refactor(tvix/store): use Box<dyn DirectoryService> r/6272

Once we support configuring services at runtime, we don't know what
DirectoryService we're using at compile time.

This also means, we can't explicitly use the is_closed method from
GRPCPutter, without making it part of the DirectoryPutter itself.

Change-Id: Icd2a1ec4fc5649a6cd15c9cc7db4c2b473630431
Reviewed-on: https://cl.tvl.fyi/c/depot/+/8727
Autosubmit: flokli <flokli@flokli.de>
Reviewed-by: tazjin <tazjin@tvl.su>
Tested-by: BuildkiteCI

17 files changed, 135 insertions, 123 deletions

diff --git a/tvix/store/src/bin/tvix-store.rs b/tvix/store/src/bin/tvix-store.rs
index 97e2447ec82a..4cedce6849d2 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/bin/tvix-store.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/bin/tvix-store.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use tracing_subscriber::prelude::*;
 use tvix_store::blobservice::BlobService;
 use tvix_store::blobservice::GRPCBlobService;
 use tvix_store::blobservice::SledBlobService;
+use tvix_store::directoryservice::DirectoryService;
 use tvix_store::directoryservice::GRPCDirectoryService;
 use tvix_store::directoryservice::SledDirectoryService;
 use tvix_store::pathinfoservice::GRPCPathInfoService;
@@ -103,10 +104,12 @@ async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
             let boxed_blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService> = Box::new(blob_service.clone());
             let boxed_blob_service2: Box<dyn BlobService> = Box::new(blob_service.clone());
             let directory_service = SledDirectoryService::new("directories.sled".into())?;
+            let boxed_directory_service = Box::new(directory_service.clone());
+            let boxed_directory_service2: Box<dyn DirectoryService> = Box::new(directory_service);
             let path_info_service = SledPathInfoService::new(
                 "pathinfo.sled".into(),
                 boxed_blob_service,
-                directory_service.clone(),
+                boxed_directory_service,
             )?;
 
             let listen_address = listen_address
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                     boxed_blob_service2,
                 )))
                 .add_service(DirectoryServiceServer::new(
-                    GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper::from(directory_service),
+                    GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper::from(boxed_directory_service2),
                 ))
                 .add_service(PathInfoServiceServer::new(
                     GRPCPathInfoServiceWrapper::from(path_info_service),
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
 
             let io = Arc::new(TvixStoreIO::new(
                 Box::new(blob_service),
-                directory_service,
+                Box::new(directory_service),
                 path_info_service,
             ));
 
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/grpc.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/grpc.rs
index 1b33572cf7de..3b1a7906f7d0 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/grpc.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/grpc.rs
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ impl GRPCDirectoryService {
 }
 
 impl DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryService {
-    type DirectoriesIterator = StreamIterator;
-
     fn get(&self, digest: &B3Digest) -> Result<Option<crate::proto::Directory>, crate::Error> {
         // Get a new handle to the gRPC client, and copy the digest.
         let mut grpc_client = self.grpc_client.clone();
@@ -113,7 +111,10 @@ impl DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryService {
     }
 
     #[instrument(skip_all, fields(directory.digest = %root_directory_digest))]
-    fn get_recursive(&self, root_directory_digest: &B3Digest) -> Self::DirectoriesIterator {
+    fn get_recursive(
+        &self,
+        root_directory_digest: &B3Digest,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>> + Send> {
         let mut grpc_client = self.grpc_client.clone();
 
         let root_directory_digest_as_vec = root_directory_digest.to_vec();
@@ -132,17 +133,15 @@ impl DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryService {
 
         let stream = self.tokio_handle.block_on(task).unwrap().unwrap();
 
-        StreamIterator::new(
+        Box::new(StreamIterator::new(
             self.tokio_handle.clone(),
             root_directory_digest.clone(),
             stream,
-        )
+        ))
     }
 
-    type DirectoryPutter = GRPCPutter;
-
     #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Self::DirectoryPutter
+    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Box<(dyn DirectoryPutter + 'static)>
     where
         Self: Clone,
     {
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ impl DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryService {
                 Ok(s)
             });
 
-        GRPCPutter::new(self.tokio_handle.clone(), tx, task)
+        Box::new(GRPCPutter::new(self.tokio_handle.clone(), tx, task))
     }
 }
 
@@ -276,15 +275,6 @@ impl GRPCPutter {
             rq: Some((task, directory_sender)),
         }
     }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    // allows checking if the tx part of the channel is closed.
-    fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.rq {
-            None => true,
-            Some((_, ref directory_sender)) => directory_sender.is_closed(),
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 impl DirectoryPutter for GRPCPutter {
@@ -329,6 +319,14 @@ impl DirectoryPutter for GRPCPutter {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    // allows checking if the tx part of the channel is closed.
+    fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.rq {
+            None => true,
+            Some((_, ref directory_sender)) => directory_sender.is_closed(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -342,7 +340,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tonic::transport::{Endpoint, Server, Uri};
 
     use crate::{
-        directoryservice::{DirectoryPutter, DirectoryService},
+        directoryservice::DirectoryService,
         proto,
         proto::{directory_service_server::DirectoryServiceServer, GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper},
         tests::{
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/memory.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/memory.rs
index 1fd619f7c8cb..1f203834a7cf 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/memory.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/memory.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 use tracing::{instrument, warn};
 
 use super::utils::SimplePutter;
-use super::{DirectoryService, DirectoryTraverser};
+use super::{DirectoryPutter, DirectoryService, DirectoryTraverser};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Default)]
 pub struct MemoryDirectoryService {
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ pub struct MemoryDirectoryService {
 }
 
 impl DirectoryService for MemoryDirectoryService {
-    type DirectoriesIterator = DirectoryTraverser<Self>;
-
     #[instrument(skip(self, digest), fields(directory.digest = %digest))]
     fn get(&self, digest: &B3Digest) -> Result<Option<proto::Directory>, Error> {
         let db = self.db.read()?;
@@ -68,17 +66,21 @@ impl DirectoryService for MemoryDirectoryService {
     }
 
     #[instrument(skip_all, fields(directory.digest = %root_directory_digest))]
-    fn get_recursive(&self, root_directory_digest: &B3Digest) -> Self::DirectoriesIterator {
-        DirectoryTraverser::with(self.clone(), root_directory_digest)
+    fn get_recursive(
+        &self,
+        root_directory_digest: &B3Digest,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>> + Send> {
+        Box::new(DirectoryTraverser::with(
+            self.clone(),
+            root_directory_digest,
+        ))
     }
 
-    type DirectoryPutter = SimplePutter<Self>;
-
     #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Self::DirectoryPutter
+    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Box<(dyn DirectoryPutter + 'static)>
     where
         Self: Clone,
     {
-        SimplePutter::new(self.clone())
+        Box::new(SimplePutter::new(self.clone()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/mod.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/mod.rs
index f387d28948f0..6589a5b62599 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/mod.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/mod.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ pub use self::utils::DirectoryTraverser;
 /// The base trait all Directory services need to implement.
 /// This is a simple get and put of [crate::proto::Directory], returning their
 /// digest.
-pub trait DirectoryService {
-    type DirectoriesIterator: Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>> + Send;
-    type DirectoryPutter: DirectoryPutter;
-
+pub trait DirectoryService: Send + Sync {
     /// Get looks up a single Directory message by its digest.
     /// In case the directory is not found, Ok(None) is returned.
     fn get(&self, digest: &B3Digest) -> Result<Option<proto::Directory>, Error>;
@@ -29,11 +26,14 @@ pub trait DirectoryService {
     /// Ideally this would be a `impl Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>>`,
     /// and we'd be able to add a default implementation for it here, but
     /// we can't have that yet.
-    fn get_recursive(&self, root_directory_digest: &B3Digest) -> Self::DirectoriesIterator;
+    fn get_recursive(
+        &self,
+        root_directory_digest: &B3Digest,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>> + Send>;
 
     /// Allows persisting a closure of [proto::Directory], which is a graph of
     /// connected Directory messages.
-    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Self::DirectoryPutter;
+    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Box<dyn DirectoryPutter>;
 }
 
 /// Provides a handle to put a closure of connected [proto::Directory] elements.
@@ -51,4 +51,8 @@ pub trait DirectoryPutter {
 
     /// Close the stream, and wait for any errors.
     fn close(&mut self) -> Result<B3Digest, Error>;
+
+    /// Return whether the stream is closed or not.
+    /// Used from some [DirectoryService] implementations only.
+    fn is_closed(&self) -> bool;
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/sled.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/sled.rs
index e189e8acf507..8ed2c59c2d0f 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/sled.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/sled.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::directoryservice::DirectoryPutter;
 use crate::proto::Directory;
 use crate::{proto, B3Digest, Error};
 use prost::Message;
@@ -29,8 +30,6 @@ impl SledDirectoryService {
 }
 
 impl DirectoryService for SledDirectoryService {
-    type DirectoriesIterator = DirectoryTraverser<Self>;
-
     #[instrument(skip(self, digest), fields(directory.digest = %digest))]
     fn get(&self, digest: &B3Digest) -> Result<Option<proto::Directory>, Error> {
         match self.db.get(digest.to_vec()) {
@@ -91,17 +90,22 @@ impl DirectoryService for SledDirectoryService {
     }
 
     #[instrument(skip_all, fields(directory.digest = %root_directory_digest))]
-    fn get_recursive(&self, root_directory_digest: &B3Digest) -> Self::DirectoriesIterator {
-        DirectoryTraverser::with(self.clone(), root_directory_digest)
+    fn get_recursive(
+        &self,
+        root_directory_digest: &B3Digest,
+    ) -> Box<(dyn Iterator<Item = Result<proto::Directory, Error>> + std::marker::Send + 'static)>
+    {
+        Box::new(DirectoryTraverser::with(
+            self.clone(),
+            root_directory_digest,
+        ))
     }
 
-    type DirectoryPutter = SimplePutter<Self>;
-
     #[instrument(skip_all)]
-    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Self::DirectoryPutter
+    fn put_multiple_start(&self) -> Box<(dyn DirectoryPutter + 'static)>
     where
         Self: Clone,
     {
-        SimplePutter::new(self.clone())
+        Box::new(SimplePutter::new(self.clone()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/traverse.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/traverse.rs
index 8691baa8b73f..c1c0c6f8df64 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/traverse.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/traverse.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use tracing::{instrument, warn};
 /// TODO: the name of this function (and mod) is a bit bad, because it doesn't
 /// clearly distinguish it from the BFS traversers.
 #[instrument(skip(directory_service))]
-pub fn traverse_to<DS: DirectoryService>(
-    directory_service: &DS,
+pub fn traverse_to(
+    directory_service: &Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
     node: crate::proto::node::Node,
     path: &std::path::Path,
 ) -> Result<Option<crate::proto::node::Node>, Error> {
@@ -82,13 +82,9 @@ pub fn traverse_to<DS: DirectoryService>(
 mod tests {
     use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-    use crate::{
-        directoryservice::DirectoryPutter,
-        directoryservice::DirectoryService,
-        tests::{
-            fixtures::{DIRECTORY_COMPLICATED, DIRECTORY_WITH_KEEP},
-            utils::gen_directory_service,
-        },
+    use crate::tests::{
+        fixtures::{DIRECTORY_COMPLICATED, DIRECTORY_WITH_KEEP},
+        utils::gen_directory_service,
     };
 
     use super::traverse_to;
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/utils.rs b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/utils.rs
index 3661808734f3..d152fb78a90c 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/utils.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/directoryservice/utils.rs
@@ -107,12 +107,14 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> Iterator for DirectoryTraverser<DS> {
 pub struct SimplePutter<DS: DirectoryService> {
     directory_service: DS,
     last_directory_digest: Option<B3Digest>,
+    closed: bool,
 }
 
 impl<DS: DirectoryService> SimplePutter<DS> {
     pub fn new(directory_service: DS) -> Self {
         Self {
             directory_service,
+            closed: false,
             last_directory_digest: None,
         }
     }
@@ -120,6 +122,10 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> SimplePutter<DS> {
 
 impl<DS: DirectoryService> DirectoryPutter for SimplePutter<DS> {
     fn put(&mut self, directory: proto::Directory) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if self.closed {
+            return Err(Error::StorageError("already closed".to_string()));
+        }
+
         let digest = self.directory_service.put(directory)?;
 
         // track the last directory digest
@@ -130,11 +136,22 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> DirectoryPutter for SimplePutter<DS> {
 
     /// We need to be mutable here, as that's the signature of the trait.
     fn close(&mut self) -> Result<B3Digest, Error> {
+        if self.closed {
+            return Err(Error::StorageError("already closed".to_string()));
+        }
+
         match &self.last_directory_digest {
-            Some(last_digest) => Ok(last_digest.clone()),
+            Some(last_digest) => {
+                self.closed = true;
+                Ok(last_digest.clone())
+            }
             None => Err(Error::InvalidRequest(
                 "no directories sent, can't show root digest".to_string(),
             )),
         }
     }
+
+    fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.closed
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/import.rs b/tvix/store/src/import.rs
index a0bd1de5e149..d07ddfc41ea2 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/import.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/import.rs
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ impl From<super::Error> for Error {
 //
 // It assumes the caller adds returned nodes to the directories it assembles.
 #[instrument(skip_all, fields(entry.file_type=?&entry.file_type(),entry.path=?entry.path()))]
-fn process_entry<DP: DirectoryPutter>(
+fn process_entry(
     blob_service: &Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_putter: &mut DP,
+    directory_putter: &mut Box<dyn DirectoryPutter>,
     entry: &walkdir::DirEntry,
     maybe_directory: Option<proto::Directory>,
 ) -> Result<proto::node::Node, Error> {
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ fn process_entry<DP: DirectoryPutter>(
 /// possibly register it somewhere (and potentially rename it based on some
 /// naming scheme.
 #[instrument(skip(blob_service, directory_service), fields(path=?p))]
-pub fn ingest_path<DS: DirectoryService, P: AsRef<Path> + Debug>(
+pub fn ingest_path<P: AsRef<Path> + Debug>(
     blob_service: &Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: &DS,
+    directory_service: &Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
     p: P,
 ) -> Result<proto::node::Node, Error> {
     // Probe if the path points to a symlink. If it does, we process it manually,
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ pub fn ingest_path<DS: DirectoryService, P: AsRef<Path> + Debug>(
 
     let mut directories: HashMap<PathBuf, proto::Directory> = HashMap::default();
 
+    // TODO: pass this one instead?
     let mut directory_putter = directory_service.put_multiple_start();
 
     for entry in WalkDir::new(p)
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/nar/renderer.rs b/tvix/store/src/nar/renderer.rs
index 80bf9bc6d816..97dfcfee6e32 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/nar/renderer.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/nar/renderer.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ use tracing::warn;
 
 /// Invoke [render_nar], and return the size and sha256 digest of the produced
 /// NAR output.
-pub fn calculate_size_and_sha256<DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
+pub fn calculate_size_and_sha256(
     root_node: &proto::node::Node,
     blob_service: &Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: &Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 ) -> Result<(u64, [u8; 32]), RenderError> {
     let h = Sha256::new();
     let mut cw = CountWrite::from(h);
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ pub fn calculate_size_and_sha256<DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
 /// and uses the passed blob_service and directory_service to
 /// perform the necessary lookups as it traverses the structure.
 /// The contents in NAR serialization are writen to the passed [std::io::Write].
-pub fn write_nar<W: std::io::Write, DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
+pub fn write_nar<W: std::io::Write>(
     w: &mut W,
     proto_root_node: &proto::node::Node,
     blob_service: &Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: &Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
     // Initialize NAR writer
     let nar_root_node = nar::writer::open(w).map_err(RenderError::NARWriterError)?;
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ pub fn write_nar<W: std::io::Write, DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
 
 /// Process an intermediate node in the structure.
 /// This consumes the node.
-fn walk_node<DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
+fn walk_node(
     nar_node: nar::writer::Node,
     proto_node: &proto::node::Node,
     blob_service: &Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: &Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 ) -> Result<(), RenderError> {
     match proto_node {
         proto::node::Node::Symlink(proto_symlink_node) => {
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/memory.rs b/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/memory.rs
index 5b48ed9efa34..1457f3d367f6 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/memory.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/memory.rs
@@ -8,15 +8,18 @@ use std::{
     sync::{Arc, RwLock},
 };
 
-pub struct MemoryPathInfoService<DS: DirectoryService> {
+pub struct MemoryPathInfoService {
     db: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<[u8; 20], proto::PathInfo>>>,
 
     blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService> MemoryPathInfoService<DS> {
-    pub fn new(blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>, directory_service: DS) -> Self {
+impl MemoryPathInfoService {
+    pub fn new(
+        blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
+        directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             db: Default::default(),
             blob_service,
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> MemoryPathInfoService<DS> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone> PathInfoService for MemoryPathInfoService<DS> {
+impl PathInfoService for MemoryPathInfoService {
     fn get(&self, digest: [u8; 20]) -> Result<Option<proto::PathInfo>, Error> {
         let db = self.db.read().unwrap();
 
@@ -55,11 +58,7 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone> PathInfoService for MemoryPathInfoService<DS>
     }
 
     fn calculate_nar(&self, root_node: &proto::node::Node) -> Result<(u64, [u8; 32]), Error> {
-        calculate_size_and_sha256(
-            root_node,
-            &self.blob_service,
-            self.directory_service.clone(),
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| Error::StorageError(e.to_string()))
+        calculate_size_and_sha256(root_node, &self.blob_service, &self.directory_service)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::StorageError(e.to_string()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/sled.rs b/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/sled.rs
index 98ea60ff4440..a5aa987020b9 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/sled.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/pathinfoservice/sled.rs
@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ use tracing::warn;
 ///
 /// The PathInfo messages are stored as encoded protos, and keyed by their output hash,
 /// as that's currently the only request type available.
-pub struct SledPathInfoService<DS: DirectoryService> {
+pub struct SledPathInfoService {
     db: sled::Db,
 
     blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService> SledPathInfoService<DS> {
+impl SledPathInfoService {
     pub fn new(
         p: PathBuf,
         blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-        directory_service: DS,
+        directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
     ) -> Result<Self, sled::Error> {
         let config = sled::Config::default().use_compression(true).path(p);
         let db = config.open()?;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> SledPathInfoService<DS> {
 
     pub fn new_temporary(
         blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-        directory_service: DS,
+        directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
     ) -> Result<Self, sled::Error> {
         let config = sled::Config::default().temporary(true);
         let db = config.open()?;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService> SledPathInfoService<DS> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone> PathInfoService for SledPathInfoService<DS> {
+impl PathInfoService for SledPathInfoService {
     fn get(&self, digest: [u8; 20]) -> Result<Option<proto::PathInfo>, Error> {
         match self.db.get(digest) {
             Ok(None) => Ok(None),
@@ -95,11 +95,7 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone> PathInfoService for SledPathInfoService<DS> {
     }
 
     fn calculate_nar(&self, root_node: &proto::node::Node) -> Result<(u64, [u8; 32]), Error> {
-        calculate_size_and_sha256(
-            root_node,
-            &self.blob_service,
-            self.directory_service.clone(),
-        )
-        .map_err(|e| Error::StorageError(e.to_string()))
+        calculate_size_and_sha256(root_node, &self.blob_service, &self.directory_service)
+            .map_err(|e| Error::StorageError(e.to_string()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/proto/grpc_directoryservice_wrapper.rs b/tvix/store/src/proto/grpc_directoryservice_wrapper.rs
index 6d2df310137f..f27688c4e962 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/proto/grpc_directoryservice_wrapper.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/proto/grpc_directoryservice_wrapper.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 use crate::proto;
 use crate::{directoryservice::DirectoryService, B3Digest};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::{sync::mpsc::channel, task};
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::ReceiverStream;
 use tonic::{async_trait, Request, Response, Status, Streaming};
 use tracing::{debug, instrument, warn};
 
-pub struct GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper<C: DirectoryService> {
-    directory_service: C,
+pub struct GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper {
+    directory_service: Arc<Box<dyn DirectoryService>>,
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService> From<DS> for GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper<DS> {
-    fn from(value: DS) -> Self {
+impl From<Box<dyn DirectoryService>> for GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper {
+    fn from(value: Box<dyn DirectoryService>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            directory_service: value,
+            directory_service: Arc::new(value),
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl<DS: DirectoryService + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static>
-    proto::directory_service_server::DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper<DS>
-{
+impl proto::directory_service_server::DirectoryService for GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper {
     type GetStream = ReceiverStream<tonic::Result<proto::Directory, Status>>;
 
     #[instrument(skip(self))]
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/proto/tests/grpc_directoryservice.rs b/tvix/store/src/proto/tests/grpc_directoryservice.rs
index 069e82f6463e..a1058706d521 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/proto/tests/grpc_directoryservice.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/proto/tests/grpc_directoryservice.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::directoryservice::DirectoryService;
 use crate::proto::directory_service_server::DirectoryService as GRPCDirectoryService;
 use crate::proto::get_directory_request::ByWhat;
 use crate::proto::{Directory, DirectoryNode, SymlinkNode};
@@ -8,8 +7,7 @@ use crate::tests::utils::gen_directory_service;
 use tokio_stream::StreamExt;
 use tonic::Status;
 
-fn gen_grpc_service(
-) -> GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper<impl DirectoryService + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static> {
+fn gen_grpc_service() -> GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper {
     let directory_service = gen_directory_service();
     GRPCDirectoryServiceWrapper::from(directory_service)
 }
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/store_io.rs b/tvix/store/src/store_io.rs
index 3820931e281f..ee302f3b58ba 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/store_io.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/store_io.rs
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ use crate::{
 /// This is to both cover cases of syntactically valid store paths, that exist
 /// on the filesystem (still managed by Nix), as well as being able to read
 /// files outside store paths.
-pub struct TvixStoreIO<DS: DirectoryService, PS: PathInfoService> {
+pub struct TvixStoreIO<PS: PathInfoService> {
     blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
     path_info_service: PS,
     std_io: StdIO,
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone, PS: PathInfoService> TvixStoreIO<DS, PS> {
+impl<PS: PathInfoService> TvixStoreIO<PS> {
     pub fn new(
         blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-        directory_service: DS,
+        directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
         path_info_service: PS,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -104,12 +104,9 @@ impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone, PS: PathInfoService> TvixStoreIO<DS, PS> {
             .expect("error during import_path");
 
         // Render the NAR
-        let (nar_size, nar_sha256) = calculate_size_and_sha256(
-            &root_node,
-            &self.blob_service,
-            self.directory_service.clone(),
-        )
-        .expect("error during nar calculation"); // TODO: handle error
+        let (nar_size, nar_sha256) =
+            calculate_size_and_sha256(&root_node, &self.blob_service, &self.directory_service)
+                .expect("error during nar calculation"); // TODO: handle error
 
         // For given NAR sha256 digest and name, return the new [StorePath] this would have.
         let nar_hash_with_mode =
@@ -175,7 +172,7 @@ fn calculate_nar_based_store_path(nar_sha256_digest: &[u8; 32], name: &str) -> S
     build_regular_ca_path(name, &nar_hash_with_mode, Vec::<String>::new(), false).unwrap()
 }
 
-impl<DS: DirectoryService + Clone, PS: PathInfoService> EvalIO for TvixStoreIO<DS, PS> {
+impl<PS: PathInfoService> EvalIO for TvixStoreIO<PS> {
     #[instrument(skip(self), ret, err)]
     fn path_exists(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<bool, io::Error> {
         if let Ok((store_path, sub_path)) =
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/tests/import.rs b/tvix/store/src/tests/import.rs
index 725d467bd0cf..3498cf444640 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/tests/import.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/tests/import.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use super::utils::{gen_blob_service, gen_directory_service};
-use crate::directoryservice::DirectoryService;
 use crate::import::ingest_path;
 use crate::proto;
 use crate::tests::fixtures::DIRECTORY_COMPLICATED;
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/tests/nar_renderer.rs b/tvix/store/src/tests/nar_renderer.rs
index 20cca1e77848..bc9cc635eec3 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/tests/nar_renderer.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/tests/nar_renderer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::directoryservice::DirectoryService;
 use crate::nar::calculate_size_and_sha256;
 use crate::nar::write_nar;
 use crate::proto::DirectoryNode;
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ fn single_symlink() {
         }),
         // don't put anything in the stores, as we don't actually do any requests.
         &gen_blob_service(),
-        gen_directory_service(),
+        &gen_directory_service(),
     )
     .expect("must succeed");
 
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ fn single_file_missing_blob() {
         }),
         // the blobservice is empty intentionally, to provoke the error.
         &gen_blob_service(),
-        gen_directory_service(),
+        &gen_directory_service(),
     )
     .expect_err("must fail");
 
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ fn single_file_wrong_blob_size() {
                 executable: false,
             }),
             &blob_service,
-            gen_directory_service(),
+            &gen_directory_service(),
         )
         .expect_err("must fail");
 
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ fn single_file_wrong_blob_size() {
                 executable: false,
             }),
             &blob_service,
-            gen_directory_service(),
+            &gen_directory_service(),
         )
         .expect_err("must fail");
 
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ fn single_file() {
             executable: false,
         }),
         &blob_service,
-        gen_directory_service(),
+        &gen_directory_service(),
     )
     .expect("must succeed");
 
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ fn test_complicated() {
             size: DIRECTORY_COMPLICATED.size(),
         }),
         &blob_service,
-        directory_service.clone(),
+        &directory_service,
     )
     .expect("must succeed");
 
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ fn test_complicated() {
             size: DIRECTORY_COMPLICATED.size(),
         }),
         &blob_service,
-        directory_service,
+        &directory_service,
     )
     .expect("must succeed");
 
diff --git a/tvix/store/src/tests/utils.rs b/tvix/store/src/tests/utils.rs
index 6905fe56b5d7..285db449d36d 100644
--- a/tvix/store/src/tests/utils.rs
+++ b/tvix/store/src/tests/utils.rs
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ pub fn gen_blob_service() -> Box<dyn BlobService> {
     Box::new(MemoryBlobService::default())
 }
 
-pub fn gen_directory_service() -> impl DirectoryService + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static {
-    MemoryDirectoryService::default()
+pub fn gen_directory_service() -> Box<dyn DirectoryService> {
+    Box::new(MemoryDirectoryService::default())
 }
 
-pub fn gen_pathinfo_service<DS: DirectoryService + Clone>(
+pub fn gen_pathinfo_service(
     blob_service: Box<dyn BlobService>,
-    directory_service: DS,
+    directory_service: Box<dyn DirectoryService>,
 ) -> impl PathInfoService {
     MemoryPathInfoService::new(blob_service, directory_service)
 }