Changes imported from Abseil "staging" branch:

  - 5d8235b05f4ea2b33a138712f463a30b6ae75719 Incorporate PR https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/pull/... by Xiaoyi Zhang <zhangxy@google.com>
  - f2bc653acdaa983aa2765693476c17cd1142d59b Run the StrSplit WorksWithLargeStrings test in all configs. by Matt Armstrong <marmstrong@google.com>
  - 43aed1ea7dffcd656e1916c2d5637650fc3a8de3 Incorporate PR https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/pull/... by Xiaoyi Zhang <zhangxy@google.com>
  - d58511d60904c7090e44638339ba63b97ca96f1a Add a new simple Mutex lifetime test, to be extended later. by Greg Falcon <gfalcon@google.com>
  - db5c86c186c09ad57963bcbd2b6182f62bce8ed0 Actually use the exception in TestCheckerAtCountdown by Jon Cohen <cohenjon@google.com>
  - 29c01a72b62d9a4b90f9bd935e3575adbafd85ed Use factories instead of explicitly passing pointers to T... by Jon Cohen <cohenjon@google.com>
  - 54d5526ee6ab7784992845f6e6e2c7d48ba008a5 Fix uint128 ostream operator and improve ostream test. by Alex Strelnikov <strel@google.com>
  - 4e49abe7e569cf6bd0eae95ce2b2fe2faa051fa2 Fix documentation: strings::PairFormatter -> absl::PairFo... by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>
  - 4044297f0e1a8a6c6ae3f781a65080e0d57c6751 Cut the memory used by the StrSplit WorksWithLargeStrings... by Jorg Brown <jorg@google.com>

GitOrigin-RevId: 5d8235b05f4ea2b33a138712f463a30b6ae75719
Change-Id: Ib6b6b0161c26e5326b53a126454754e33678eefc

11 files changed, 1203 insertions, 265 deletions

diff --git a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
index e528463345b8..743add7e0127 100644
--- a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc b/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
index 4931c8865af5..20cbb435926a 100644
--- a/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
@@ -384,70 +384,62 @@ struct CallOperator {
   }
 };
 
-struct FailsBasicGuarantee {
+struct NonNegative {
+  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(NonNegative* g) {
+    if (g->i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
+    return testing::AssertionFailure()
+           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g->i;
+  }
+  bool operator==(const NonNegative& other) const { return i == other.i; }
+
+  int i;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct DefaultFactory {
+  std::unique_ptr<T> operator()() const { return absl::make_unique<T>(); }
+};
+
+struct FailsBasicGuarantee : public NonNegative {
   void operator()() {
     --i;
     ThrowingValue<> bomb;
     ++i;
   }
-
-  bool operator==(const FailsBasicGuarantee& other) const {
-    return i == other.i;
-  }
-
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const FailsBasicGuarantee& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
-  }
-
-  int i = 0;
 };
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, BasicGuaranteeFailure) {
-  FailsBasicGuarantee g;
-  EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(DefaultFactory<FailsBasicGuarantee>(),
+                                   CallOperator{}));
 }
 
-struct FollowsBasicGuarantee {
+struct FollowsBasicGuarantee : public NonNegative {
   void operator()() {
     ++i;
     ThrowingValue<> bomb;
   }
-
-  bool operator==(const FollowsBasicGuarantee& other) const {
-    return i == other.i;
-  }
-
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const FollowsBasicGuarantee& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
-  }
-
-  int i = 0;
 };
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, BasicGuarantee) {
-  FollowsBasicGuarantee g;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(DefaultFactory<FollowsBasicGuarantee>(),
+                                  CallOperator{}));
 }
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, StrongGuaranteeFailure) {
   {
-    FailsBasicGuarantee g;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(g)));
+    DefaultFactory<FailsBasicGuarantee> factory;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(
+        TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(factory)));
   }
 
   {
-    FollowsBasicGuarantee g;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(g)));
+    DefaultFactory<FollowsBasicGuarantee> factory;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(
+        TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(factory)));
   }
 }
 
-struct BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants {
+struct BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants : public NonNegative {
   // After operator(), i is incremented.  If operator() throws, i is set to 9999
   void operator()() {
     int old_i = i;
@@ -456,92 +448,94 @@ struct BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants {
     i = ++old_i;
   }
 
-  bool operator==(const FollowsBasicGuarantee& other) const {
-    return i == other.i;
-  }
-
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
-  }
-
-  int i = 0;
   static constexpr int kExceptionSentinel = 9999;
 };
 constexpr int BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants::kExceptionSentinel;
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, BasicGuaranteeWithInvariants) {
-  {
-    BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants g;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
-  }
+  DefaultFactory<BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants> factory;
 
-  {
-    BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants g;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(
-        &g, CallOperator{}, [](const BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants& w) {
-          if (w.i == BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants::kExceptionSentinel) {
-            return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-          }
-          return testing::AssertionFailure()
-                 << "i should be "
-                 << BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants::kExceptionSentinel
-                 << ", but is " << w.i;
-        }));
-  }
-}
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}));
 
-struct FollowsStrongGuarantee {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(
+      factory, CallOperator{}, [](BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants* w) {
+        if (w->i == BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants::kExceptionSentinel) {
+          return testing::AssertionSuccess();
+        }
+        return testing::AssertionFailure()
+               << "i should be "
+               << BasicGuaranteeWithExtraInvariants::kExceptionSentinel
+               << ", but is " << w->i;
+      }));
+}
+
+struct FollowsStrongGuarantee : public NonNegative {
   void operator()() { ThrowingValue<> bomb; }
+};
 
-  bool operator==(const FollowsStrongGuarantee& other) const {
-    return i == other.i;
-  }
+TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, StrongGuarantee) {
+  DefaultFactory<FollowsStrongGuarantee> factory;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(factory)));
+}
 
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const FollowsStrongGuarantee& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
+struct HasReset : public NonNegative {
+  void operator()() {
+    i = -1;
+    ThrowingValue<> bomb;
+    i = 1;
   }
 
-  int i = 0;
+  void reset() { i = 0; }
+
+  friend bool AbslCheckInvariants(HasReset* h) {
+    h->reset();
+    return h->i == 0;
+  }
 };
 
-TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, StrongGuarantee) {
-  FollowsStrongGuarantee g;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(g)));
+TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, ModifyingChecker) {
+  {
+    DefaultFactory<FollowsBasicGuarantee> factory;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(
+        factory, CallOperator{},
+        [](FollowsBasicGuarantee* g) {
+          g->i = 1000;
+          return true;
+        },
+        [](FollowsBasicGuarantee* g) { return g->i == 1000; }));
+  }
+  {
+    DefaultFactory<FollowsStrongGuarantee> factory;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{},
+                                    [](FollowsStrongGuarantee* g) {
+                                      ++g->i;
+                                      return true;
+                                    },
+                                    StrongGuarantee(factory)));
+  }
+  {
+    DefaultFactory<HasReset> factory;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}));
+  }
 }
 
-struct NonCopyable {
+struct NonCopyable : public NonNegative {
   NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&) = delete;
-  explicit NonCopyable(int ii) : i(ii) {}
+  NonCopyable() : NonNegative{0} {}
 
   void operator()() { ThrowingValue<> bomb; }
-
-  bool operator==(const NonCopyable& other) const { return i == other.i; }
-
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(const NonCopyable& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
-  }
-
-  int i;
 };
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, NonCopyable) {
-  NonCopyable g(0);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(
-      &g, CallOperator{},
-      PointeeStrongGuarantee(absl::make_unique<NonCopyable>(g.i))));
+  DefaultFactory<NonCopyable> factory;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}, StrongGuarantee(factory)));
 }
 
-struct NonEqualityComparable {
+struct NonEqualityComparable : public NonNegative {
   void operator()() { ThrowingValue<> bomb; }
 
   void ModifyOnThrow() {
@@ -550,71 +544,61 @@ struct NonEqualityComparable {
     static_cast<void>(bomb);
     --i;
   }
-
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const NonEqualityComparable& g) {
-    if (g.i >= 0) return testing::AssertionSuccess();
-    return testing::AssertionFailure()
-           << "i should be non-negative but is " << g.i;
-  }
-
-  int i = 0;
 };
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, NonEqualityComparable) {
-  NonEqualityComparable g;
+  DefaultFactory<NonEqualityComparable> factory;
   auto comp = [](const NonEqualityComparable& a,
                  const NonEqualityComparable& b) { return a.i == b.i; };
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      TestExceptionSafety(&g, CallOperator{}, absl::StrongGuarantee(g, comp)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(factory, CallOperator{},
+                                  absl::StrongGuarantee(factory, comp)));
   EXPECT_FALSE(TestExceptionSafety(
-      &g, [&](NonEqualityComparable* n) { n->ModifyOnThrow(); },
-      absl::StrongGuarantee(g, comp)));
+      factory, [&](NonEqualityComparable* n) { n->ModifyOnThrow(); },
+      absl::StrongGuarantee(factory, comp)));
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-struct InstructionCounter {
+struct ExhaustivenessTester {
   void operator()() {
-    ++counter;
+    successes |= 1;
     T b1;
     static_cast<void>(b1);
-    ++counter;
+    successes |= (1 << 1);
     T b2;
     static_cast<void>(b2);
-    ++counter;
+    successes |= (1 << 2);
     T b3;
     static_cast<void>(b3);
-    ++counter;
+    successes |= (1 << 3);
   }
 
-  bool operator==(const InstructionCounter<ThrowingValue<>>&) const {
+  bool operator==(const ExhaustivenessTester<ThrowingValue<>>&) const {
     return true;
   }
 
-  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(
-      const InstructionCounter&) {
+  friend testing::AssertionResult AbslCheckInvariants(ExhaustivenessTester*) {
     return testing::AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  static int counter;
+  static unsigned char successes;
 };
 template <typename T>
-int InstructionCounter<T>::counter = 0;
+unsigned char ExhaustivenessTester<T>::successes = 0;
 
 TEST(ExceptionCheckTest, Exhaustiveness) {
-  InstructionCounter<int> int_factory;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&int_factory, CallOperator{}));
-  EXPECT_EQ(InstructionCounter<int>::counter, 4);
+  DefaultFactory<ExhaustivenessTester<int>> int_factory;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(int_factory, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ExhaustivenessTester<int>::successes, 0xF);
 
-  InstructionCounter<ThrowingValue<>> bomb_factory;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&bomb_factory, CallOperator{}));
-  EXPECT_EQ(InstructionCounter<ThrowingValue<>>::counter, 10);
+  DefaultFactory<ExhaustivenessTester<ThrowingValue<>>> bomb_factory;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(bomb_factory, CallOperator{}));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ExhaustivenessTester<ThrowingValue<>>::successes, 0xF);
 
-  InstructionCounter<ThrowingValue<>>::counter = 0;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(&bomb_factory, CallOperator{},
+  ExhaustivenessTester<ThrowingValue<>>::successes = 0;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(TestExceptionSafety(bomb_factory, CallOperator{},
                                   StrongGuarantee(bomb_factory)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(InstructionCounter<ThrowingValue<>>::counter, 10);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ExhaustivenessTester<ThrowingValue<>>::successes, 0xF);
 }
 
 struct LeaksIfCtorThrows : private exceptions_internal::TrackedObject {
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h b/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
index a0a70d91d2d9..05bcd0ab59d6 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/strings/substitute.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 struct AllocInspector;
@@ -97,19 +98,50 @@ class TrackedObject {
   friend struct ::absl::AllocInspector;
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename... Checkers>
-testing::AssertionResult TestInvariants(const T& t, const TestException& e,
-                                        int count,
-                                        const Checkers&... checkers) {
-  auto out = AbslCheckInvariants(t);
+template <typename Factory>
+using FactoryType = typename absl::result_of_t<Factory()>::element_type;
+
+// Returns an optional with the result of the check if op fails, or an empty
+// optional if op passes
+template <typename Factory, typename Op, typename Checker>
+absl::optional<testing::AssertionResult> TestCheckerAtCountdown(
+    Factory factory, const Op& op, int count, const Checker& check) {
+  exceptions_internal::countdown = count;
+  auto t_ptr = factory();
+  absl::optional<testing::AssertionResult> out;
+  try {
+    op(t_ptr.get());
+  } catch (const exceptions_internal::TestException& e) {
+    out.emplace(check(t_ptr.get()));
+    if (!*out) {
+      *out << " caused by exception thrown by " << e.what();
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Factory, typename Op, typename Checker>
+int UpdateOut(Factory factory, const Op& op, int count, const Checker& checker,
+              testing::AssertionResult* out) {
+  if (*out) *out = *TestCheckerAtCountdown(factory, op, count, checker);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Returns an optional with the result of the check if op fails, or an empty
+// optional if op passes
+template <typename Factory, typename Op, typename... Checkers>
+absl::optional<testing::AssertionResult> TestAtCountdown(
+    Factory factory, const Op& op, int count, const Checkers&... checkers) {
   // Don't bother with the checkers if the class invariants are already broken.
-  bool dummy[] = {true,
-                  (out && (out = testing::AssertionResult(checkers(t))))...};
-  static_cast<void>(dummy);
+  auto out = TestCheckerAtCountdown(
+      factory, op, count,
+      [](FactoryType<Factory>* t_ptr) { return AbslCheckInvariants(t_ptr); });
+  if (!out.has_value()) return out;
 
-  return out ? out
-             : out << " Caused by exception " << count << "thrown by "
-                   << e.what();
+  // Run each checker, short circuiting after the first failure
+  int dummy[] = {0, (UpdateOut(factory, op, count, checkers, &*out))...};
+  static_cast<void>(dummy);
+  return out;
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename EqualTo>
@@ -118,9 +150,9 @@ class StrongGuaranteeTester {
   explicit StrongGuaranteeTester(std::unique_ptr<T> t_ptr, EqualTo eq) noexcept
       : val_(std::move(t_ptr)), eq_(eq) {}
 
-  testing::AssertionResult operator()(const T& other) const {
-    return eq_(*val_, other) ? testing::AssertionSuccess()
-                             : testing::AssertionFailure() << "State changed";
+  testing::AssertionResult operator()(T* other) const {
+    return eq_(*val_, *other) ? testing::AssertionSuccess()
+                              : testing::AssertionFailure() << "State changed";
   }
 
  private:
@@ -673,58 +705,52 @@ T TestThrowingCtor(Args&&... args) {
 }
 
 // Tests that performing operation Op on a T follows exception safety
-// guarantees.  By default only tests the basic guarantee.
+// guarantees.  By default only tests the basic guarantee. There must be a
+// function, AbslCheckInvariants(T*) which returns
+// anything convertible to bool and which makes sure the invariants of the type
+// are upheld.  This is called before any of the checkers.
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   * T: the type under test.
+//   * TFactory: operator() returns a unique_ptr to the type under test (T).  It
+//   should always return pointers to values which compare equal.
 //   * FunctionFromTPtrToVoid: A functor exercising the function under test.  It
 //   should take a T* and return void.
-//   * Checkers: Any number of functions taking a const T& and returning
+//   * Checkers: Any number of functions taking a T* and returning
 //   anything contextually convertible to bool.  If a testing::AssertionResult
 //   is used then the error message is kept.  These test invariants related to
 //   the operation. To test the strong guarantee, pass
-//   absl::StrongGuarantee(...) as one of these arguments if T has operator==.
-//   Some types for which the strong guarantee makes sense don't have operator==
-//   (eg std::any).  A function capturing *t or a T equal to it, taking a const
-//   T&, and returning contextually-convertible-to-bool may be passed instead.
-template <typename T, typename FunctionFromTPtrToVoid, typename... Checkers>
-testing::AssertionResult TestExceptionSafety(T* t, FunctionFromTPtrToVoid&& op,
+//   absl::StrongGuarantee(factory).  A checker may freely modify the passed-in
+//   T, for example to make sure the T can be set to a known state.
+template <typename TFactory, typename FunctionFromTPtrToVoid,
+          typename... Checkers>
+testing::AssertionResult TestExceptionSafety(TFactory factory,
+                                             FunctionFromTPtrToVoid&& op,
                                              const Checkers&... checkers) {
-  auto out = testing::AssertionSuccess();
   for (int countdown = 0;; ++countdown) {
-    exceptions_internal::countdown = countdown;
-    try {
-      op(t);
-      break;
-    } catch (const exceptions_internal::TestException& e) {
-      out = exceptions_internal::TestInvariants(*t, e, countdown, checkers...);
-      if (!out) return out;
+    auto out = exceptions_internal::TestAtCountdown(factory, op, countdown,
+                                                    checkers...);
+    if (!out.has_value()) {
+      UnsetCountdown();
+      return testing::AssertionSuccess();
     }
+    if (!*out) return *out;
   }
-  UnsetCountdown();
-  return out;
 }
 
-// Returns a functor to test for the strong exception-safety guarantee.  If T is
-// copyable, use the const T& overload, otherwise pass a unique_ptr<T>.
-// Equality comparisons are made against the T provided and default to using
-// operator==.  See the documentation for TestExceptionSafety if T doesn't have
-// operator== but the strong guarantee still makes sense for it.
+// Returns a functor to test for the strong exception-safety guarantee.
+// Equality comparisons are made against the T provided by the factory and
+// default to using operator==.
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   * T: The type under test.
-template <typename T, typename EqualTo = std::equal_to<T>>
-exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<T, EqualTo> StrongGuarantee(
-    const T& t, EqualTo eq = EqualTo()) {
-  return exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<T, EqualTo>(
-      absl::make_unique<T>(t), eq);
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename EqualTo = std::equal_to<T>>
-exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<T, EqualTo> PointeeStrongGuarantee(
-    std::unique_ptr<T> t_ptr, EqualTo eq = EqualTo()) {
-  return exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<T, EqualTo>(
-      std::move(t_ptr), eq);
+//   * TFactory: operator() returns a unique_ptr to the type under test.  It
+//   should always return pointers to values which compare equal.
+template <typename TFactory, typename EqualTo = std::equal_to<
+                                 exceptions_internal::FactoryType<TFactory>>>
+exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<
+    exceptions_internal::FactoryType<TFactory>, EqualTo>
+StrongGuarantee(TFactory factory, EqualTo eq = EqualTo()) {
+  return exceptions_internal::StrongGuaranteeTester<
+      exceptions_internal::FactoryType<TFactory>, EqualTo>(factory(), eq);
 }
 
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
index c118d013c958..26d04774a23c 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ cc_test(
     size = "small",
     srcs = [
         "int128_test.cc",
+        "int128_test_unsigned_ostream_cases.inc",
     ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     deps = [
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128.cc b/absl/numeric/int128.cc
index 5081def5e1b0..73a8f737af9f 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128.cc
@@ -192,9 +192,8 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const uint128& b) {
       rep.append(width - rep.size(), o.fill());
     } else if (adjustfield == std::ios::internal &&
                (flags & std::ios::showbase) &&
-               (flags & std::ios::basefield) != std::ios::dec) {
-      size_t base_size = (flags & std::ios::basefield) == std::ios::hex ? 2 : 1;
-      rep.insert(base_size, width - rep.size(), o.fill());
+               (flags & std::ios::basefield) == std::ios::hex && b != 0) {
+      rep.insert(2, width - rep.size(), o.fill());
     } else {
       rep.insert(0, width - rep.size(), o.fill());
     }
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc b/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
index 46d5546f9a3e..ce44cd4b93c1 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
@@ -428,79 +428,18 @@ TEST(Uint128, ConstexprTest) {
 }
 
 TEST(Uint128, OStream) {
-  struct {
+  struct StreamCase {
     absl::uint128 val;
     std::ios_base::fmtflags flags;
     std::streamsize width;
     char fill;
     const char* rep;
-  } cases[] = {
-      // zero with different bases
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "0"},
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::oct, 0, '_', "0"},
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "0"},
-      // crossover between lo_ and hi_
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0, -1), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "18446744073709551615"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0, -1), std::ios::oct, 0, '_',
-       "1777777777777777777777"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0, -1), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "18446744073709551616"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::oct, 0, '_',
-       "2000000000000000000000"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "10000000000000000"},
-      // just the top bit
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::dec, 0, '_',
-       "170141183460469231731687303715884105728"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::oct, 0, '_',
-       "2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::hex, 0, '_',
-       "80000000000000000000000000000000"},
-      // maximum absl::uint128 value
-      {absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::dec, 0, '_',
-       "340282366920938463463374607431768211455"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::oct, 0, '_',
-       "3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"},
-      {absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::hex, 0, '_',
-       "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"},
-      // uppercase
-      {absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::hex | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_',
-       "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
-      // showbase
-      {absl::uint128(1), std::ios::dec | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "1"},
-      {absl::uint128(1), std::ios::oct | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01"},
-      {absl::uint128(1), std::ios::hex | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0x1"},
-      // showbase does nothing on zero
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::dec | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::oct | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
-      {absl::uint128(0), std::ios::hex | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
-      // showpos does nothing on unsigned types
-      {absl::uint128(1), std::ios::dec | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1"},
-      // right adjustment
-      {absl::uint128(9), std::ios::dec, 6, '_', "_____9"},
-      {absl::uint128(12345), std::ios::dec, 6, '_', "_12345"},
-      {absl::uint128(31), std::ios::hex | std::ios::showbase, 6, '_', "__0x1f"},
-      {absl::uint128(7), std::ios::oct | std::ios::showbase, 6, '_', "____07"},
-      // left adjustment
-      {absl::uint128(9), std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 6, '_', "9_____"},
-      {absl::uint128(12345), std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 6, '_', "12345_"},
-      {absl::uint128(31), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase,
-       6, '_', "0x1f__"},
-      {absl::uint128(7), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 6,
-       '_', "07____"},
-      // internal adjustment
-      {absl::uint128(123),
-       std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 6, '_',
-       "___123"},
-      {absl::uint128(31),
-       std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 6, '_',
-       "0x__1f"},
-      {absl::uint128(7),
-       std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 6, '_',
-       "0____7"},
-      {absl::uint128(34), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal, 6, '_', "____22"},
-      {absl::uint128(9), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal, 6, '_', "____11"},
   };
-  for (const auto& test_case : cases) {
+
+  std::vector<StreamCase> cases = {
+#include "absl/numeric/int128_test_unsigned_ostream_cases.inc"
+  };
+  for (const StreamCase& test_case : cases) {
     std::ostringstream os;
     os.flags(test_case.flags);
     os.width(test_case.width);
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_test_unsigned_ostream_cases.inc b/absl/numeric/int128_test_unsigned_ostream_cases.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7d2fc77f1a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_test_unsigned_ostream_cases.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+// A small set of cases created manually for values greater than 2^64.
+
+{absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "18446744073709551616"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::oct, 0, '_', "2000000000000000000000"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(1, 0), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "10000000000000000"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "170141183460469231731687303715884105728"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::oct, 0, '_', "2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(0x8000000000000000, 0), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "80000000000000000000000000000000"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::dec, 0, '_', "340282366920938463463374607431768211455"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::oct, 0, '_', "3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"},
+{absl::MakeUint128(-1, -1), std::ios::hex, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"},
+
+// An exhaustive set of formatting cases generated with select values that fit
+// into a uint64_t so they can be compared to what was output by the standard
+// implementation.
+
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::dec | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0_________"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0"},
+{0, std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________0"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "8_________"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "_________8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "_________8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "_________8"},
+{8, std::ios::dec | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "8"},
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+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "1777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::oct | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "01777777777777777777777"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::left | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::internal | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "ffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0xffffffffffffffff"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 0, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
+{std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), std::ios::hex | std::ios::right | std::ios::uppercase | std::ios::showbase | std::ios::showpos, 10, '_', "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF"},
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_join.h b/absl/strings/str_join.h
index 82a3cac2dcbb..47337490d0bf 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_join.h
+++ b/absl/strings/str_join.h
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@ DereferenceFormatter() {
 //   // Joins a `std::map`, with each key-value pair separated by an equals
 //   // sign. This pattern would also work with, say, a
 //   // `std::vector<std::pair<>>`.
-//    std::map<std::string, int> m = {
-//        std::make_pair("a", 1),
-//        std::make_pair("b", 2),
-//        std::make_pair("c", 3)};
-//   std::string s = absl::StrJoin(m, ",", strings::PairFormatter("="));
+//   std::map<std::string, int> m = {
+//       std::make_pair("a", 1),
+//       std::make_pair("b", 2),
+//       std::make_pair("c", 3)};
+//   std::string s = absl::StrJoin(m, ",", absl::PairFormatter("="));
 //   EXPECT_EQ("a=1,b=2,c=3", s);
 //
 // Example 7:
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc b/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
index 22a68d0f8339..9c79d7dcd0bf 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
@@ -857,12 +857,10 @@ TEST(Delimiter, ByLength) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(IsFoundAt("abcd", four_char_delim, 0));
 }
 
-// Allocates too much memory for TSan and MSan.
-#if !defined(THREAD_SANITIZER) && !defined(MEMORY_SANITIZER)
 TEST(Split, WorksWithLargeStrings) {
-  if (sizeof(size_t) > 4 && !RunningOnValgrind()) {
-    std::string s(1ULL << 31, 'x');
-    s.push_back('-');  // 2G + 1 byte
+  if (sizeof(size_t) > 4) {
+    std::string s((uint32_t{1} << 31) + 1, 'x');  // 2G + 1 byte
+    s.back() = '-';
     std::vector<absl::string_view> v = absl::StrSplit(s, '-');
     EXPECT_EQ(2, v.size());
     // The first element will contain 2G of 'x's.
@@ -873,7 +871,6 @@ TEST(Split, WorksWithLargeStrings) {
     EXPECT_EQ("", v[1]);
   }
 }
-#endif  // THREAD_SANITIZER
 
 TEST(SplitInternalTest, TypeTraits) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::strings_internal::HasMappedType<int>::value);
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel b/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
index 4faf62de5f5e..5e190c559c5c 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
@@ -190,3 +190,19 @@ cc_test(
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "lifetime_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "lifetime_test.cc",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = select({
+        "//absl:windows": [],
+        "//conditions:default": ["-pthread"],
+    }),
+    deps = [
+        ":synchronization",
+        "//absl/base",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6aea60e1362f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <thread>  // NOLINT(build/c++11), Abseil test
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/notification.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+// A two-threaded test which checks that Mutex, CondVar, and Notification have
+// correct basic functionality.  The intent is to establish that they
+// function correctly in various phases of construction and destruction.
+//
+// Thread one acquires a lock on 'mutex', wakes thread two via 'notification',
+// then waits for 'state' to be set, as signalled by 'condvar'.
+//
+// Thread two waits on 'notification', then sets 'state' inside the 'mutex',
+// signalling the change via 'condvar'.
+//
+// These tests use ABSL_RAW_CHECK to validate invariants, rather than EXPECT or
+// ASSERT from gUnit, because we need to invoke them during global destructors,
+// when gUnit teardown would have already begun.
+void ThreadOne(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
+               absl::Notification* notification, bool* state) {
+  // Test that the notification is in a valid initial state.
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(*state == false, "*state not initialized");
+
+  {
+    absl::MutexLock lock(mutex);
+
+    notification->Notify();
+    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
+
+    while (*state == false) {
+      condvar->Wait(mutex);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void ThreadTwo(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
+               absl::Notification* notification, bool* state) {
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(*state == false, "*state not initialized");
+
+  // Wake thread one
+  notification->WaitForNotification();
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
+  {
+    absl::MutexLock lock(mutex);
+    *state = true;
+    condvar->Signal();
+  }
+}
+
+// Launch thread 1 and thread 2, and block on their completion.
+void RunTests(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
+              absl::Notification* notification) {
+  bool state = false;
+  std::thread thread_one(ThreadOne, mutex, condvar, notification, &state);
+  std::thread thread_two(ThreadTwo, mutex, condvar, notification, &state);
+  thread_one.join();
+  thread_two.join();
+}
+
+void TestLocals() {
+  absl::Mutex mutex;
+  absl::CondVar condvar;
+  absl::Notification notification;
+  RunTests(&mutex, &condvar, &notification);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main() {
+  TestLocals();
+  // Explicitly call exit(0) here, to make it clear that we intend for the
+  // above global object destructors to run.
+  std::exit(0);
+}