working + tree or the staging area contain changes. + +‘b n’ (‘magit-branch’) + + Create a new branch. The user is asked for a branch or arbitrary + revision to use as the starting point of the new branch. When a + branch name is provided, then that becomes the upstream branch of + the new branch. The name of the new branch is also read in the + minibuffer. + + Also see option ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’. + +‘b c’ (‘magit-branch-and-checkout’) + + This command creates a new branch like ‘magit-branch’, but then + also checks it out. + + Also see option ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’. + +‘b l’ (‘magit-branch-checkout’) + + This command checks out an existing or new local branch. It reads + a branch name from the user offering all local branches and a + subset of remote branches as candidates. Remote branches for which + a local branch by the same name exists are omitted from the list of + candidates. The user can also enter a completely new branch name. + + • If the user selects an existing local branch, then that is + checked out. + + • If the user selects a remote branch, then it creates and + checks out a new local branch with the same name, and + configures the selected remote branch as the push target. + + • If the user enters a new branch name, then it creates and + checks that out, after also reading the starting-point from + the user. + + In the latter two cases the upstream is also set. Whether it is + set to the chosen starting point or something else depends on the + value of ‘magit-branch-adjust-remote-upstream-alist’. + +‘b s’ (‘magit-branch-spinoff’) + + This command creates and checks out a new branch starting at and + tracking the current branch. That branch in turn is reset to the + last commit it shares with its upstream. If the current branch has + no upstream or no unpushed commits, then the new branch is created + anyway and the previously current branch is not touched. + + This is useful to create a feature branch after work has already + began on the old branch (likely but not necessarily "master"). + + If the current branch is a member of the value of option + ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’ (which see), then the current + branch will be used as the starting point as usual, but the + upstream of the starting-point may be used as the upstream of the + new branch, instead of the starting-point itself. + + If optional FROM is non-nil, then the source branch is reset to + ‘FROM~’, instead of to the last commit it shares with its upstream. + Interactively, FROM is only ever non-nil, if the region selects + some commits, and among those commits, FROM is the commit that is + the fewest commits ahead of the source branch. + + The commit at the other end of the selection actually does not + matter, all commits between FROM and ‘HEAD’ are moved to the new + branch. If FROM is not reachable from ‘HEAD’ or is reachable from + the source branch’s upstream, then an error is raised. + +‘b Y’ (‘magit-branch-pull-request’) + + This command creates and configures a new branch from a Github + pull-request, creating and configuring a new remote if necessary. + + The name of the local branch is the same as the name of the remote + branch that you are being asked to merge, unless the contributor + could not be bother to properly name the branch before opening the + pull-request. The most likely such case is when you are being + asked to merge something like "fork/master" into "origin/master". + In such cases the local branch will be named "pr-N", where ‘N’ is + the pull-request number. + + These variables are always set by this command: + + • ‘branch.<name>.pullRequest’ is set to the pull-request number. + + • ‘branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote’ is set to the remote on + which the pull-request branch is located. + + • ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ is set to the same remote as + ‘branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote’ if that is possible, + otherwise it is set to the upstream remote. + + • ‘branch.<name>.description’ is set to the pull-request title. + + • ‘branch.<name>.rebase’ is set to ‘true’ because there should + be no merge commits among the commits in a pull-request. + + This command also configures the upstream and the push-remote of + the local branch that it creates. + + The branch against which the pull-request was opened, is always + used as the upstream. This makes it easy to see what commits you + are being asked to merge in the section titled something like + "Unmerged into origin/master". + + Like for other commands that create a branch it depends on the + option ‘magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream’ whether the remote + branch itself or the respective local branch is used as the + upstream, so this section may also be titled e.g. "Unmerged into + master". + + When necessary and possible, then the remote pull-request branch is + configured to be used as the push-target. This makes it easy to + see what further changes the contributor has made since you last + reviewed their changes in the section titled something like + "Unpulled from origin/new-feature" or "Unpulled from + fork/new-feature". + + • If the pull-request branch is located in the upstream + repository, then you probably have set ‘remote.pushDefault’ to + that repository. However some users like to set that variable + to their personal fork, even if they have push access to the + upstream, so ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ is set anyway. + + • If the pull-request branch is located inside a fork, then you + are usually able to push to that branch, because Github by + default allows the recipient of a pull-request to push to the + remote pull-request branch even if it is located in a fork. + The contributor has to explicitly disable this. + + • If you are not allowed to push to the pull-request branch + on the fork, then a branch by the same name located in + the upstream repository is configured as the push-target. + + • A — sadly rather common — special case is when the + contributor didn’t bother to use a dedicated branch for + the pull-request. + + The most likely such case is when you are being asked to + merge something like "fork/master" into "origin/master". + The special push permission mentioned above is never + granted for the branch that is the repository’s default + branch, and that would almost certainly be the case in + this scenario. + + To enable you to easily push somewhere anyway, the local + branch is named "pr-N" (where ‘N’ is the pull-request + number) and the upstream repository is used as the + push-remote. + + • Finally, if you are allowed to push to the pull-request + branch and the contributor had the foresight to use a + dedicated branch, then the fork is configured as the + push-remote. + + The push-remote is configured using + ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’, even if the used value is + identical to that of ‘remote.pushDefault’, just in case you + change the value of the latter later on. Additionally the + variable ‘branch.<name>.pullRequestRemote’ is set to the + remote on which the pull-request branch is located. + + When you later delete the local pull-request branch, then you are + offered to also delete the corresponding remote, provided it is not + the upstream remote and that the tracking branch that corresponds + to the deleted branch is the only remaining tracked branch. If you + don’t confirm, then only the tracking branch itself is deleted in + addition to the local branch. + + Do not delete the tracking branch instead of the local branch. The + cleanup mentioned in the previous paragraph is not performed if you + do that. + +‘b y’ (‘magit-checkout-pull-request’) + + This command creates and configures a new branch from a pull + request, the same way ‘magit-branch-pull-request’ does. + Additionally it checks out the new branch. + +‘b x’ (‘magit-branch-reset’) + + This command resets a branch, defaulting to the branch at point, to + the tip of another branch or any other commit. + + When the branch being reset is the current branch, then a hard + reset is performed. If there are any uncommitted changes, then the + user has to confirm the reset because those changes would be lost. + + This is useful when you have started work on a feature branch but + realize it’s all crap and want to start over. + + When resetting to another branch and a prefix argument is used, + then the target branch is set as the upstream of the branch that is + being reset. + +‘b k’ (‘magit-branch-delete’) + + Delete one or multiple branches. If the region marks multiple + branches, then offer to delete those. Otherwise, prompt for a + single branch to be deleted, defaulting to the branch at point. + +‘b r’ (‘magit-branch-rename’) + + Rename a branch. The branch and the new name are read in the + minibuffer. With prefix argument the branch is renamed even if + that name conflicts with an existing branch. + + -- User Option: magit-branch-read-upstream-first + + When creating a branch, whether to read the upstream branch before + the name of the branch that is to be created. The default is + ‘nil’, and I recommend you leave it at that. + + -- User Option: magit-branch-prefer-remote-upstream + + This option specifies whether remote upstreams are favored over + local upstreams when creating new branches. + + When a new branch is created, then the branch, commit, or stash at + point is suggested as the starting point of the new branch, or if + there is no such revision at point the current branch. In either + case the user may choose another starting point. + + If the chosen starting point is a branch, then it may also be set + as the upstream of the new branch, depending on the value of the + Git variable ‘branch.autoSetupMerge’. By default this is done for + remote branches, but not for local branches. + + You might prefer to always use some remote branch as upstream. If + the chosen starting point is (1) a local branch, (2) whose name + matches a member of the value of this option, (3) the upstream of + that local branch is a remote branch with the same name, and (4) + that remote branch can be fast-forwarded to the local branch, then + the chosen branch is used as starting point, but its own upstream + is used as the upstream of the new branch. + + Members of this option’s value are treated as branch names that + have to match exactly unless they contain a character that makes + them invalid as a branch name. Recommended characters to use to + trigger interpretation as a regexp are "*" and "^". Some other + characters which you might expect to be invalid, actually are not, + e.g. ".+$" are all perfectly valid. More precisely, if ‘git + check-ref-format –branch STRING’ exits with a non-zero status, then + treat STRING as a regexp. + + Assuming the chosen branch matches these conditions you would end + up with with e.g.: + + feature --upstream--> origin/master + + instead of + + feature --upstream--> master --upstream--> origin/master + + Which you prefer is a matter of personal preference. If you do + prefer the former, then you should add branches such as ‘master’, + ‘next’, and ‘maint’ to the value of this options. + + -- User Option: magit-branch-adjust-remote-upstream-alist + + The value of this option is an alist of branches to be used as the + upstream when branching a remote branch. + + When creating a local branch from an ephemeral branch located on a + remote, e.g. a feature or hotfix branch, then that remote branch + should usually not be used as the upstream branch, since the + push-remote already allows accessing it and having both the + upstream and the push-remote reference the same related branch + would be wasteful. Instead a branch like "maint" or "master" + should be used as the upstream. + + This option allows specifying the branch that should be used as the + upstream when branching certain remote branches. The value is an + alist of the form ‘((UPSTREAM . RULE)...)’. The first matching + element is used, the following elements are ignored. + + UPSTREAM is the branch to be used as the upstream for branches + specified by RULE. It can be a local or a remote branch. + + RULE can either be a regular expression, matching branches whose + upstream should be the one specified by UPSTREAM. Or it can be a + list of the only branches that should *not* use UPSTREAM; all other + branches will. Matching is done after stripping the remote part of + the name of the branch that is being branched from. + + If you use a finite set of non-ephemeral branches across all your + repositories, then you might use something like: + + (("origin/master" "master" "next" "maint")) + + Or if the names of all your ephemeral branches contain a slash, at + least in some repositories, then a good value could be: + + (("origin/master" . "/")) + + Of course you can also fine-tune: + + (("origin/maint" . "\\`hotfix/") + ("origin/master" . "\\`feature/")) + + -- Command: magit-branch-orphan + + This command creates and checks out a new orphan branch with + contents from a given revision. + + -- Command: magit-branch-or-checkout + + This command is a hybrid between ‘magit-checkout’ and + ‘magit-branch-and-checkout’ and is intended as a replacement for + the former in ‘magit-branch-popup’. + + It first asks the user for an existing branch or revision. If the + user input actually can be resolved as a branch or revision, then + it checks that out, just like ‘magit-checkout’ would. + + Otherwise it creates and checks out a new branch using the input as + its name. Before doing so it reads the starting-point for the new + branch. This is similar to what ‘magit-branch-and-checkout’ does. + + To use this command instead of ‘magit-checkout’ add this to your + init file: + + (magit-remove-popup-key 'magit-branch-popup :action ?b) + (magit-define-popup-action 'magit-branch-popup + ?b "Checkout" 'magit-branch-or-checkout + 'magit-branch t) + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Branch Config Popup, Next: Auxillary Branch Commands, Prev: The Branch Popup, Up: Branching + +6.5.3 The Branch Config Popup +----------------------------- + + -- Command: magit-branch-config-popup + + This prefix command shows the following branch-related Git + variables in a popup buffer. The values can be changed from that + buffer. + + This popup is a sub-popup of several popups that deal with + branches, including ‘magit-branch-popup’, ‘magit-pull-popup’, + ‘magit-fetch-popup’, ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’, and + ‘magit-push-popup’. In all of these popups "C" is bound to this + popup. + + The following variables are used to configure a specific branch. The +values are being displayed for the current branch (if any). To change +the value for another branch invoke ‘magit-branch-config-popup’ with a +prefix argument. + + -- Variable: branch.NAME.merge + + Together with ‘branch.NAME.remote’ this variable defines the + upstream branch of the local branch named NAME. The value of this + variable is the full reference of the upstream _branch_. + + -- Variable: branch.NAME.remote + + Together with ‘branch.NAME.merge’ this variable defines the + upstream branch of the local branch named NAME. The value of this + variable is the name of the upstream _remote_. + + -- Variable: branch.NAME.rebase + + This variable controls whether pulling into the branch named NAME + is done by rebasing or by merging the fetched branch. + + • When ‘true’ then pulling is done by rebasing. + + • When ‘false’ then pulling is done by merging. + + • When undefined then the value of ‘pull.rebase’ is used. The + default of that variable is ‘false’. + + -- Variable: branch.NAME.pushRemote + + This variable specifies the remote that the branch named NAME is + usually pushed to. The value has to be the name of an existing + remote. + + It is not possible to specify the name of _branch_ to push the + local branch to. The name of the remote branch is always the same + as the name of the local branch. + + If this variable is undefined but ‘remote.pushDefault’ is defined, + then the value of the latter is used. By default + ‘remote.pushDefault’ is undefined. + + -- Variable: branch.NAME.description + + This variable can be used to describe the branch named NAME. That + description is used e.g. when turning the branch into a series of + patches. + + The following variables specify defaults which are used if the above +branch-specific variables are not set. + + -- Variable: pull.rebase + + This variable specifies whether pulling is done by rebasing or by + merging. It can be overwritten using ‘branch.NAME.rebase’. + + • When ‘true’ then pulling is done by rebasing. + + • When ‘false’ (the default) then pulling is done by merging. + + Since it is never a good idea to merge the upstream branch into a + feature or hotfix branch and most branches are such branches, you + should consider setting this to ‘true’, and ‘branch.master.rebase’ + to ‘false’. + + -- Variable: remote.pushDefault + + This variable specifies what remote the local branches are usually + pushed to. This can be overwritten per branch using + ‘branch.NAME.pushRemote’. + + The following variables are used during the creation of a branch and +control whether the various branch-specific variables are automatically +set at this time. + + -- Variable: branch.autoSetupMerge + + This variable specifies under what circumstances creating a branch + NAME should result in the variables ‘branch.NAME.merge’ and + ‘branch.NAME.remote’ being set according to the starting point used + to create the branch. If the starting point isn’t a branch, then + these variables are never set. + + • When ‘always’ then the variables are set regardless of whether + the starting point is a local or a remote branch. + + • When ‘true’ (the default) then the variables are set when the + starting point is a remote branch, but not when it is a local + branch. + + • When ‘false’ then the variables are never set. + + -- Variable: branch.autoSetupRebase + + This variable specifies whether creating a branch NAME should + result in the variable ‘branch.NAME.rebase’ being set to ‘true’. + + • When ‘always’ then the variable is set regardless of whether + the starting point is a local or a remote branch. + + • When ‘local’ then the variable are set when the starting point + is a local branch, but not when it is a remote branch. + + • When ‘remote’ then the variable are set when the starting + point is a remote branch, but not when it is a local branch. + + • When ‘never’ (the default) then the variable is never set. + + Note that the respective commands always change the repository-local +values. If you want to change the global value, which is used when the +local value is undefined, then you have to do so on the command line, +e.g.: + + git config --global remote.autoSetupMerge always + + For more information about these variables you should also see + + *note (gitman)git-config::. Also see *note (gitman)git-branch::. , +*note (gitman)git-checkout::. and *note Pushing::. + + -- User Option: magit-prefer-remote-upstream + + This option controls whether commands that read a branch from the + user and then set it as the upstream branch, offer a local or a + remote branch as default completion candidate, when they have the + choice. + + This affects all commands that use ‘magit-read-upstream-branch’ or + ‘magit-read-starting-point’, which includes all commands that + change the upstream and many which create new branches. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Auxillary Branch Commands, Prev: The Branch Config Popup, Up: Branching + +6.5.4 Auxillary Branch Commands +------------------------------- + +These commands are not available from the branch popup by default. + + -- Command: magit-branch-shelve + + This command shelve a branch. This is done by deleting the branch, + and creating a new reference "refs/shelved/BRANCH-NAME" pointing at + the same commit as the branch pointed at. If the deleted branch + had a reflog, then that is preserved as the reflog of the new + reference. + + This is useful if you want to move a branch out of sight, but are + not ready to completely discard it yet. + + -- Command: magit-branch-unshelve + + This command unshelve a branch that was previously shelved using + ‘magit-branch-shelve’. This is done by deleting the reference + "refs/shelved/BRANCH-NAME" and creating a branch "BRANCH-NAME" + pointing at the same commit as the deleted reference pointed at. + If the deleted reference had a reflog, then that is restored as the + reflog of the branch. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Merging, Next: Resolving Conflicts, Prev: Branching, Up: Manipulating + +6.6 Merging +=========== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-merge::. For information on how to resolve +merge conflicts see the next section. + +‘m’ (‘magit-merge-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + When no merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features the +following commands. + +‘m m’ (‘magit-merge’) + + This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into + the current branch. The branch or revision to be merged is read in + the minibuffer and defaults to the branch at point. + + Unless there are conflicts or a prefix argument is used, then the + resulting merge commit uses a generic commit message, and the user + does not get a chance to inspect or change it before the commit is + created. With a prefix argument this does not actually create the + merge commit, which makes it possible to inspect how conflicts were + resolved and to adjust the commit message. + +‘m e’ (‘magit-merge-editmsg’) + + This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into + the current branch and opens a commit message buffer, so that the + user can make adjustments. The commit is not actually created + until the user finishes with ‘C-c C-c’. + +‘m n’ (‘magit-merge-nocommit’) + + This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into + the current branch, but does not actually create the merge commit. + The user can then further adjust the merge, even when automatic + conflict resolution succeeded and/or adjust the commit message. + +‘m a’ (‘magit-merge-absorb’) + + This command merges another local branch into the current branch + and then removes the former. + + Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its + push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists. + This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won’t get + stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being + merged. Finally, if ‘magit-branch-pull-request’ was used to create + the merged branch, then the respective remote branch is also + removed. + +‘m i’ (‘magit-merge-into’) + + This command merges the current branch into another local branch + and then removes the former. The latter becomes the new current + branch. + + Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its + push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists. + This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won’t get + stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being + merged. Finally, if ‘magit-branch-pull-request’ was used to create + the merged branch, then the respective remote branch is also + removed. + +‘m s’ (‘magit-merge-squash’) + + This command squashes the changes introduced by another branch or + an arbitrary revision into the current branch. This only applies + the changes made by the squashed commits. No information is + preserved that would allow creating an actual merge commit. + Instead of this command you should probably use a command from the + apply popup. + +‘m p’ (‘magit-merge-preview’) + + This command shows a preview of merging another branch or an + arbitrary revision into the current branch. + + When a merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features these +commands instead. + +‘m m’ (‘magit-merge’) + + After the user resolved conflicts, this command proceeds with the + merge. If some conflicts weren’t resolved, then this command + fails. + +‘m a’ (‘magit-merge-abort’) + + This command aborts the current merge operation. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Resolving Conflicts, Next: Rebasing, Prev: Merging, Up: Manipulating + +6.7 Resolving Conflicts +======================= + +When merging branches (or otherwise combining or changing history) +conflicts can occur. If you edited two completely different parts of +the same file in two branches and then merge one of these branches into +the other, then Git can resolve that on its own, but if you edit the +same area of a file, then a human is required to decide how the two +versions, or "sides of the conflict", are to be combined into one. + + Here we can only provide a brief introduction to the subject and +point you toward some tools that can help. If you are new to this, then +please also consult Git’s own documentation as well as other resources. + + If a file has conflicts and Git cannot resolve them by itself, then +it puts both versions into the affected file along with special markers +whose purpose is to denote the boundaries of the unresolved part of the +file and between the different versions. These boundary lines begin +with the strings consisting of six times the same character, one of ‘<’, +‘|’, ‘=’ and ‘>’ and are followed by information about the source of the +respective versions, e.g.: + + <<<<<<< HEAD + Take the blue pill. + ======= + Take the red pill. + >>>>>>> feature + + In this case you have chosen to take the red pill on one branch and +on another you picked the blue pill. Now that you are merging these two +diverging branches, Git cannot possibly know which pill you want to +take. + + To resolve that conflict you have to create a version of the affected +area of the file by keeping only one of the sides, possibly by editing +it in order to bring in the changes from the other side, remove the +other versions as well as the markers, and then stage the result. A +possible resolution might be: + + Take both pills. + + Often it is useful to see not only the two sides of the conflict but +also the "original" version from before the same area of the file was +modified twice on different branches. Instruct Git to insert that +version as well by running this command once: + + git config --global merge.conflictStyle diff3 + + The above conflict might then have looked like this: + + <<<<<<< HEAD + Take the blue pill. + ||||||| merged common ancestors + Take either the blue or the red pill, but not both. + ======= + Take the red pill. + >>>>>>> feature + + If that were the case, then the above conflict resolution would not +have been correct, which demonstrates why seeing the original version +alongside the conflicting versions can be useful. + + You can perform the conflict resolution completely by hand, but Emacs +also provides some packages that help in the process: Smerge, Ediff +(*note (ediff)Top::), and Emerge (*note (emacs)Emerge::). Magit does +not provide its own tools for conflict resolution, but it does make +using Smerge and Ediff more convenient. (Ediff supersedes Emerge, so +you probably don’t want to use the latter anyway.) + + In the Magit status buffer, files with unresolved conflicts are +listed in the "Unstaged changes" and/or "Staged changes" sections. They +are prefixed with the word "unmerged", which in this context essentially +is a synonym for "unresolved". + + Pressing ‘RET’ while point is on such a file section shows a buffer +visiting that file, turns on ‘smerge-mode’ in that buffer, and places +point inside the first area with conflicts. You should then resolve +that conflict using regular edit commands and/or Smerge commands. + + Unfortunately Smerge does not have a manual, but you can get a list +of commands and binding ‘C-c ^ C-h’ and press ‘RET’ while point is on a +command name to read its documentation. + + Normally you would edit one version and then tell Smerge to keep only +that version. Use ‘C-c ^ m’ (‘smerge-keep-mine’) to keep the ‘HEAD’ +version or ‘C-c ^ o’ (‘smerge-keep-other’) to keep the version that +follows "|||||||". Then use ‘C-c ^ n’ to move to the next conflicting +area in the same file. Once you are done resolving conflicts, return to +the Magit status buffer. The file should now be shown as "modified", no +longer as "unmerged", because Smerge automatically stages the file when +you save the buffer after resolving the last conflict. + + Alternatively you could use Ediff, which uses separate buffers for +the different versions of the file. To resolve conflicts in a file +using Ediff press ‘e’ while point is on such a file in the status +buffer. + + Ediff can be used for other purposes as well. For more information +on how to enter Ediff from Magit, see *note Ediffing::. Explaining how +to use Ediff is beyond the scope of this manual, instead see *note +(ediff)Top::. + + If you are unsure whether you should Smerge or Ediff, then use the +former. It is much easier to understand and use, and except for truly +complex conflicts, the latter is usually overkill. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Rebasing, Next: Cherry Picking, Prev: Resolving Conflicts, Up: Manipulating + +6.8 Rebasing +============ + +Also see *note (gitman)git-rebase::. For information on how to resolve +conflicts that occur during rebases see the preceding section. + +‘r’ (‘magit-rebase-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + When no rebase is in progress, then the popup buffer features the +following commands. + + Using one of these commands _starts_ a rebase sequence. Git might +then stop somewhere along the way, either because you told it to do so, +or because applying a commit failed due to a conflict. When that +happens, then the status buffer shows information about the rebase +sequence which is in progress in a section similar to a log section. +See *note Information About In-Progress Rebase::. + +‘r p’ (‘magit-rebase-onto-pushremote’) + + Rebase the current branch onto ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’. If that + variable is unset, then rebase onto ‘remote.pushDefault’. + +‘r u’ (‘magit-rebase-onto-upstream’) + + Rebase the current branch onto its upstream branch. + +‘r e’ (‘magit-rebase’) + + Rebase the current branch onto a branch read in the minibuffer. + All commits that are reachable from head but not from the selected + branch TARGET are being rebased." + +‘r s’ (‘magit-rebase-subset’) + + Start a non-interactive rebase sequence with commits from START to + ‘HEAD’ onto NEWBASE. START has to be selected from a list of + recent commits. + + By default Magit uses the ‘--autostash’ argument, which causes +uncommitted changes to be stored in a stash before the rebase begins. +These changes are restored after the rebase completes and if possible +the stash is removed. If the stash does not apply cleanly, then the +stash is not removed. In case something goes wrong when resolving the +conflicts, this allows you to start over. + + Even though one of the actions is dedicated to interactive rebases, +the popup also features the infix argument ‘--interactive’. This can be +used to turn one of the other, non-interactive rebase variants into an +interactive rebase. + + For example if you want to clean up a feature branch and at the same +time rebase it onto ‘master’, then you could use ‘r-iu’. But we +recommend that you instead do that in two steps. First use ‘ri’ to +cleanup the feature branch, and then in a second step ‘ru’ to rebase it +onto ‘master’. That way if things turn out to be more complicated than +you thought and/or you make a mistake and have to start over, then you +only have to redo half the work. + + Explicitly enabling ‘--interactive’ won’t have an effect on the +following commands as they always use that argument anyway, even if it +is not enabled in the popup. + +‘r i’ (‘magit-rebase-interactive’) + + Start an interactive rebase sequence. + +‘r f’ (‘magit-rebase-autosquash’) + + Combine squash and fixup commits with their intended targets. + +‘r m’ (‘magit-rebase-edit-commit’) + + Edit a single older commit using rebase. + +‘r w’ (‘magit-rebase-reword-commit’) + + Reword a single older commit using rebase. + +‘r k’ (‘magit-rebase-remove-commit’) + + Remove a single older commit using rebase. + + When a rebase is in progress, then the popup buffer features these +commands instead. + +‘r r’ (‘magit-rebase-continue’) + + Restart the current rebasing operation. + + In some cases this pops up a commit message buffer for you do edit. + With a prefix argument the old message is reused as-is. + +‘r s’ (‘magit-rebase-skip’) + + Skip the current commit and restart the current rebase operation. + +‘r e’ (‘magit-rebase-edit’) + + Edit the todo list of the current rebase operation. + +‘r a’ (‘magit-rebase-abort’) + + Abort the current rebase operation, restoring the original branch. + +* Menu: + +* Editing Rebase Sequences:: +* Information About In-Progress Rebase:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Editing Rebase Sequences, Next: Information About In-Progress Rebase, Up: Rebasing + +6.8.1 Editing Rebase Sequences +------------------------------ + +‘C-c C-c’ (‘with-editor-finish’) + + Finish the current editing session by returning with exit code 0. + Git then uses the rebase instructions it finds in the file. + +‘C-c C-k’ (‘with-editor-cancel’) + + Cancel the current editing session by returning with exit code 1. + Git then forgoes starting the rebase sequence. + +‘RET’ (‘git-rebase-show-commit’) + + Show the commit on the current line in another buffer and select + that buffer. + +‘SPC’ (‘git-rebase-show-or-scroll-up’) + + Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without + selecting that buffer. If the revision buffer is already visible + in another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that + window up. + +‘DEL’ (‘git-rebase-show-or-scroll-down’) + + Show the commit on the current line in another buffer without + selecting that buffer. If the revision buffer is already visible + in another window of the current frame, then instead scroll that + window down. + +‘p’ (‘git-rebase-backward-line’) + + Move to previous line. + +‘n’ (‘forward-line’) + + Move to next line. + +‘M-p’ (‘git-rebase-move-line-up’) + + Move the current commit (or command) up. + +‘M-n’ (‘git-rebase-move-line-down’) + + Move the current commit (or command) down. + +‘r’ (‘git-rebase-reword’) + + Edit message of commit on current line. + +‘e’ (‘git-rebase-edit’) + + Stop at the commit on the current line. + +‘s’ (‘git-rebase-squash’) + + Meld commit on current line into previous commit, and edit message. + +‘f’ (‘git-rebase-fixup’) + + Meld commit on current line into previous commit, discarding the + current commit’s message. + +‘k’ (‘git-rebase-kill-line’) + + Kill the current action line. + +‘c’ (‘git-rebase-pick’) + + Use commit on current line. + +‘x’ (‘git-rebase-exec’) + + Insert a shell command to be run after the proceeding commit. + + If there already is such a command on the current line, then edit + that instead. With a prefix argument insert a new command even + when there already is one on the current line. With empty input + remove the command on the current line, if any. + +‘y’ (‘git-rebase-insert’) + + Read an arbitrary commit and insert it below current line. + +‘C-x u’ (‘git-rebase-undo’) + + Undo some previous changes. Like ‘undo’ but works in read-only + buffers. + + -- User Option: git-rebase-auto-advance + + Whether to move to next line after changing a line. + + -- User Option: git-rebase-show-instructions + + Whether to show usage instructions inside the rebase buffer. + + -- User Option: git-rebase-confirm-cancel + + Whether confirmation is required to cancel. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Information About In-Progress Rebase, Prev: Editing Rebase Sequences, Up: Rebasing + +6.8.2 Information About In-Progress Rebase +------------------------------------------ + +While a rebase sequence is in progress, the status buffer features a +section that lists the commits that have already been applied as well as +the commits that still have to be applied. + + The commits are split in two halves. When rebase stops at a commit, +either because the user has to deal with a conflict or because s/he +explicitly requested that rebase stops at that commit, then point is +placed on the commit that separates the two groups, i.e. on ‘HEAD’. +The commits above it have not been applied yet, while the ‘HEAD’ and the +commits below it have already been applied. In between these two groups +of applied and yet-to-be applied commits, there sometimes is a commit +which has been dropped. + + Each commit is prefixed with a word and these words are additionally +shown in different colors to indicate the status of the commits. + + The following colors are used: + + • Yellow commits have not been applied yet. + + • Gray commits have already been applied. + + • The blue commit is the ‘HEAD’ commit. + + • The green commit is the commit the rebase sequence stopped at. If + this is the same commit as ‘HEAD’ (e.g. because you haven’t done + anything yet after rebase stopped at the commit, then this commit + is shown in blue, not green). There can only be a green *and* a + blue commit at the same time, if you create one or more new commits + after rebase stops at a commit. + + • Red commits have been dropped. They are shown for reference only, + e.g. to make it easier to diff. + + Of course these colors are subject to the color-theme in use. + + The following words are used: + + • Commits prefixed with ‘pick’, ‘reword’, ‘edit’, ‘squash’, and + ‘fixup’ have not been applied yet. These words have the same + meaning here as they do in the buffer used to edit the rebase + sequence. See *note Editing Rebase Sequences::. + + • Commits prefixed with ‘done’ and ‘onto’ have already been applied. + It is possible for such a commit to be the ‘HEAD’, in which case it + is blue. Otherwise it is grey. + + • The commit prefixed with ‘onto’ is the commit on top of which + all the other commits are being re-applied. This commit + itself did not have to be re-applied, it is the commit rebase + did rewind to before starting to re-apply other commits. + + • Commits prefixed with ‘done’ have already been re-applied. + This includes commits that have been re-applied but also new + commits that you have created during the rebase. + + • All other commits, those not prefixed with any of the above words, + are in some way related to the commit at which rebase stopped. + + To determine whether a commit is related to the stopped-at commit + their hashes, trees and patch-ids (1) are being compared. The + commit message is not used for this purpose. + + Generally speaking commits that are related to the stopped-at + commit can have any of the used colors, though not all color/word + combinations are possible. + + Words used for stopped-at commits are: + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘void’, then that indicates + that Magit knows for sure that all the changes in that commit + have been applied using several new commits. This commit is + no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’, and it also isn’t one of the + commits that will be applied when resuming the session. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘join’, then that indicates + that the rebase sequence stopped at that commit due to a + conflict - you now have to join (merge) the changes with what + has already been applied. In a sense this is the commit + rebase stopped at, but while its effect is already in the + index and in the worktree (with conflict markers), the commit + itself has not actually been applied yet (it isn’t the + ‘HEAD’). So it is shown in yellow, like the other commits + that still have to be applied. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘stop’ or a _blue_ or _green_ + ‘same’, then that indicates that rebase stopped at this + commit, that it is still applied or has been applied again, + and that at least its patch-id is unchanged. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘stop’, then that + indicates that rebase stopped at that commit because you + requested that earlier, and its patch-id is unchanged. + It might even still be the exact same commit. + + • When a commit is prefixed with a _blue_ or _green_ + ‘same’, then that indicates that while its tree or hash + changed, its patch-id did not. If it is blue, then it is + the ‘HEAD’ commit (as always for blue). When it is + green, then it no longer is ‘HEAD’ because other commit + have been created since (but before continuing the + rebase). + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘goal’, a _yellow_ ‘same,’ or + ‘work’, then that indicates that rebase applied that commit + but that you then reset ‘HEAD’ to an earlier commit (likely to + split it up into multiple commits), and that there are some + uncommitted changes remaining which likely (but not + necessarily) originate from that commit. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘goal’, then that + indicates that it is still possible to create a new + commit with the exact same tree (the "goal") without + manually editing any files, by committing the index, or + by staging all changes and then committing that. This is + the case when the original tree still exists in the index + or worktree in untainted form. + + • When a commit is prefixed with a yellow ‘same’, then that + indicates that it is no longer possible to create a + commit with the exact same tree, but that it is still + possible to create a commit with the same patch-id. This + would be the case if you created a new commit with other + changes, but the changes from the original commit still + exist in the index or working tree in untainted form. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘work’, then that + indicates that you reset ‘HEAD’ to an earlier commit, and + that there are some staged and/or unstaged changes + (likely, but not necessarily) originating from that + commit. However it is no longer possible to create a new + commit with the same tree or at least the same patch-id + because you have already made other changes. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘poof’ or ‘gone’, then that + indicates that rebase applied that commit but that you then + reset ‘HEAD’ to an earlier commit (likely to split it up into + multiple commits), and that there are no uncommitted changes. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘poof’, then that + indicates that it is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’, but + that it has been replaced with one or more commits, which + together have the exact same effect. + + • When a commit is prefixed with ‘gone’, then that + indicates that it is no longer reachable from ‘HEAD’ and + that we also cannot determine whether its changes are + still in effect in one or more new commits. They might + be, but if so, then there must also be other changes + which makes it impossible to know for sure. + + Do not worry if you do not fully understand the above. That’s okay, +you will acquire a good enough understanding through practice. + + For other sequence operations such as cherry-picking, a similar +section is displayed, but they lack some of the features described +above, due to limitations in the git commands used to implement them. +Most importantly these sequences only support "picking" a commit but not +other actions such as "rewording", and they do not keep track of the +commits which have already been applied. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) The patch-id is a hash of the _changes_ introduced by a commit. +It differs from the hash of the commit itself, which is a hash of the +result of applying that change (i.e. the resulting trees and blobs) as +well as author and committer information, the commit message, and the +hashes of the parents of the commit. The patch-id hash on the other +hand is created only from the added and removed lines, even line numbers +and whitespace changes are ignored when calculating this hash. The +patch-ids of two commits can be used to answer the question "Do these +commits make the same change?". + + +File: magit.info, Node: Cherry Picking, Next: Resetting, Prev: Rebasing, Up: Manipulating + +6.9 Cherry Picking +================== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-cherry-pick::. + +‘A’ (‘magit-cherry-pick-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer +features the following commands. + +‘A A’ (‘magit-cherry-pick’) + + This command copies COMMITS from another branch onto the current + branch. If the region selects multiple commits, then those are + copied, without prompting. Otherwise the user is prompted for a + commit or range, defaulting to the commit at point. + +‘A a’ (‘magit-cherry-apply’) + + This command applies the changes in COMMITS from another branch + onto the current branch. If the region selects multiple commits, + then those are used, without prompting. Otherwise the user is + prompted for a commit or range, defaulting to the commit at point. + + This command also has a top-level binding, which can be invoked + without using the popup by typing ‘a’ at the top-level. + + The following commands not only apply some commits to some branch, +but also remove them from some other branch. The removal is performed +using either ‘git-update-ref’ or if necessary ‘git-rebase’. Both +applying commits as well as removing them using ‘git-rebase’ can lead to +conflicts. If that happens, then these commands abort and you not only +have to resolve the conflicts but also finish the process the same way +you would have to if these commands didn’t exist at all. + +‘A h’ (‘magit-cherry-harvest’) + + This command moves the selected COMMITS that must be located on + another BRANCH onto the current branch instead, removing them from + the former. When this command succeeds, then the same branch is + current as before. + + Applying the commits on the current branch or removing them from + the other branch can lead to conflicts. When that happens, then + this command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then + finish the process manually. + +‘A d’ (‘magit-cherry-donate’) + + This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch + onto another existing BRANCH, removing them from the former. When + this command succeeds, then the same branch is current as before. + + Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the + current branch can lead to conflicts. When that happens, then this + command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish + the process manually. + +‘A n’ (‘magit-cherry-spinout’) + + This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch + onto a new branch BRANCH, removing them from the former. When this + command succeeds, then the same branch is current as before. + + Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the + current branch can lead to conflicts. When that happens, then this + command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish + the process manually. + +‘A s’ (‘magit-cherry-spinoff’) + + This command moves the selected COMMITS from the current branch + onto a new branch BRANCH, removing them from the former. When this + command succeeds, then the new branch is checked out. + + Applying the commits on the other branch or removing them from the + current branch can lead to conflicts. When that happens, then this + command stops and you have to resolve the conflicts and then finish + the process manually. + + When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer +features these commands instead. + +‘A A’ (‘magit-sequence-continue’) + + Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. + +‘A s’ (‘magit-sequence-skip’) + + Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence. + +‘A a’ (‘magit-sequence-abort’) + + Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. This discards + all changes made since the sequence started. + +* Menu: + +* Reverting:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Reverting, Up: Cherry Picking + +6.9.1 Reverting +--------------- + +‘V’ (‘magit-revert-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + When no cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer +features the following commands. + +‘V V’ (‘magit-revert’) + + Revert a commit by creating a new commit. Prompt for a commit, + defaulting to the commit at point. If the region selects multiple + commits, then revert all of them, without prompting. + +‘V v’ (‘magit-revert-no-commit’) + + Revert a commit by applying it in reverse to the working tree. + Prompt for a commit, defaulting to the commit at point. If the + region selects multiple commits, then revert all of them, without + prompting. + + When a cherry-pick or revert is in progress, then the popup buffer +features these commands instead. + +‘V A’ (‘magit-sequence-continue’) + + Resume the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. + +‘V s’ (‘magit-sequence-skip’) + + Skip the stopped at commit during a cherry-pick or revert sequence. + +‘V a’ (‘magit-sequence-abort’) + + Abort the current cherry-pick or revert sequence. This discards + all changes made since the sequence started. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Resetting, Next: Stashing, Prev: Cherry Picking, Up: Manipulating + +6.10 Resetting +============== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-reset::. + +‘x’ (‘magit-reset’) + + Reset the head and index to some commit read from the user and + defaulting to the commit at point. The working tree is kept as-is. + With a prefix argument also reset the working tree. + +‘X m’ (‘magit-reset-head’) + + Reset the ‘HEAD’ and index to some commit read from the user and + defaulting to the commit at point. The working tree is kept as-is. + +‘X s’ (‘magit-reset-soft’) + + Reset the ‘HEAD’ to some commit read from the user and defaulting + to the commit at point. The index and the working tree are kept + as-is. + +‘X h’ (‘magit-reset-hard’) + + Reset the ‘HEAD’, index, and working tree to some commit read from + the user and defaulting to the commit at point. + +‘X i’ (‘magit-reset-index’) + + Reset the index to some commit read from the user and defaulting to + the commit at point. Keep the ‘HEAD’ and working tree as-is, so if + the commit refers to the ‘HEAD’, then this effectively unstages all + changes. + +‘X f’ (‘magit-file-checkout’) + + Update file in the working tree and index to the contents from a + revision. Both the revision and file are read from the user. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Stashing, Prev: Resetting, Up: Manipulating + +6.11 Stashing +============= + +Also see *note (gitman)git-stash::. + +‘z’ (‘magit-stash-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘z z’ (‘magit-stash’) + + Create a stash of the index and working tree. Untracked files are + included according to popup arguments. One prefix argument is + equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix arguments are + equivalent to ‘--all’. + +‘z i’ (‘magit-stash-index’) + + Create a stash of the index only. Unstaged and untracked changes + are not stashed. + +‘z w’ (‘magit-stash-worktree’) + + Create a stash of unstaged changes in the working tree. Untracked + files are included according to popup arguments. One prefix + argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix + arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’. + +‘z x’ (‘magit-stash-keep-index’) + + Create a stash of the index and working tree, keeping index intact. + Untracked files are included according to popup arguments. One + prefix argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two + prefix arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’. + +‘z Z’ (‘magit-snapshot’) + + Create a snapshot of the index and working tree. Untracked files + are included according to popup arguments. One prefix argument is + equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two prefix arguments are + equivalent to ‘--all’. + +‘z I’ (‘magit-snapshot-index’) + + Create a snapshot of the index only. Unstaged and untracked + changes are not stashed. + +‘z W’ (‘magit-snapshot-worktree’) + + Create a snapshot of unstaged changes in the working tree. + Untracked files are included according to popup arguments. One + prefix argument is equivalent to ‘--include-untracked’ while two + prefix arguments are equivalent to ‘--all’-. + +‘z a’ (‘magit-stash-apply’) + + Apply a stash to the working tree. Try to preserve the stash + index. If that fails because there are staged changes, apply + without preserving the stash index. + +‘z p’ (‘magit-stash-pop’) + + Apply a stash to the working tree and remove it from stash list. + Try to preserve the stash index. If that fails because there are + staged changes, apply without preserving the stash index and forgo + removing the stash. + +‘z k’ (‘magit-stash-drop’) + + Remove a stash from the stash list. When the region is active, + offer to drop all contained stashes. + +‘z v’ (‘magit-stash-show’) + + Show all diffs of a stash in a buffer. + +‘z b’ (‘magit-stash-branch’) + + Create and checkout a new BRANCH from STASH. The branch starts at + the commit that was current when the stash was created. + +‘z B’ (‘magit-stash-branch-here’) + + Create and checkout a new BRANCH using ‘magit-branch’ with the + current branch or ‘HEAD’ as the starting-point. Then apply STASH, + dropping it if it applies cleanly. + +‘z f’ (‘magit-stash-format-patch’) + + Create a patch from STASH. + +‘k’ (‘magit-stash-clear’) + + Remove all stashes saved in REF’s reflog by deleting REF. + +‘z l’ (‘magit-stash-list’) + + List all stashes in a buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-stashes-margin + + This option specifies whether the margin is initially shown in + stashes buffers and how it is formatted. + + The value has the form ‘(INIT STYLE WIDTH AUTHOR AUTHOR-WIDTH)’. + + • If INIT is non-nil, then the margin is shown initially. + + • STYLE controls how to format the committer date. It can be + one of ‘age’ (to show the age of the commit), + ‘age-abbreviated’ (to abbreviate the time unit to a + character), or a string (suitable for ‘format-time-string’) to + show the actual date. + + • WIDTH controls the width of the margin. This exists for + forward compatibility and currently the value should not be + changed. + + • AUTHOR controls whether the name of the author is also shown + by default. + + • AUTHOR-WIDTH has to be an integer. When the name of the + author is shown, then this specifies how much space is used to + do so. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Transferring, Next: Miscellaneous, Prev: Manipulating, Up: Top + +7 Transferring +************** + +* Menu: + +* Remotes:: +* Fetching:: +* Pulling:: +* Pushing:: +* Creating and Sending Patches:: +* Applying Patches:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Remotes, Next: Fetching, Up: Transferring + +7.1 Remotes +=========== + +* Menu: + +* The Remote Popup:: +* The Remote Config Popup:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Remote Popup, Next: The Remote Config Popup, Up: Remotes + +7.1.1 The Remote Popup +---------------------- + +The popup ‘magit-remote-popup’ is used to add remotes and to make +changes to existing remotes. This popup only deals with remotes +themselves, not with branches or the transfer of commits. Those +features are available from separate popups. + + Also see *note (gitman)git-remote::. + +‘M’ (‘magit-remote-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + -- User Option: magit-remote-popup-show-variables + + This option controls whether the ‘magit-remote-popup’ shows remote + related Git variables. When set to nil, no variables are displayed + directly in this popup, and the sub-popup + ‘magit-remote-config-popup’ has to be used instead to view and + change remote related variables. + +‘M C’ (‘magit-remote-config-popup’) + + This command shows remote related variables in a separate popup. + By default this asks the user for which remote the variables should + be shown. When ‘magit-remote-popup-show-variables’ is ‘nil’, then + it shows the variables for the upstream of the current branch or + "origin" it that branch has no remote upstream. To select another + remote use a prefix argument. + +‘M a’ (‘magit-remote-add’) + + This command add a remote and fetches it. The remote name and url + are read in the minibuffer. + +‘M r’ (‘magit-remote-rename’) + + This command renames a remote. Both the old and the new names are + read in the minibuffer. + +‘M u’ (‘magit-remote-set-url’) + + This command changes the url of a remote. Both the remote and the + new url are read in the minibuffer. + +‘M k’ (‘magit-remote-remove’) + + This command deletes a remote, read in the minibuffer. + +‘M p’ (‘magit-remote-prune’) + + This command removes stale remote-tracking branches for a remote + read in the minibuffer. + +‘M P’ (‘magit-remote-prune-refspecs’) + + This command removes stale refspecs for a remote read in the + minibuffer. + + A refspec is stale if there no longer exists at least one branch on + the remote that would be fetched due to that refspec. A stale + refspec is problematic because its existence causes Git to refuse + to fetch according to the remaining non-stale refspecs. + + If only stale refspecs remain, then this command offers to either + delete the remote or to replace the stale refspecs with the default + refspec ("+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/REMOTE/*"). + + This command also removes the remote-tracking branches that were + created due to the now stale refspecs. Other stale branches are + not removed. + + -- User Option: magit-remote-add-set-remote.pushDefault + + This option controls whether the user is asked whether they want to + set ‘remote.pushDefault’ after adding a remote. + + If ‘ask’, then users is always ask. If ‘ask-if-unset’, then the + user is only if the variable isn’t set already. If ‘nil’, then the + user isn’t asked and the variable isn’t set. If the value is a + string, then the variable is set without the user being asked, + provided that the name of the added remote is equal to that string + and the variable isn’t already set. + + +File: magit.info, Node: The Remote Config Popup, Prev: The Remote Popup, Up: Remotes + +7.1.2 The Remote Config Popup +----------------------------- + + -- Command: magit-remote-config-popup + + This prefix command shows the following remote-related Git + variables in a popup buffer. The values can be changed from that + buffer. + + This popup is a sub-popup of the ‘magit-remote-popup’ in which "C" + is bound to this popup. + + The following variables are used to configure a specific remote. The +values are being displayed for the upstream remote of the current +branch. To change the value for another remote invoke +‘magit-remote-config-popup’ with a prefix argument. + + -- Variable: remote.NAME.url + + This variable specifies the url of the remote named NAME. It can + have multiple values. + + -- Variable: remote.NAME.fetch + + The refspec used when fetching from the remote named NAME. It can + have multiple values. + + -- Variable: remote.NAME.pushurl + + This variable specifies the url used for fetching from the remote + named NAME. If it is not specified, then ‘remote.NAME.url’ is used + instead. It can have multiple values. + + -- Variable: remote.NAME.push + + The refspec used when pushing to the remote named NAME. It can + have multiple values. + + -- Variable: remote.NAME.tagOpts + + This variable specifies what tags are fetched by default. If the + value is ‘--no-tags’ then no tags are fetched. If the value is + ‘--tags’, then all tags are fetched. If this variable has not + value, then only tags are fetched that are reachable from fetched + branches. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Fetching, Next: Pulling, Prev: Remotes, Up: Transferring + +7.2 Fetching +============ + +For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the +_push-remote_, see *note Branching::. + + Also see *note (gitman)git-fetch::. + +‘f’ (‘magit-fetch-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘f p’ (‘magit-fetch-from-pushremote’) + + Fetch from the push-remote of the current branch. + +‘f u’ (‘magit-fetch-from-upstream’) + + Fetch from the upstream of the current branch. + +‘f e’ (‘magit-fetch’) + + Fetch from another repository. + +‘f o’ (‘magit-fetch-branch’) + + Fetch a branch from a remote, both of which are read from the + minibuffer. + +‘f r’ (‘magit-fetch-refspec’) + + Fetch from a remote using an explicit refspec, both of which are + read from the minibuffer. + +‘f a’ (‘magit-fetch-all’) + + Fetch from all remotes. + +‘f m’ (‘magit-submodule-fetch’) + + Fetch all submodules. With a prefix argument fetch all remotes of + all submodules. + + Instead of using one popup for fetching and another for pulling, you +could also use ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’. See its doc-string for +more information. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Pulling, Next: Pushing, Prev: Fetching, Up: Transferring + +7.3 Pulling +=========== + +For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the +_push-remote_, see *note Branching::. + + Also see *note (gitman)git-pull::. + +‘F’ (‘magit-pull-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup + buffer. + +‘F p’ (‘magit-pull-from-pushremote’) + + Pull from the push-remote of the current branch. + +‘F u’ (‘magit-pull-from-upstream’) + + Pull from the upstream of the current branch. + +‘F e’ (‘magit-pull’) + + Pull from a branch read in the minibuffer. + + Instead of using one popup for fetching and another for pulling, you +could also use ‘magit-pull-and-fetch-popup’. See its doc-string for +more information. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Pushing, Next: Creating and Sending Patches, Prev: Pulling, Up: Transferring + +7.4 Pushing +=========== + +For information about the differences between the _upstream_ and the +_push-remote_, see *note Branching::. + + Also see *note (gitman)git-push::. + +‘P’ (‘magit-push-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘P p’ (‘magit-push-current-to-pushremote’) + + Push the current branch to ‘branch.<name>.pushRemote’ or if that is + unset to ‘remote.pushDefault’. + + When ‘magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing’ is non-nil and the + push-remote is not configured, then read the push-remote from the + user, set it, and then push to it. With a prefix argument the + push-remote can be changed before pushed to it. + +‘P u’ (‘magit-push-current-to-upstream’) + + Push the current branch to its upstream branch. + + When ‘magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing’ is non-nil and the + push-remote is not configured, then read the upstream from the + user, set it, and then push to it. With a prefix argument the + push-remote can be changed before pushed to it. + +‘P e’ (‘magit-push-current’) + + Push the current branch to a branch read in the minibuffer. + +‘P o’ (‘magit-push’) + + Push an arbitrary branch or commit somewhere. Both the source and + the target are read in the minibuffer. + +‘P r’ (‘magit-push-refspecs’) + + Push one or multiple refspecs to a remote, both of which are read + in the minibuffer. + + To use multiple refspecs, separate them with commas. Completion is + only available for the part before the colon, or when no colon is + used. + +‘P m’ (‘magit-push-matching’) + + Push all matching branches to another repository. If multiple + remotes exit, then read one from the user. If just one exists, use + that without requiring confirmation. + +‘P t’ (‘magit-push-tags’) + + Push all tags to another repository. If only one remote exists, + then push to that. Otherwise prompt for a remote, offering the + remote configured for the current branch as default. + +‘P T’ (‘magit-push-tag’) + + Push a tag to another repository. + + Two more push commands exist, which by default are not available from +the push popup. See their doc-strings for instructions on how to add +them to the popup. + + -- Command: magit-push-implicitly args + + Push somewhere without using an explicit refspec. + + This command simply runs ‘git push -v [ARGS]’. ARGS are the + arguments specified in the popup buffer. No explicit refspec + arguments are used. Instead the behavior depends on at least these + Git variables: ‘push.default’, ‘remote.pushDefault’, + ‘branch.<branch>.pushRemote’, ‘branch.<branch>.remote’, + ‘branch.<branch>.merge’, and ‘remote.<remote>.push’. + + -- Command: magit-push-to-remote remote args + + Push to the remote REMOTE without using an explicit refspec. The + remote is read in the minibuffer. + + This command simply runs ‘git push -v [ARGS] REMOTE’. ARGS are the + arguments specified in the popup buffer. No refspec arguments are + used. Instead the behavior depends on at least these Git + variables: ‘push.default’, ‘remote.pushDefault’, + ‘branch.<branch>.pushRemote’, ‘branch.<branch>.remote’, + ‘branch.<branch>.merge’, and ‘remote.<remote>.push’. + + -- User Option: magit-push-current-set-remote-if-missing + + This option controls whether missing remotes are configured before + pushing. + + When ‘nil’, then the command ‘magit-push-current-to-pushremote’ and + ‘magit-push-current-to-upstream’ do not appear in the push popup if + the push-remote resp. upstream is not configured. If the user + invokes one of these commands anyway, then it raises an error. + + When ‘non-nil’, then these commands always appear in the push + popup. But if the required configuration is missing, then they do + appear in a way that indicates that this is the case. If the user + invokes one of them, then it asks for the necessary configuration, + stores the configuration, and then uses it to push a first time. + + This option also affects whether the argument ‘--set-upstream’ is + available in the popup. If the value is ‘non-nil’, then that + argument is redundant. But note that changing the value of this + option does not take affect immediately, the argument will only be + added or removed after restarting Emacs. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Creating and Sending Patches, Next: Applying Patches, Prev: Pushing, Up: Transferring + +7.5 Creating and Sending Patches +================================ + +‘W’ (‘magit-patch-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘W p’ (‘magit-format-patch’) + + Create patches for a set commits. If the region marks commits, + then create patches for those. Otherwise prompt for a range or a + single commit, defaulting to the commit at point. + +‘W r’ (‘magit-request-pull’) + + Request that upstream pulls from your public repository. + + It is also possible to save a plain patch file by using ‘C-x C-w’ +inside a ‘magit-diff-mode’ or ‘magit-revision-mode’ buffer. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Applying Patches, Prev: Creating and Sending Patches, Up: Transferring + +7.6 Applying Patches +==================== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-am::. and *note (gitman)git-apply::. + +‘w’ (‘magit-am-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘w w’ (‘magit-am-apply-patches’) + + Apply one or more patches. If the region marks files, then apply + those patches. Otherwise read a file name in the minibuffer + defaulting to the file at point. + +‘w m’ (‘magit-am-apply-maildir’) + + Apply the patches from a maildir. + + When an "am" operation is in progress, then the popup buffer features +these commands instead. + +‘w w’ (‘magit-am-continue’) + + Resume the current patch applying sequence. + +‘w s’ (‘magit-am-skip’) + + Skip the stopped at patch during a patch applying sequence. + +‘w a’ (‘magit-am-abort’) + + Abort the current patch applying sequence. This discards all + changes made since the sequence started. + + In addition to the commands listed at the top, the "am" popup also +has a binding for the related "patch" popup. + +‘w a’ (‘magit-patch-apply-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘w a a’ (‘magit-patch-apply’) + + This command applies a simple patch file, which may not contain any + Git metadata in addition to the actual diff. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Miscellaneous, Next: Customizing, Prev: Transferring, Up: Top + +8 Miscellaneous +*************** + +* Menu: + +* Tagging:: +* Notes:: +* Submodules:: +* Subtree:: +* Worktree:: +* Common Commands:: +* Wip Modes:: +* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files:: +* Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Tagging, Next: Notes, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.1 Tagging +=========== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-tag::. + +‘t’ (‘magit-tag-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘t t’ (‘magit-tag’) + + Create a new tag with the given NAME at REV. With a prefix + argument annotate the tag. + +‘t k’ (‘magit-tag-delete’) + + Delete one or more tags. If the region marks multiple tags (and + nothing else), then offer to delete those. Otherwise, prompt for a + single tag to be deleted, defaulting to the tag at point. + +‘t p’ (‘magit-tag-prune’) + + Offer to delete tags missing locally from REMOTE, and vice versa. + + -- Command: magit-tag-release + + Create an opinionated release tag. + + Assume version tags that match "\\‘v?[0-9]\*\\’". Prompt for the + name of the new tag using the highest existing tag as initial input + and call "git tag –annotate –sign -m MSG" TAG, regardless of + whether these arguments are enabled in the popup. Given a TAG + "v1.2.3" and a repository "/path/to/foo-bar", the MESSAGE would be + "Foo-Bar 1.2.3". + + Because it is so opinionated, this command is not available from + the tag popup by default. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Notes, Next: Submodules, Prev: Tagging, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.2 Notes +========= + +Also see *note (gitman)git-notes::. + +‘T’ (‘magit-notes-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + +‘T T’ (‘magit-notes-edit’) + + Edit the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at + point. + + By default use the value of Git variable ‘core.notesRef’ or + "refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined. + +‘T r’ (‘magit-notes-remove’) + + Remove the note attached to a commit, defaulting to the commit at + point. + + By default use the value of Git variable ‘core.notesRef’ or + "refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined. + +‘T p’ (‘magit-notes-prune’) + + Remove notes about unreachable commits. + + It is possible to merge one note ref into another. That may result +in conflicts which have to resolved in the temporary worktree +".git/NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE". + +‘T m’ (‘magit-notes-merge’) + + Merge the notes of a ref read from the user into the current notes + ref. The current notes ref is the value of Git variable + ‘core.notesRef’ or "refs/notes/commits" if that is undefined. + + When a notes merge is in progress then the popup features the +following suffix commands, instead of those listed above. + +‘T c’ (‘magit-notes-merge-commit’) + + Commit the current notes ref merge, after manually resolving + conflicts. + +‘T a’ (‘magit-notes-merge-abort’) + + Abort the current notes ref merge. + + The following variables control what notes reference ‘magit-notes-*’, +‘git notes’ and ‘git show’ act on and display. Both the local and +global values are displayed and can be modified. + + -- Variable: core.notesRef + + This variable specifies the notes ref that is displayed by default + and which commands act on by default. + + -- Variable: notes.displayRef + + This variable specifies additional notes ref to be displayed in + addition to the ref specified by ‘core.notesRef’. It can have + multiple values and may end with ‘*’ to display all refs in the + ‘refs/notes/’ namespace (or ‘**’ if some names contain slashes). + + +File: magit.info, Node: Submodules, Next: Subtree, Prev: Notes, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.3 Submodules +============== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-submodule::. + +* Menu: + +* Listing Submodules:: +* Submodule Popup:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Listing Submodules, Next: Submodule Popup, Up: Submodules + +8.3.1 Listing Submodules +------------------------ + +The command ‘magit-list-submodules’ displays a list of the current +repository’s submodules in a separate buffer. It’s also possible to +display information about submodules directly in the status buffer of +the super-repository by adding ‘magit-insert-submodules’ to the hook +‘magit-status-sections-hook’ as described in *note Status Module +Sections::. + + -- Command: magit-list-submodules + + This command displays a list of the current repository’s submodules + in a separate buffer. + + It can be invoked by pressing ‘RET’ on the section titled + "Modules". + + -- User Option: magit-submodule-list-columns + + This option controls what columns are displayed by the command + ‘magit-list-submodules’ and how they are displayed. + + Each element has the form ‘(HEADER WIDTH FORMAT PROPS)’. + + HEADER is the string displayed in the header. WIDTH is the width + of the column. FORMAT is a function that is called with one + argument, the repository identification (usually its basename), and + with ‘default-directory’ bound to the toplevel of its working tree. + It has to return a string to be inserted or nil. PROPS is an alist + that supports the keys ‘:right-align’ and ‘:pad-right’. + + -- Function: magit-insert-submodules + + Insert sections for all submodules. For each section insert the + path, the branch, and the output of ‘git describe --tags’, or, + failing that, the abbreviated HEAD commit hash. + + Press ‘RET’ on such a submodule section to show its own status + buffer. Press ‘RET’ on the "Modules" section to display a list of + submodules in a separate buffer. This shows additional information + not displayed in the super-repository’s status buffer. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Submodule Popup, Prev: Listing Submodules, Up: Submodules + +8.3.2 Submodule Popup +--------------------- + +‘o’ (‘magit-submodule-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + Some of the below commands default to act on the modules that are +selected using the region. For brevity their description talk about +"the selected modules", but if no modules are selected, then they act on +the current module instead, or if point isn’t on a module, then the read +a single module to act on. With a prefix argument these commands ignore +the selection and the current module and instead act on all suitable +modules. + +‘o a’ (‘magit-submodule-add’) + + This commands adds the repository at URL as a module. Optional + PATH is the path to the module relative to the root of the + super-project. If it is nil then the path is determined based on + URL. + +‘o r’ (‘magit-submodule-register’) + + This command registers the selected modules by copying their urls + from ".gitmodules" to "$GIT_DIR/config". These values can then be + edited before running ‘magit-submodule-populate’. If you don’t + need to edit any urls, then use the latter directly. + +‘o p’ (‘magit-submodule-populate’) + + This command creates the working directory or directories of the + selected modules, checking out the recorded commits. + +‘o u’ (‘magit-submodule-update’) + + This command updates the selected modules checking out the recorded + commits. + +‘o s’ (‘magit-submodule-synchronize’) + + This command synchronizes the urls of the selected modules, copying + the values from ".gitmodules" to the ".git/config" of the + super-project as well those of the modules. + +‘o d’ (‘magit-submodule-unpopulate’) + + This command removes the working directory of the selected modules. + +‘o l’ (‘magit-list-submodules’) + + This command displays a list of the current repository’s modules. + +‘o f’ (‘magit-fetch-modules’) + + This command fetches all modules. + + Option ‘magit-fetch-modules-jobs’ controls how many submodules are + being fetched in parallel. Also fetch the super-repository, + because ‘git fetch’ does not support not doing that. With a prefix + argument fetch all remotes. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Subtree, Next: Worktree, Prev: Submodules, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.4 Subtree +=========== + +Also see *note (gitman)git-subtree::. + +‘O’ (‘magit-tree-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with + the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. + + Most infix arguments only apply to some of the ‘git subtree’ +subcommands. When an argument that does not apply to the invoked +command is set, then it is silently ignored. + + When the ‘--prefix’ argument is set in the popup buffer, then that is +used. Otherwise the prefix is read in the minibuffer. + +‘O a’ (‘magit-subtree-add’) + + Add COMMIT from REPOSITORY as a new subtree at PREFIX. + +‘O c’ (‘magit-subtree-add-commit’) + + Add COMMIT as a new subtree at PREFIX. + +‘O m’ (‘magit-subtree-merge’) + + Merge COMMIT into the PREFIX subtree. + +‘O f’ (‘magit-subtree-pull’) + + Pull COMMIT from REPOSITORY into the PREFIX subtree. + +‘O p’ (‘magit-subtree-push’) + + Extract the history of the subtree PREFIX and push it to REF on + REPOSITORY. + +‘O s’ (‘magit-subtree-split’) + + Extract the history of the subtree PREFIX. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Worktree, Next: Common Commands, Prev: Subtree, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.5 Worktree +============ + +Also see *note (gitman)git-worktree::. + +‘%’ (‘magit-worktree-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the following suffix commands in a popup + buffer. + +‘% b’ (‘magit-worktree-checkout’) + + Checkout BRANCH in a new worktree at PATH. + +‘% c’ (‘magit-worktree-branch’) + + Create a new BRANCH and check it out in a new worktree at PATH. + +‘% p’ (‘magit-worktree-checkout-pull-request’) + + Create, configure and checkout a new worktree from a pull-request. + + This is like ‘magit-checkout-pull-request’ (which see) except that + it also creates a new worktree. + +‘% k’ (‘magit-worktree-delete’) + + Delete a worktree, defaulting to the worktree at point. The + primary worktree cannot be deleted. + +‘% g’ (‘magit-worktree-status’) + + Show the status for the worktree at point. + + If there is no worktree at point, then read one in the minibuffer. + If the worktree at point is the one whose status is already being + displayed in the current buffer, then show it in Dired instead. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Common Commands, Next: Wip Modes, Prev: Worktree, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.6 Common Commands +=================== + +These are some of the commands that can be used in all buffers whose +major-modes derive from ‘magit-mode’. There are other common commands +beside the ones below, but these didn’t fit well anywhere else. + +‘M-w’ (‘magit-copy-section-value’) + + This command saves the value of the current section to the + ‘kill-ring’, and, provided that the current section is a commit, + branch, or tag section, it also pushes the (referenced) revision to + the ‘magit-revision-stack’. + + When the current section is a branch or a tag, and a prefix + argument is used, then it saves the revision at its tip to the + ‘kill-ring’ instead of the reference name. + +‘C-w’ (‘magit-copy-buffer-revision’) + + This command saves the revision being displayed in the current + buffer to the ‘kill-ring’ and also pushes it to the + ‘magit-revision-stack’. It is mainly intended for use in + ‘magit-revision-mode’ buffers, the only buffers where it is always + unambiguous exactly which revision should be saved. + + Most other Magit buffers usually show more than one revision, in + some way or another, so this command has to select one of them, and + that choice might not always be the one you think would have been + the best pick. + + Outside of Magit ‘M-w’ and ‘C-w’ are usually bound to +‘kill-ring-save’ and ‘kill-region’, and these commands would also be +useful in Magit buffers. Therefore when the region is active, then both +of these commands behave like ‘kill-ring-save’ instead of as described +above. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Wip Modes, Next: Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files, Prev: Common Commands, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.7 Wip Modes +============= + +Git keeps *committed* changes around long enough for users to recover +changes they have accidentally deleted. It does so by not garbage +collecting any committed but no longer referenced objects for a certain +period of time, by default 30 days. + + But Git does *not* keep track of *uncommitted* changes in the working +tree and not even the index (the staging area). Because Magit makes it +so convenient to modify uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to +shoot yourself in the foot in the process. + + For that reason Magit provides three global modes that save *tracked* +files to work-in-progress references after or before certain actions. +(Untracked files are never saved and these modes also only work after +the first commit has been created). + + Two separate work-in-progress references are used to track the state +of the index and of the working tree: "refs/wip/index/<branchref>" and +"refs/wip/wtree/<branchref>", where ‘<branchref>’ is the full ref of the +current branch, e.g. "refs/heads/master". When the ‘HEAD’ is detached +then "HEAD" is in place of ‘<branchref>’. + + Checking out another branch (or detaching ‘HEAD’) causes the use of +different wip refs for subsequent changes, but the old refs are not +deleted. + + Creating a commit and then making a change causes the wip refs to be +recreated to fork from the new commit. But the old commits on the wip +refs are not lost. They are still available from the reflog. To make +it easier to see when the fork point of a wip ref was changed, an +additional commit with the message "restart autosaving" is created on it +(‘xxO’ commits below are such boundary commits). + + Starting with + + BI0---BI1 refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master + / + A---B refs/heads/master + \ + BW0---BW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master + + and committing the staged changes and editing and saving a file would +result in + + BI0---BI1 refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master + / + A---B---C refs/heads/master + \ \ + \ CW0---CW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master + \ + BW0---BW1 refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master@{2} + + The fork-point of the index wip ref is not changed until some change +is being staged. Likewise just checking out a branch or creating a +commit does not change the fork-point of the working tree wip ref. The +fork-points are not adjusted until there actually is a change that +should be committed to the respective wip ref. + + To view the log for a branch and its wip refs use the commands +‘magit-wip-log’ and ‘magit-wip-log-current’. You should use ‘--graph’ +when using these commands. Alternatively you can use the reflog to show +all commits that ever existed on a wip ref. You can then recover lost +changes from the commits shown in the log or reflog. + + -- Command: magit-wip-log + + This command shows the log for a branch and its wip refs. + + With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown. + The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many + "branches" of each wip ref are shown. + + -- Command: magit-wip-log-current + + This command shows the log for the current branch and its wip refs. + + With a negative prefix argument only the worktree wip ref is shown. + The absolute numeric value of the prefix argument controls how many + "branches" of each wip ref are shown. + + There exists a total of three global modes that save to the wip refs, +which might seem excessive, but allows fine tuning of when exactly +changes are being committed to the wip refs. Enabling all modes makes +it less likely that a change slips through the cracks. + + Setting the following variables directly does not take effect; either +customize them or call the respective mode function. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-after-save-mode + + When this mode is enabled, then saving a buffer that visits a file + tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be + committed to the working tree wip ref for the current branch. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-after-apply-mode + + When this mode is enabled, then applying (i.e. staging, unstaging, + discarding, reversing, and regularly applying) a change to a file + tracked in a Git repository causes its current state to be + committed to the index and/or working tree wip refs for the current + branch. + + If you only ever edit files using Emacs and only ever interact with +Git using Magit, then the above two modes should be enough to protect +each and every change from accidental loss. In practice nobody does +that. So an additional mode exists that does commit to the wip refs +before making changes that could cause the loss of earlier changes. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-before-change-mode + + When this mode is enabled, then certain commands commit the + existing changes to the files they are about to make changes to. + + Note that even if you enable all three modes this won’t give you +perfect protection. The most likely scenario for losing changes despite +the use of these modes is making a change outside Emacs and then +destroying it also outside Emacs. In such a scenario, Magit, being an +Emacs package, didn’t get the opportunity to keep you from shooting +yourself in the foot. + + When you are unsure whether Magit did commit a change to the wip +refs, then you can explicitly request that all changes to all tracked +files are being committed. + +‘M-x magit-wip-commit’ (‘magit-wip-commit’) + + This command commits all changes to all tracked files to the index + and working tree work-in-progress refs. Like the modes described + above, it does not commit untracked files, but it does check all + tracked files for changes. Use this command when you suspect that + the modes might have overlooked a change made outside Emacs/Magit. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-after-save-local-mode-lighter + + Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-after-save-local-mode’. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-after-apply-mode-lighter + + Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-after-apply-mode’. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-before-change-mode-lighter + + Mode-line lighter for ‘magit-wip-before-change-mode’. + + -- User Option: magit-wip-namespace + + The namespace used for work-in-progress refs. It has to end with a + slash. The wip refs are named "<namespace>index/<branchref>" and + "<namespace>wtree/<branchref>". When snapshots are created while + the ‘HEAD’ is detached then "HEAD" is used in place of + ‘<branchref>’. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files, Next: Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs, Prev: Wip Modes, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.8 Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files +========================================= + +The ‘magit-file-mode’ enables certain Magit features in file-visiting +buffers belonging to a Git repository. It should be enabled globally +using ‘global-magit-file-mode’. Currently this mode only establishes a +few key bindings, but this might be extended in the future. + + -- User Option: magit-file-mode + + Whether to establish certain Magit key bindings in all + file-visiting buffers belonging to a Git repository. This + establishes the bindings suggested in *note Getting Started:: (but + only for file-visiting buffers), and additionally binds ‘C-c M-g’ + to ‘magit-file-popup’. + +‘C-c M-g’ (‘magit-file-popup’) + + This prefix command shows a popup buffer featuring suffix commands + that operate on the file being visited in the current buffer. + +‘C-c M-g s’ (‘magit-stage-file’) + + Stage all changes to the file being visited in the current buffer. + +‘C-c M-g u’ (‘magit-unstage-file’) + + Unstage all changes to the file being visited in the current + buffer. + +‘C-c M-g c’ (‘magit-commit-popup’) + + This prefix command shows suffix commands along with the + appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note + Initiating a Commit::. + +‘C-c M-g D’ (‘magit-diff-buffer-file-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the same suffix commands and infix + arguments in a popup buffer as ‘magit-diff-popup’. But this + variant has to be called from a file-visiting buffer and the + visited file is automatically used in the popup to limit the diff + to that file. + +‘C-c M-g d’ (‘magit-diff-buffer-file’) + + This command shows the diff for the file of blob that the current + buffer visits. + + -- User Option: magit-diff-buffer-file-locked + + This option controls whether ‘magit-diff-buffer-file’ uses a + dedicated buffer. See *note Modes and Buffers::. + +‘C-c M-g L’ (‘magit-log-buffer-file-popup’) + + This prefix command shows the same suffix commands and infix + arguments in a popup buffer as ‘magit-log-popup’. But this variant + has to be called from a file-visiting buffer and the visited file + is automatically used in the popup to limit the log to that file. + +‘C-c M-g l’ (‘magit-log-buffer-file’) + + This command shows the log for the file of blob that the current + buffer visits. Renames are followed when a prefix argument is used + or when ‘--follow’ is part of ‘magit-log-arguments’. When the + region is active, the log is restricted to the selected line range. + +‘C-c M-g t’ (‘magit-log-trace-definition’) + + This command shows the log for the definition at point. + + -- User Option: magit-log-buffer-file-locked + + This option controls whether ‘magit-log-buffer-file’ uses a + dedicated buffer. See *note Modes and Buffers::. + +‘C-c M-g B’ (‘magit-blame-popup’) + + This prefix command shows all blaming suffix command along with the + appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer. See *note + Blaming::. + +‘C-c M-g b’ (‘magit-blame’) + + This command shows for each line the revision in which it was + added. + +‘C-c M-g r’ (‘magit-blame-removal’) + + This command shows for each line the revision in which it was + removed. This command is only available in blob-visiting buffers. + +‘C-c M-g f’ (‘magit-blame-reverse’) + + This command shows for each line the last revision in which it + still exists. This command is only available in blob-visiting + buffers. + +‘C-c M-g e’ (‘magit-edit-line-commit’) + + This command makes the commit editable that added the current line. + + With a prefix argument it makes the commit editable that removes + the line, if any. The commit is determined using ‘git blame’ and + made editable using ‘git rebase --interactive’ if it is reachable + from ‘HEAD’, or by checking out the commit (or a branch that points + at it) otherwise. + +‘C-c M-g p’ (‘magit-blob-previous’) + + Visit the previous blob which modified the current file. + + There are a few additional commands that operate on a single file but +are not available from the file popup by default: + + -- Command: magit-file-rename + + This command renames a file read from the user. + + -- Command: magit-file-delete + + This command deletes a file read from the user. + + -- Command: magit-file-untrack + + This command untracks a file read from the user. + + -- Command: magit-file-checkout + + This command updates a file in the working tree and index to the + contents from a revision. Both the revision and file are read from + the user. + + You could add them to the popup like so: + + (magit-define-popup-action 'magit-file-popup + ?R "Rename file" 'magit-file-rename) + (magit-define-popup-action 'magit-file-popup + ?K "Delete file" 'magit-file-delete) + (magit-define-popup-action 'magit-file-popup + ?U "Untrack file" 'magit-file-untrack) + (magit-define-popup-action 'magit-file-popup + ?C "Checkout file" 'magit-file-checkout) + + +File: magit.info, Node: Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs, Prev: Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Files, Up: Miscellaneous + +8.9 Minor Mode for Buffers Visiting Blobs +========================================= + +The ‘magit-blob-mode’ enables certain Magit features in blob-visiting +buffers. Such buffers can be created using ‘magit-find-file’ and some +of the commands mentioned below, which also take care of turning on this +minor mode. Currently this mode only establishes a few key bindings, +but this might be extended. + +‘p’ (‘magit-blob-previous’) + + Visit the previous blob which modified the current file. + +‘n’ (‘magit-blob-next’) + + Visit the next blob which modified the current file. + +‘q’ (‘magit-kill-this-buffer’) + + Kill the current buffer. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Customizing, Next: Plumbing, Prev: Miscellaneous, Up: Top + +9 Customizing +************* + +Both Git and Emacs are highly customizable. Magit is both a Git +porcelain as well as an Emacs package, so it makes sense to customize it +using both Git variables as well as Emacs options. However this +flexibility doesn’t come without problems, including but not limited to +the following. + + • Some Git variables automatically have an effect in Magit without + requiring any explicit support. Sometimes that is desirable - in + other cases, it breaks Magit. + + When a certain Git setting breaks Magit but you want to keep using + that setting on the command line, then that can be accomplished by + overriding the value for Magit only by appending something like + ‘("-c" "some.variable=compatible-value")’ to + ‘magit-git-global-arguments’. + + • Certain settings like ‘fetch.prune=true’ are respected by Magit + commands (because they simply call the respective Git command) but + their value is not reflected in the respective popup buffers. In + this case the ‘--prune’ argument in ‘magit-fetch-popup’ might be + active or inactive depending on the value of + ‘magit-fetch-arguments’ only, but that doesn’t keep the Git + variable from being honored by the suffix commands anyway. So + pruning might happen despite the ‘--prune’ arguments being + displayed in a way that seems to indicate that no pruning will + happen. + + I intend to address these and similar issues in a future release. + +* Menu: + +* Per-Repository Configuration:: +* Essential Settings:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Per-Repository Configuration, Next: Essential Settings, Up: Customizing + +9.1 Per-Repository Configuration +================================ + +Magit can be configured on a per-repository level using both Git +variables as well as Emacs options. + + To set a Git variable for one repository only, simply set it in +‘/path/to/repo/.git/config’ instead of ‘$HOME/.gitconfig’ or +‘/etc/gitconfig’. See *note (gitman)git-config::. + + Similarly, Emacs options can be set for one repository only by +editing ‘/path/to/repo/.dir-locals.el’. See *note (emacs)Directory +Variables::. For example to disable automatic refreshes of +file-visiting buffers in just one huge repository use this: + + • ‘/path/to/huge/repo/.dir-locals.el’ + + ((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil)))) + + If you want to apply the same settings to several, but not all, +repositories then keeping the repository-local config files in sync +would quickly become annoying. To avoid that you can create config +files for certain classes of repositories (e.g. "huge repositories") +and then include those files in the per-repository config files. For +example: + + • ‘/path/to/huge/repo/.git/config’ + + [include] + path = /path/to/huge-gitconfig + + • ‘/path/to/huge-gitconfig’ + + [status] + showUntrackedFiles = no + + • ‘$HOME/.emacs.d/init.el’ + + (dir-locals-set-class-variables 'huge-git-repository + '((nil . ((magit-refresh-buffers . nil))))) + + (dir-locals-set-directory-class + "/path/to/huge/repo/" 'huge-git-repository) + + +File: magit.info, Node: Essential Settings, Prev: Per-Repository Configuration, Up: Customizing + +9.2 Essential Settings +====================== + +The next two sections list and discuss several variables that many users +might want to customize, for safety and/or performance reasons. + +* Menu: + +* Safety:: +* Performance:: + + +File: magit.info, Node: Safety, Next: Performance, Up: Essential Settings + +9.2.1 Safety +------------ + +This section discusses various variables that you might want to change +(or *not* change) for safety reasons. + + Git keeps *committed* changes around long enough for users to recover +changes they have accidentally been deleted. It does not do the same +for *uncommitted* changes in the working tree and not even the index +(the staging area). Because Magit makes it so easy to modify +uncommitted changes, it also makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot +in the process. For that reason Magit provides three global modes that +save *tracked* files to work-in-progress references after or before +certain actions. See *note Wip Modes::. + + These modes are not enabled by default because of performance +concerns. Instead a lot of potentially destructive commands require +confirmation every time they are used. In many cases this can be +disabled by adding a symbol to ‘magit-no-confirm’ (see *note Completion +and Confirmation::). If you enable the various wip modes then you +should add ‘safe-with-wip’ to this list. + + Similarly it isn’t necessary to require confirmation before moving a +file to the system trash - if you trashed a file by mistake then you can +recover it from the there. Option ‘magit-delete-by-moving-to-trash’ +controls whether the system trash is used, which is the case by default. +Nevertheless, ‘trash’ isn’t a member of ‘magit-no-confirm’ - you might +want to change that. + + By default buffers visiting files are automatically reverted when the +visited file changes on disk. This isn’t as risky as it might seem, but +to make an informed decision you should see *note Risk of Reverting +Automatically::. + + +File: magit.info, Node: Performance, Prev: Safety, Up: Essential Settings + +9.2.2 Performance +----------------- + +After Magit has run ‘git’ for side-effects, it also refreshes the +current Magit buffer and the respective status buffer. This is +necessary because otherwise outdated information might be displayed +without the user noticing. Magit buffers are updated by recreating +their content from scratch, which makes updating simpler and less +error-prone, but also more costly. Keeping it simple and just +re-creating everything from scratch is an old design decision and +departing from that will require major refactoring. + + I plan to do that in time for the next major release. I also intend +to create logs and diffs asynchronously, which should also help a lot +but also requires major refactoring. + + Meanwhile you can tell Magit to only automatically refresh the +current Magit buffer, but not the status buffer. If you do that, then +the status buffer is only refreshed automatically if it is the current +buffer. + + (setq magit-refresh-status-buffer nil) + + You should also check whether any third-party packages have added +anything to ‘magit-refresh-buffer-hook’, ‘magit-status-refresh-hook’, +‘magit-pre-refresh-hook’, and ‘magit-post-refresh-hook’. If so, then +check whether those additions impact performance significantly. Setting +‘magit-refresh-verbose’ and then inspecting the output in the +‘*Messages*’ buffer, should help doing so. + + Magit also reverts buffers for visited files located inside the +current repository when the visited file changes on disk. That is +implemented on top of ‘auto-revert-mode’ from the built-in library +‘autorevert’. To figure out whether that impacts performance, check +whether performance is significantly worse, when many buffers exist +and/or when some buffers visit files using TRAMP. If so, then this +should help. + + (setq auto-revert-buffer-list-filter + 'magit-auto-revert-repository-buffers-p) + + For alternative approaches see *note Automatic Reverting of +File-Visiting Buffers::. + + If you have enabled any features that are disabled by default, then +you should check whether they impact performance significantly. It’s +likely that they were not enabled by default because it is known that +they reduce performance at least in large repositories. + + If performance is only slow inside certain unusually large +repositories, then you might want to disable certain features on a +per-repository or per-repository-class basis only. See *note +Per-Repository Configuration::. + +* Menu: + +* Microsoft Windows Performance:: +* MacOS Performance:: + +Log Performance +............... + +When showing logs, Magit limits the number of commits initially shown in +the hope that this avoids unnecessary work. When using ‘--graph’ is +used, then this unfortunately does not have the desired effect for large +histories. Junio, Git’s maintainer, said on the git mailing list +(<http://www.spinics.net/lists/git/msg232230.html>): "‘--graph’ wants to +compute the whole history and the max-count only affects the output +phase after ‘--graph’ does its computation". + + In other words, it’s not that Git is slow at outputting the +differences, or that Magit is slow at parsing the output - the problem +is that Git first goes outside and has a smoke. + + We actually work around this issue by limiting the number of commits +not only by using ‘-<N>’ but by also using a range. But unfortunately +that’s not always possible. + + In repositories with more than a few thousand commits ‘--graph’ +should never be a member of ‘magit-log-section-arguments’. That +variable is used in the status buffer which is refreshed every time you +run any Magit command. + + Using ‘--color --graph’ is even slower. Magit uses code that is part +of Emacs to turn control characters into faces. That code is pretty +slow and this is quite noticeable when showing a log with many branches +and merges. For that reason ‘--color’ is not enabled by default +anymore. Consider leaving it at that. + +Diff Performance +................ + +If diffs are slow, then consider turning off some optional diff features +by setting all or some of the following variables to ‘nil’: +‘magit-diff-highlight-indentation’, ‘magit-diff-highlight-trailing’, +‘magit-diff-paint-whitespace’, ‘magit-diff-highlight-hunk-body’, and +‘magit-diff-refine-hunk’. + + When showing a commit instead of some arbitrary diff, then some +additional information is displayed. Calculating this information can +be quite expensive given certain circumstances. If looking at a commit +using ‘magit-revision-mode’ takes considerably more time than looking at +the same commit in ‘magit-diff-mode’, then consider setting +‘magit-revision-insert-related-refs’ to ‘nil’. + +Refs Buffer Performance +....................... + +When refreshing the "references buffer" is slow, then that’s usually +because several hundred refs are being displayed. The best way to +address that is to display fewer refs, obviously. + + If you are not, or only mildly, interested in seeing the list of +tags, then start by not displaying them: + + (remove-hook 'magit-refs-sections-hook 'magit-insert-tags) + + Then you should also make sure that the listed remote branches +actually all exist. You can do so by pruning branches which no longer +exist using ‘f-pa’. + +Committing Performance +...................... + +When you initiate a commit, then Magit by default automatically shows a +diff of the changes you are about to commit. For large commits this can +take a long time, which is especially distracting when you are +committing large amounts of generated data which you don’t actually +intend to inspect before committing. This behavior can be turned off +using: + + (remove-hook 'server-switch-hook 'magit-commit-diff) + + Then you can type ‘C-c C-d’ to show the diff when you actually want +to see it, but only then. Alternatively you can leave the hook alone +and just type ‘C-g’ in those cases when it takes too long to generate +the diff. If you do that, then you will end up with a broken diff +buffer, but doing it this way has the advantage that you usually get to +see the diff, which is useful because it increases the odds that you +spot potential issues. + +The Built-In VC Package +....................... + +Emacs comes with a version control interface called "VC", see *note +(emacs)Version Control::. It is enabled be default, and if you don’t +use it in addition to Magit, then you should disable it to keep it from +performing unnecessary work: + + (setq vc-handled-backends nil) + + You can also disable its use for Git but keep using it when using +another version control system: + + (setq vc-handled-backends (delq 'Git vc-handled-backends)) + |