Export of internal Abseil changes

--
a3e58c1870a9626039f4d178d2d599319bd9f8a8 by Matt Kulukundis <kfm@google.com>:

Allow MakeCordFromExternal to take a zero arg releaser.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298650274

--
01897c4a9bb99f3dc329a794019498ad345ddebd by Samuel Benzaquen <sbenza@google.com>:

Reduce library bloat for absl::Flag by moving the definition of base virtual functions to a .cc file.
This removes the duplicate symbols in user translation units and  has the side effect of moving the vtable definition too (re key function)

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298617920

--
190f0d3782c63aed01046886d7fbc1be5bca2de9 by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Import GitHub #596: Unbreak stacktrace code for UWP apps

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298600834

--
cd5cf6f8c87b35b85a9584e94da2a99057345b73 by Gennadiy Rozental <rogeeff@google.com>:

Use union of heap allocated pointer, one word atomic and two word atomic to represent flags value.

Any type T, which is trivially copy-able and with with sizeof(T) <= 8, will be stored in atomic int64_t.
Any type T, which is trivially copy-able and with with 8 < sizeof(T) <= 16, will be stored in atomic AlignedTwoWords.

We also introducing value storage type to distinguish these cases.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298497200

--
f8fe7bd53bfed601f002f521e34ab4bc083fc28b by Matthew Brown <matthewbr@google.com>:

Ensure a deep copy and proper equality on absl::Status::ErasePayload

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298482742

--
a5c9ccddf4b04f444e3f7e27dbc14faf1fcb5373 by Gennadiy Rozental <rogeeff@google.com>:

Change ChunkIterator implementation to use fixed capacity collection of CordRep*. We can now assume that depth never exceeds 91. That makes comparison operator exception safe.

I've tested that with this CL we do not observe an overhead of chunk_end. Compiler optimized this iterator completely.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298458472

--
327ea5e8910bc388b03389c730763f9823abfce5 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Minor cleanups in b-tree code:
- Rename some variables: fix issues of different param names between definition/declaration, move away from `x` as a default meaningless variable name.
- Make init_leaf/init_internal be non-static methods (they already take the node as the first parameter).
- In internal_emplace/try_shrink, update root/rightmost the same way as in insert_unique/insert_multi.
- Replace a TODO with a comment.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298432836

--
8020ce9ec8558ee712d9733ae3d660ac1d3ffe1a by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Guard against unnecessary copy in case the buffer is empty. This is important in cases were the user is explicitly tuning their chunks to match PiecewiseChunkSize().

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298366044

--
89324441d1c0c697c90ba7d8fc63639805fcaa9d by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 298219363
GitOrigin-RevId: a3e58c1870a9626039f4d178d2d599319bd9f8a8
Change-Id: I28dffc684b6fd0292b94807b88ec6664d5d0e183

24 files changed, 841 insertions, 500 deletions

diff --git a/absl/base/log_severity_test.cc b/absl/base/log_severity_test.cc
index 2302aa12086a..2c6872b00a64 100644
--- a/absl/base/log_severity_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/log_severity_test.cc
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ TEST(StreamTest, Works) {
 }
 
 static_assert(
-    absl::flags_internal::IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<absl::LogSeverity>::value,
+    absl::flags_internal::FlagUseOneWordStorage<absl::LogSeverity>::value,
     "Flags of type absl::LogSeverity ought to be lock-free.");
 
 using ParseFlagFromOutOfRangeIntegerTest = TestWithParam<int64_t>;
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
index 4af92f9fd888..420cfa0d238c 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
@@ -538,19 +538,19 @@ struct BigType {
   BigType() : BigType(0) {}
   explicit BigType(int x) { std::iota(values.begin(), values.end(), x); }
 
-  void Copy(const BigType& x) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < Size && i < Copies; ++i) values[i] = x.values[i];
+  void Copy(const BigType& other) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < Size && i < Copies; ++i) values[i] = other.values[i];
     // If Copies > Size, do extra copies.
     for (int i = Size, idx = 0; i < Copies; ++i) {
-      int64_t tmp = x.values[idx];
+      int64_t tmp = other.values[idx];
       benchmark::DoNotOptimize(tmp);
       idx = idx + 1 == Size ? 0 : idx + 1;
     }
   }
 
-  BigType(const BigType& x) { Copy(x); }
-  BigType& operator=(const BigType& x) {
-    Copy(x);
+  BigType(const BigType& other) { Copy(other); }
+  BigType& operator=(const BigType& other) {
+    Copy(other);
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -641,14 +641,14 @@ struct BigTypePtr {
   explicit BigTypePtr(int x) {
     ptr = absl::make_unique<BigType<Size, Size>>(x);
   }
-  BigTypePtr(const BigTypePtr& x) {
-    ptr = absl::make_unique<BigType<Size, Size>>(*x.ptr);
+  BigTypePtr(const BigTypePtr& other) {
+    ptr = absl::make_unique<BigType<Size, Size>>(*other.ptr);
   }
-  BigTypePtr(BigTypePtr&& x) noexcept = default;
-  BigTypePtr& operator=(const BigTypePtr& x) {
-    ptr = absl::make_unique<BigType<Size, Size>>(*x.ptr);
+  BigTypePtr(BigTypePtr&& other) noexcept = default;
+  BigTypePtr& operator=(const BigTypePtr& other) {
+    ptr = absl::make_unique<BigType<Size, Size>>(*other.ptr);
   }
-  BigTypePtr& operator=(BigTypePtr&& x) noexcept = default;
+  BigTypePtr& operator=(BigTypePtr&& other) noexcept = default;
 
   bool operator<(const BigTypePtr& other) const { return *ptr < *other.ptr; }
   bool operator==(const BigTypePtr& other) const { return *ptr == *other.ptr; }
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_map.h b/absl/container/btree_map.h
index d23f4ee5e648..bb450eadde7c 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_map.h
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class btree_map
   //   Extracts the element at the indicated position and returns a node handle
   //   owning that extracted data.
   //
-  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& x):
+  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& k):
   //
   //   Extracts the element with the key matching the passed key value and
   //   returns a node handle owning that extracted data. If the `btree_map`
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ class btree_multimap
   //   Extracts the element at the indicated position and returns a node handle
   //   owning that extracted data.
   //
-  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& x):
+  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& k):
   //
   //   Extracts the element with the key matching the passed key value and
   //   returns a node handle owning that extracted data. If the `btree_multimap`
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_set.h b/absl/container/btree_set.h
index 127fb940d40e..d3e78866a7ed 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_set.h
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class btree_set
   //   Extracts the element at the indicated position and returns a node handle
   //   owning that extracted data.
   //
-  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& x):
+  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& k):
   //
   //   Extracts the element with the key matching the passed key value and
   //   returns a node handle owning that extracted data. If the `btree_set`
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ class btree_multiset
   //   Extracts the element at the indicated position and returns a node handle
   //   owning that extracted data.
   //
-  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& x):
+  // template <typename K> node_type extract(const K& k):
   //
   //   Extracts the element with the key matching the passed key value and
   //   returns a node handle owning that extracted data. If the `btree_multiset`
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_test.cc b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
index 9edf38f9d0ac..ce12e8194ef4 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ class base_checker {
 
  public:
   base_checker() : const_tree_(tree_) {}
-  base_checker(const base_checker &x)
-      : tree_(x.tree_), const_tree_(tree_), checker_(x.checker_) {}
+  base_checker(const base_checker &other)
+      : tree_(other.tree_), const_tree_(tree_), checker_(other.checker_) {}
   template <typename InputIterator>
   base_checker(InputIterator b, InputIterator e)
       : tree_(b, e), const_tree_(tree_), checker_(b, e) {}
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ class base_checker {
     }
     return tree_iter;
   }
-  void value_check(const value_type &x) {
+  void value_check(const value_type &v) {
     typename KeyOfValue<typename TreeType::key_type,
                         typename TreeType::value_type>::type key_of_value;
-    const key_type &key = key_of_value(x);
-    CheckPairEquals(*find(key), x);
+    const key_type &key = key_of_value(v);
+    CheckPairEquals(*find(key), v);
     lower_bound(key);
     upper_bound(key);
     equal_range(key);
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ class base_checker {
     return res;
   }
 
-  base_checker &operator=(const base_checker &x) {
-    tree_ = x.tree_;
-    checker_ = x.checker_;
+  base_checker &operator=(const base_checker &other) {
+    tree_ = other.tree_;
+    checker_ = other.checker_;
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -250,9 +250,9 @@ class base_checker {
     tree_.clear();
     checker_.clear();
   }
-  void swap(base_checker &x) {
-    tree_.swap(x.tree_);
-    checker_.swap(x.checker_);
+  void swap(base_checker &other) {
+    tree_.swap(other.tree_);
+    checker_.swap(other.checker_);
   }
 
   void verify() const {
@@ -323,28 +323,28 @@ class unique_checker : public base_checker<TreeType, CheckerType> {
 
  public:
   unique_checker() : super_type() {}
-  unique_checker(const unique_checker &x) : super_type(x) {}
+  unique_checker(const unique_checker &other) : super_type(other) {}
   template <class InputIterator>
   unique_checker(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) : super_type(b, e) {}
   unique_checker &operator=(const unique_checker &) = default;
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &x) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &v) {
     int size = this->tree_.size();
     std::pair<typename CheckerType::iterator, bool> checker_res =
-        this->checker_.insert(x);
-    std::pair<iterator, bool> tree_res = this->tree_.insert(x);
+        this->checker_.insert(v);
+    std::pair<iterator, bool> tree_res = this->tree_.insert(v);
     CheckPairEquals(*tree_res.first, *checker_res.first);
     EXPECT_EQ(tree_res.second, checker_res.second);
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), this->checker_.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), size + tree_res.second);
     return tree_res;
   }
-  iterator insert(iterator position, const value_type &x) {
+  iterator insert(iterator position, const value_type &v) {
     int size = this->tree_.size();
     std::pair<typename CheckerType::iterator, bool> checker_res =
-        this->checker_.insert(x);
-    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(position, x);
+        this->checker_.insert(v);
+    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(position, v);
     CheckPairEquals(*tree_res, *checker_res.first);
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), this->checker_.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), size + checker_res.second);
@@ -371,25 +371,25 @@ class multi_checker : public base_checker<TreeType, CheckerType> {
 
  public:
   multi_checker() : super_type() {}
-  multi_checker(const multi_checker &x) : super_type(x) {}
+  multi_checker(const multi_checker &other) : super_type(other) {}
   template <class InputIterator>
   multi_checker(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) : super_type(b, e) {}
   multi_checker &operator=(const multi_checker &) = default;
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  iterator insert(const value_type &x) {
+  iterator insert(const value_type &v) {
     int size = this->tree_.size();
-    auto checker_res = this->checker_.insert(x);
-    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(x);
+    auto checker_res = this->checker_.insert(v);
+    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(v);
     CheckPairEquals(*tree_res, *checker_res);
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), this->checker_.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), size + 1);
     return tree_res;
   }
-  iterator insert(iterator position, const value_type &x) {
+  iterator insert(iterator position, const value_type &v) {
     int size = this->tree_.size();
-    auto checker_res = this->checker_.insert(x);
-    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(position, x);
+    auto checker_res = this->checker_.insert(v);
+    iterator tree_res = this->tree_.insert(position, v);
     CheckPairEquals(*tree_res, *checker_res);
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), this->checker_.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(this->tree_.size(), size + 1);
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree.h b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
index fd5c0e7aba9c..2a5c7314ccae 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
@@ -252,9 +252,9 @@ struct map_params : common_params<Key, Compare, Alloc, TargetNodeSize, Multi,
   };
   using is_map_container = std::true_type;
 
-  static const Key &key(const value_type &x) { return x.first; }
-  static const Key &key(const init_type &x) { return x.first; }
-  static const Key &key(const slot_type *x) { return slot_policy::key(x); }
+  static const Key &key(const value_type &value) { return value.first; }
+  static const Key &key(const init_type &init) { return init.first; }
+  static const Key &key(const slot_type *s) { return slot_policy::key(s); }
   static mapped_type &value(value_type *value) { return value->second; }
 };
 
@@ -315,8 +315,8 @@ struct set_params : common_params<Key, Compare, Alloc, TargetNodeSize, Multi,
   using value_compare = typename set_params::common_params::key_compare;
   using is_map_container = std::false_type;
 
-  static const Key &key(const value_type &x) { return x; }
-  static const Key &key(const slot_type *x) { return *x; }
+  static const Key &key(const value_type &value) { return value; }
+  static const Key &key(const slot_type *slot) { return *slot; }
 };
 
 // An adapter class that converts a lower-bound compare into an upper-bound
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ struct set_params : common_params<Key, Compare, Alloc, TargetNodeSize, Multi,
 template <typename Compare>
 struct upper_bound_adapter {
   explicit upper_bound_adapter(const Compare &c) : comp(c) {}
-  template <typename K, typename LK>
-  bool operator()(const K &a, const LK &b) const {
+  template <typename K1, typename K2>
+  bool operator()(const K1 &a, const K2 &b) const {
     // Returns true when a is not greater than b.
     return !compare_internal::compare_result_as_less_than(comp(b, a));
   }
@@ -736,32 +736,28 @@ class btree_node {
 
   // Merges a node with its right sibling, moving all of the values and the
   // delimiting key in the parent node onto itself.
-  void merge(btree_node *sibling, allocator_type *alloc);
+  void merge(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc);
 
-  // Swap the contents of "this" and "src".
-  void swap(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc);
+  // Swaps the contents of `this` and `other`.
+  void swap(btree_node *other, allocator_type *alloc);
 
   // Node allocation/deletion routines.
-  static btree_node *init_leaf(btree_node *n, btree_node *parent,
-                               int max_count) {
-    n->set_parent(parent);
-    n->set_position(0);
-    n->set_start(0);
-    n->set_finish(0);
-    n->set_max_count(max_count);
+  void init_leaf(btree_node *parent, int max_count) {
+    set_parent(parent);
+    set_position(0);
+    set_start(0);
+    set_finish(0);
+    set_max_count(max_count);
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(
-        n->start_slot(), max_count * sizeof(slot_type));
-    return n;
+        start_slot(), max_count * sizeof(slot_type));
   }
-  static btree_node *init_internal(btree_node *n, btree_node *parent) {
-    init_leaf(n, parent, kNodeValues);
+  void init_internal(btree_node *parent) {
+    init_leaf(parent, kNodeValues);
     // Set `max_count` to a sentinel value to indicate that this node is
     // internal.
-    n->set_max_count(kInternalNodeMaxCount);
+    set_max_count(kInternalNodeMaxCount);
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(
-        &n->mutable_child(n->start()),
-        (kNodeValues + 1) * sizeof(btree_node *));
-    return n;
+        &mutable_child(start()), (kNodeValues + 1) * sizeof(btree_node *));
   }
   void destroy(allocator_type *alloc) {
     for (int i = start(); i < finish(); ++i) {
@@ -787,13 +783,13 @@ class btree_node {
   }
 
   // Move n values starting at value i in this node into the values starting at
-  // value j in node x.
+  // value j in dest_node.
   void uninitialized_move_n(const size_type n, const size_type i,
-                            const size_type j, btree_node *x,
+                            const size_type j, btree_node *dest_node,
                             allocator_type *alloc) {
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(
-        x->slot(j), n * sizeof(slot_type));
-    for (slot_type *src = slot(i), *end = src + n, *dest = x->slot(j);
+        dest_node->slot(j), n * sizeof(slot_type));
+    for (slot_type *src = slot(i), *end = src + n, *dest = dest_node->slot(j);
          src != end; ++src, ++dest) {
       params_type::construct(alloc, dest, src);
     }
@@ -856,8 +852,8 @@ struct btree_iterator {
                 std::is_same<btree_iterator<N, R, P>, iterator>::value &&
                     std::is_same<btree_iterator, const_iterator>::value,
                 int> = 0>
-  btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> &x)  // NOLINT
-      : node(x.node), position(x.position) {}
+  btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> &other)  // NOLINT
+      : node(other.node), position(other.position) {}
 
  private:
   // This SFINAE allows explicit conversions from const_iterator to
@@ -869,8 +865,8 @@ struct btree_iterator {
                 std::is_same<btree_iterator<N, R, P>, const_iterator>::value &&
                     std::is_same<btree_iterator, iterator>::value,
                 int> = 0>
-  explicit btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> &x)
-      : node(const_cast<node_type *>(x.node)), position(x.position) {}
+  explicit btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> &other)
+      : node(const_cast<node_type *>(other.node)), position(other.position) {}
 
   // Increment/decrement the iterator.
   void increment() {
@@ -890,11 +886,11 @@ struct btree_iterator {
   void decrement_slow();
 
  public:
-  bool operator==(const const_iterator &x) const {
-    return node == x.node && position == x.position;
+  bool operator==(const const_iterator &other) const {
+    return node == other.node && position == other.position;
   }
-  bool operator!=(const const_iterator &x) const {
-    return node != x.node || position != x.position;
+  bool operator!=(const const_iterator &other) const {
+    return node != other.node || position != other.position;
   }
 
   // Accessors for the key/value the iterator is pointing at.
@@ -942,7 +938,8 @@ struct btree_iterator {
   // The node in the tree the iterator is pointing at.
   Node *node;
   // The position within the node of the tree the iterator is pointing at.
-  // TODO(ezb): make this a field_type
+  // NOTE: this is an int rather than a field_type because iterators can point
+  // to invalid positions (such as -1) in certain circumstances.
   int position;
 };
 
@@ -994,9 +991,9 @@ class btree {
 
     node_stats(size_type l, size_type i) : leaf_nodes(l), internal_nodes(i) {}
 
-    node_stats &operator+=(const node_stats &x) {
-      leaf_nodes += x.leaf_nodes;
-      internal_nodes += x.internal_nodes;
+    node_stats &operator+=(const node_stats &other) {
+      leaf_nodes += other.leaf_nodes;
+      internal_nodes += other.internal_nodes;
       return *this;
     }
 
@@ -1028,15 +1025,15 @@ class btree {
 
  private:
   // For use in copy_or_move_values_in_order.
-  const value_type &maybe_move_from_iterator(const_iterator x) { return *x; }
-  value_type &&maybe_move_from_iterator(iterator x) { return std::move(*x); }
+  const value_type &maybe_move_from_iterator(const_iterator it) { return *it; }
+  value_type &&maybe_move_from_iterator(iterator it) { return std::move(*it); }
 
   // Copies or moves (depending on the template parameter) the values in
-  // x into this btree in their order in x. This btree must be empty before this
-  // method is called. This method is used in copy construction, copy
-  // assignment, and move assignment.
+  // other into this btree in their order in other. This btree must be empty
+  // before this method is called. This method is used in copy construction,
+  // copy assignment, and move assignment.
   template <typename Btree>
-  void copy_or_move_values_in_order(Btree *x);
+  void copy_or_move_values_in_order(Btree *other);
 
   // Validates that various assumptions/requirements are true at compile time.
   constexpr static bool static_assert_validation();
@@ -1044,12 +1041,12 @@ class btree {
  public:
   btree(const key_compare &comp, const allocator_type &alloc);
 
-  btree(const btree &x);
-  btree(btree &&x) noexcept
-      : root_(std::move(x.root_)),
-        rightmost_(absl::exchange(x.rightmost_, EmptyNode())),
-        size_(absl::exchange(x.size_, 0)) {
-    x.mutable_root() = EmptyNode();
+  btree(const btree &other);
+  btree(btree &&other) noexcept
+      : root_(std::move(other.root_)),
+        rightmost_(absl::exchange(other.rightmost_, EmptyNode())),
+        size_(absl::exchange(other.size_, 0)) {
+    other.mutable_root() = EmptyNode();
   }
 
   ~btree() {
@@ -1059,9 +1056,9 @@ class btree {
     clear();
   }
 
-  // Assign the contents of x to *this.
-  btree &operator=(const btree &x);
-  btree &operator=(btree &&x) noexcept;
+  // Assign the contents of other to *this.
+  btree &operator=(const btree &other);
+  btree &operator=(btree &&other) noexcept;
 
   iterator begin() { return iterator(leftmost()); }
   const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(leftmost()); }
@@ -1204,15 +1201,15 @@ class btree {
   // Clear the btree, deleting all of the values it contains.
   void clear();
 
-  // Swap the contents of *this and x.
-  void swap(btree &x);
+  // Swaps the contents of `this` and `other`.
+  void swap(btree &other);
 
   const key_compare &key_comp() const noexcept {
     return root_.template get<0>();
   }
-  template <typename K, typename LK>
-  bool compare_keys(const K &x, const LK &y) const {
-    return compare_internal::compare_result_as_less_than(key_comp()(x, y));
+  template <typename K1, typename K2>
+  bool compare_keys(const K1 &a, const K2 &b) const {
+    return compare_internal::compare_result_as_less_than(key_comp()(a, b));
   }
 
   value_compare value_comp() const { return value_compare(key_comp()); }
@@ -1322,16 +1319,19 @@ class btree {
 
   // Node creation/deletion routines.
   node_type *new_internal_node(node_type *parent) {
-    node_type *p = allocate(node_type::InternalSize());
-    return node_type::init_internal(p, parent);
+    node_type *n = allocate(node_type::InternalSize());
+    n->init_internal(parent);
+    return n;
   }
   node_type *new_leaf_node(node_type *parent) {
-    node_type *p = allocate(node_type::LeafSize());
-    return node_type::init_leaf(p, parent, kNodeValues);
+    node_type *n = allocate(node_type::LeafSize());
+    n->init_leaf(parent, kNodeValues);
+    return n;
   }
   node_type *new_leaf_root_node(const int max_count) {
-    node_type *p = allocate(node_type::LeafSize(max_count));
-    return node_type::init_leaf(p, p, max_count);
+    node_type *n = allocate(node_type::LeafSize(max_count));
+    n->init_leaf(/*parent=*/n, max_count);
+    return n;
   }
 
   // Deletion helper routines.
@@ -1715,12 +1715,12 @@ void btree_node<P>::merge(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc) {
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *x, allocator_type *alloc) {
+void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *other, allocator_type *alloc) {
   using std::swap;
-  assert(leaf() == x->leaf());
+  assert(leaf() == other->leaf());
 
   // Determine which is the smaller/larger node.
-  btree_node *smaller = this, *larger = x;
+  btree_node *smaller = this, *larger = other;
   if (smaller->count() > larger->count()) {
     swap(smaller, larger);
   }
@@ -1759,7 +1759,7 @@ void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *x, allocator_type *alloc) {
 
   // Swap the `finish`s.
   // TODO(ezb): with floating storage, will also need to swap starts.
-  swap(mutable_finish(), x->mutable_finish());
+  swap(mutable_finish(), other->mutable_finish());
 }
 
 ////
@@ -1814,7 +1814,7 @@ void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::decrement_slow() {
 // btree methods
 template <typename P>
 template <typename Btree>
-void btree<P>::copy_or_move_values_in_order(Btree *x) {
+void btree<P>::copy_or_move_values_in_order(Btree *other) {
   static_assert(std::is_same<btree, Btree>::value ||
                     std::is_same<const btree, Btree>::value,
                 "Btree type must be same or const.");
@@ -1822,11 +1822,11 @@ void btree<P>::copy_or_move_values_in_order(Btree *x) {
 
   // We can avoid key comparisons because we know the order of the
   // values is the same order we'll store them in.
-  auto iter = x->begin();
-  if (iter == x->end()) return;
+  auto iter = other->begin();
+  if (iter == other->end()) return;
   insert_multi(maybe_move_from_iterator(iter));
   ++iter;
-  for (; iter != x->end(); ++iter) {
+  for (; iter != other->end(); ++iter) {
     // If the btree is not empty, we can just insert the new value at the end
     // of the tree.
     internal_emplace(end(), maybe_move_from_iterator(iter));
@@ -1869,8 +1869,9 @@ btree<P>::btree(const key_compare &comp, const allocator_type &alloc)
     : root_(comp, alloc, EmptyNode()), rightmost_(EmptyNode()), size_(0) {}
 
 template <typename P>
-btree<P>::btree(const btree &x) : btree(x.key_comp(), x.allocator()) {
-  copy_or_move_values_in_order(&x);
+btree<P>::btree(const btree &other)
+    : btree(other.key_comp(), other.allocator()) {
+  copy_or_move_values_in_order(&other);
 }
 
 template <typename P>
@@ -1977,46 +1978,47 @@ void btree<P>::insert_iterator_multi(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-auto btree<P>::operator=(const btree &x) -> btree & {
-  if (this != &x) {
+auto btree<P>::operator=(const btree &other) -> btree & {
+  if (this != &other) {
     clear();
 
-    *mutable_key_comp() = x.key_comp();
+    *mutable_key_comp() = other.key_comp();
     if (absl::allocator_traits<
             allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value) {
-      *mutable_allocator() = x.allocator();
+      *mutable_allocator() = other.allocator();
     }
 
-    copy_or_move_values_in_order(&x);
+    copy_or_move_values_in_order(&other);
   }
   return *this;
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-auto btree<P>::operator=(btree &&x) noexcept -> btree & {
-  if (this != &x) {
+auto btree<P>::operator=(btree &&other) noexcept -> btree & {
+  if (this != &other) {
     clear();
 
     using std::swap;
     if (absl::allocator_traits<
             allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value) {
       // Note: `root_` also contains the allocator and the key comparator.
-      swap(root_, x.root_);
-      swap(rightmost_, x.rightmost_);
-      swap(size_, x.size_);
+      swap(root_, other.root_);
+      swap(rightmost_, other.rightmost_);
+      swap(size_, other.size_);
     } else {
-      if (allocator() == x.allocator()) {
-        swap(mutable_root(), x.mutable_root());
-        swap(*mutable_key_comp(), *x.mutable_key_comp());
-        swap(rightmost_, x.rightmost_);
-        swap(size_, x.size_);
+      if (allocator() == other.allocator()) {
+        swap(mutable_root(), other.mutable_root());
+        swap(*mutable_key_comp(), *other.mutable_key_comp());
+        swap(rightmost_, other.rightmost_);
+        swap(size_, other.size_);
       } else {
         // We aren't allowed to propagate the allocator and the allocator is
         // different so we can't take over its memory. We must move each element
-        // individually. We need both `x` and `this` to have `x`s key comparator
-        // while moving the values so we can't swap the key comparators.
-        *mutable_key_comp() = x.key_comp();
-        copy_or_move_values_in_order(&x);
+        // individually. We need both `other` and `this` to have `other`s key
+        // comparator while moving the values so we can't swap the key
+        // comparators.
+        *mutable_key_comp() = other.key_comp();
+        copy_or_move_values_in_order(&other);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2215,20 +2217,20 @@ void btree<P>::clear() {
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-void btree<P>::swap(btree &x) {
+void btree<P>::swap(btree &other) {
   using std::swap;
   if (absl::allocator_traits<
           allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value) {
     // Note: `root_` also contains the allocator and the key comparator.
-    swap(root_, x.root_);
+    swap(root_, other.root_);
   } else {
     // It's undefined behavior if the allocators are unequal here.
-    assert(allocator() == x.allocator());
-    swap(mutable_root(), x.mutable_root());
-    swap(*mutable_key_comp(), *x.mutable_key_comp());
+    assert(allocator() == other.allocator());
+    swap(mutable_root(), other.mutable_root());
+    swap(*mutable_key_comp(), *other.mutable_key_comp());
   }
-  swap(rightmost_, x.rightmost_);
-  swap(size_, x.size_);
+  swap(rightmost_, other.rightmost_);
+  swap(size_, other.size_);
 }
 
 template <typename P>
@@ -2417,8 +2419,7 @@ void btree<P>::try_shrink() {
   if (root()->leaf()) {
     assert(size() == 0);
     delete_leaf_node(root());
-    mutable_root() = EmptyNode();
-    rightmost_ = EmptyNode();
+    mutable_root() = rightmost_ = EmptyNode();
   } else {
     node_type *child = root()->start_child();
     child->make_root();
@@ -2463,8 +2464,7 @@ inline auto btree<P>::internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&... args)
           new_leaf_root_node((std::min<int>)(kNodeValues, 2 * max_count));
       iter.node->swap(root(), mutable_allocator());
       delete_leaf_node(root());
-      mutable_root() = iter.node;
-      rightmost_ = iter.node;
+      mutable_root() = rightmost_ = iter.node;
     } else {
       rebalance_or_split(&iter);
     }
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
index f2e4c3a5358b..734c90ef3d9c 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ class btree_container {
   explicit btree_container(const key_compare &comp,
                            const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
       : tree_(comp, alloc) {}
-  btree_container(const btree_container &x) = default;
-  btree_container(btree_container &&x) noexcept = default;
-  btree_container &operator=(const btree_container &x) = default;
-  btree_container &operator=(btree_container &&x) noexcept(
+  btree_container(const btree_container &other) = default;
+  btree_container(btree_container &&other) noexcept = default;
+  btree_container &operator=(const btree_container &other) = default;
+  btree_container &operator=(btree_container &&other) noexcept(
       std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<Tree>::value) = default;
 
   // Iterator routines.
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class btree_container {
  public:
   // Utility routines.
   void clear() { tree_.clear(); }
-  void swap(btree_container &x) { tree_.swap(x.tree_); }
+  void swap(btree_container &other) { tree_.swap(other.tree_); }
   void verify() const { tree_.verify(); }
 
   // Size routines.
@@ -257,26 +257,26 @@ class btree_set_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
   }
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &x) {
-    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(x), x);
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &v) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), v);
   }
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&x) {
-    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(x), std::move(x));
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&v) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
   }
   template <typename... Args>
   std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&... args) {
     init_type v(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &x) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &v) {
     return this->tree_
-        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(x), x)
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(v), v)
         .first;
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&x) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&v) {
     return this->tree_
-        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(x),
-                            std::move(x))
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(v),
+                            std::move(v))
         .first;
   }
   template <typename... Args>
@@ -562,15 +562,15 @@ class btree_multiset_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
   }
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  iterator insert(const value_type &x) { return this->tree_.insert_multi(x); }
-  iterator insert(value_type &&x) {
-    return this->tree_.insert_multi(std::move(x));
+  iterator insert(const value_type &v) { return this->tree_.insert_multi(v); }
+  iterator insert(value_type &&v) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_multi(std::move(v));
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &x) {
-    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), x);
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &v) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), v);
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&x) {
-    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), std::move(x));
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&v) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), std::move(v));
   }
   template <typename InputIterator>
   void insert(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
index af4578a506b0..1c666c8b561f 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ typedef USHORT NTAPI RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function(
     OUT PVOID *backtrace,
     OUT PULONG backtrace_hash);
 
-// It is not possible to load RtlCaptureStackBackTrace at static init time in

-// UWP. CaptureStackBackTrace is the public version of RtlCaptureStackBackTrace

-#if WINAPI_FAMILY_PARTITION(WINAPI_PARTITION_APP) && \

+// It is not possible to load RtlCaptureStackBackTrace at static init time in
+// UWP. CaptureStackBackTrace is the public version of RtlCaptureStackBackTrace
+#if WINAPI_FAMILY_PARTITION(WINAPI_PARTITION_APP) && \
     !WINAPI_FAMILY_PARTITION(WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP)
 static RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function* const RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn =
     &::CaptureStackBackTrace;
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ static RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function* const RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn =
 // Load the function we need at static init time, where we don't have
 // to worry about someone else holding the loader's lock.
 static RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function* const RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn =
-   (RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function*)
-   GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "RtlCaptureStackBackTrace");
-#endif // WINAPI_PARTITION_APP && !WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP
+    (RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function*)GetProcAddress(
+        GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "RtlCaptureStackBackTrace");
+#endif  // WINAPI_PARTITION_APP && !WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP
 
 template <bool IS_STACK_FRAMES, bool IS_WITH_CONTEXT>
 static int UnwindImpl(void** result, int* sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
diff --git a/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel b/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
index cdb4e7e8fe78..9166f74c1b6e 100644
--- a/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/synchronization",
     ],
@@ -130,6 +131,9 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_library(
     name = "handle",
+    srcs = [
+        "internal/commandlineflag.cc",
+    ],
     hdrs = [
         "internal/commandlineflag.h",
     ],
diff --git a/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
index 1d25f0ded8b1..01cf09b1b52a 100644
--- a/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::flags_handle
     absl::flags_registry
     absl::synchronization
+    absl::meta
   PUBLIC
 )
 
@@ -117,6 +118,8 @@ absl_cc_library(
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     flags_handle
+  SRCS
+    "internal/commandlineflag.cc"
   HDRS
     "internal/commandlineflag.h"
   COPTS
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag.h b/absl/flags/flag.h
index cff02c1fcb61..bb917654d597 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/flag.h
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ class Flag {
     return GetImpl()->template IsOfType<U>();
   }
   T Get() const { return GetImpl()->Get(); }
-  bool AtomicGet(T* v) const { return GetImpl()->AtomicGet(v); }
   void Set(const T& v) { GetImpl()->Set(v); }
   void SetCallback(const flags_internal::FlagCallbackFunc mutation_callback) {
     GetImpl()->SetCallback(mutation_callback);
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc b/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
index 87f731704c87..ff95bb5d7bfc 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
@@ -109,3 +109,11 @@ namespace {
 BENCHMARKED_TYPES(BM_GetFlag)
 
 }  // namespace
+
+#define InvokeGetFlag(T)                                               \
+  T AbslInvokeGetFlag##T() { return absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_##T##_flag); } \
+  int odr##T = (benchmark::DoNotOptimize(AbslInvokeGetFlag##T), 1);
+
+BENCHMARKED_TYPES(InvokeGetFlag)
+
+// To veiw disassembly use: gdb ${BINARY}  -batch -ex "disassemble /s $FUNC"
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag_test.cc b/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
index 4984d28403b2..1e01b49cc4f2 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
@@ -49,28 +49,6 @@ void* TestMakeDflt() {
 }
 void TestCallback() {}
 
-template <typename T>
-bool TestConstructionFor() {
-  constexpr flags::FlagHelpArg help_arg{flags::FlagHelpMsg("literal help"),
-                                        flags::FlagHelpKind::kLiteral};
-  constexpr flags::Flag<T> f1("f1", "file", help_arg, &TestMakeDflt<T>);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Name(), "f1");
-  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Help(), "literal help");
-  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Filename(), "file");
-
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static flags::Flag<T> f2(
-      "f2", "file",
-      {flags::FlagHelpMsg(&TestHelpMsg), flags::FlagHelpKind::kGenFunc},
-      &TestMakeDflt<T>);
-  flags::FlagRegistrar<T, false>(&f2).OnUpdate(TestCallback);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(f2.Name(), "f2");
-  EXPECT_EQ(f2.Help(), "dynamic help");
-  EXPECT_EQ(f2.Filename(), "file");
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 struct UDT {
   UDT() = default;
   UDT(const UDT&) = default;
@@ -98,19 +76,103 @@ class FlagTest : public testing::Test {
   }
 };
 
+struct S1 {
+  S1() = default;
+  S1(const S1&) = default;
+  int32_t f1;
+  int64_t f2;
+};
+
+struct S2 {
+  S2() = default;
+  S2(const S2&) = default;
+  int64_t f1;
+  double f2;
+};
+
+TEST_F(FlagTest, Traits) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<int>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<bool>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<double>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<int64_t>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic);
+
+#if defined(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_DOUBLE_WORD)
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<S1>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<S2>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic);
+#else
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<S1>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<S2>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated);
+#endif
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<std::string>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::FlagValue::Kind<std::vector<std::string>>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+constexpr flags::FlagHelpArg help_arg{flags::FlagHelpMsg("literal help"),
+                                      flags::FlagHelpKind::kLiteral};
+
+using String = std::string;
+
+#define DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(T)                                          \
+  constexpr flags::Flag<T> f1##T("f1", "file", help_arg, &TestMakeDflt<T>); \
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT flags::Flag<T> f2##T(                                     \
+      "f2", "file",                                                         \
+      {flags::FlagHelpMsg(&TestHelpMsg), flags::FlagHelpKind::kGenFunc},    \
+      &TestMakeDflt<T>)
+
+#define TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(T) TestConstructionFor(f1##T, &f2##T);
+
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(bool);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int16_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint16_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int32_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint32_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int64_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint64_t);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(float);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(double);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(String);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(UDT);
+
+template <typename T>
+bool TestConstructionFor(const flags::Flag<T>& f1, flags::Flag<T>* f2) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Name(), "f1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Help(), "literal help");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f1.Filename(), "file");
+
+  flags::FlagRegistrar<T, false>(f2).OnUpdate(TestCallback);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(f2->Name(), "f2");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f2->Help(), "dynamic help");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f2->Filename(), "file");
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 TEST_F(FlagTest, TestConstruction) {
-  TestConstructionFor<bool>();
-  TestConstructionFor<int16_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<uint16_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<int32_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<uint32_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<int64_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<uint64_t>();
-  TestConstructionFor<double>();
-  TestConstructionFor<float>();
-  TestConstructionFor<std::string>();
-
-  TestConstructionFor<UDT>();
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(bool);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int16_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint16_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int32_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint32_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int64_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint64_t);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(float);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(double);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(String);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(UDT);
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -391,17 +453,18 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestCustomUDT) {
 using FlagDeathTest = FlagTest;
 
 TEST_F(FlagDeathTest, TestTypeMismatchValidations) {
-  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(
-      static_cast<void>(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mistyped_int_flag)),
-      "Flag 'mistyped_int_flag' is defined as one type and declared "
-      "as another");
-  EXPECT_DEATH(absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_mistyped_int_flag, 1),
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+  EXPECT_DEATH(static_cast<void>(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mistyped_int_flag)),
                "Flag 'mistyped_int_flag' is defined as one type and declared "
                "as another");
-
   EXPECT_DEATH(static_cast<void>(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mistyped_string_flag)),
                "Flag 'mistyped_string_flag' is defined as one type and "
                "declared as another");
+#endif
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_mistyped_int_flag, 1),
+               "Flag 'mistyped_int_flag' is defined as one type and declared "
+               "as another");
   EXPECT_DEATH(
       absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_mistyped_string_flag, std::vector<std::string>{}),
       "Flag 'mistyped_string_flag' is defined as one type and declared as "
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..90765a3eb6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+FlagStateInterface::~FlagStateInterface() {}
+
+bool CommandLineFlag::IsRetired() const { return false; }
+bool CommandLineFlag::IsAbseilFlag() const { return true; }
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h
index 6363c6615b12..e91ddde633df 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ enum ValueSource {
 // of a flag produced this flag state from method CommandLineFlag::SaveState().
 class FlagStateInterface {
  public:
-  virtual ~FlagStateInterface() {}
+  virtual ~FlagStateInterface();
 
   // Restores the flag originated this object to the saved state.
   virtual void Restore() const = 0;
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ class CommandLineFlag {
   // Returns help message associated with this flag.
   virtual std::string Help() const = 0;
   // Returns true iff this object corresponds to retired flag.
-  virtual bool IsRetired() const { return false; }
+  virtual bool IsRetired() const;
   // Returns true iff this is a handle to an Abseil Flag.
-  virtual bool IsAbseilFlag() const { return true; }
+  virtual bool IsAbseilFlag() const;
   // Returns id of the flag's value type.
   virtual FlagStaticTypeId TypeId() const = 0;
   virtual bool IsModified() const = 0;
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc b/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
index 5a921e28d74e..a944e16e5083 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
@@ -77,19 +77,33 @@ class MutexRelock {
 void FlagImpl::Init() {
   new (&data_guard_) absl::Mutex;
 
-  absl::MutexLock lock(reinterpret_cast<absl::Mutex*>(&data_guard_));
-
-  value_.dynamic = MakeInitValue().release();
-  StoreAtomic();
+  // At this point the default_value_ always points to gen_func.
+  std::unique_ptr<void, DynValueDeleter> init_value(
+      (*default_value_.gen_func)(), DynValueDeleter{op_});
+  switch (ValueStorageKind()) {
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated:
+      value_.dynamic = init_value.release();
+      break;
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic: {
+      int64_t atomic_value;
+      std::memcpy(&atomic_value, init_value.get(), Sizeof(op_));
+      value_.one_word_atomic.store(atomic_value, std::memory_order_release);
+      break;
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic: {
+      AlignedTwoWords atomic_value{0, 0};
+      std::memcpy(&atomic_value, init_value.get(), Sizeof(op_));
+      value_.two_words_atomic.store(atomic_value, std::memory_order_release);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
-// Ensures that the lazily initialized data is initialized,
-// and returns pointer to the mutex guarding flags data.
 absl::Mutex* FlagImpl::DataGuard() const {
   absl::call_once(const_cast<FlagImpl*>(this)->init_control_, &FlagImpl::Init,
                   const_cast<FlagImpl*>(this));
 
-  // data_guard_ is initialized.
+  // data_guard_ is initialized inside Init.
   return reinterpret_cast<absl::Mutex*>(&data_guard_);
 }
 
@@ -129,8 +143,24 @@ std::unique_ptr<void, DynValueDeleter> FlagImpl::MakeInitValue() const {
 }
 
 void FlagImpl::StoreValue(const void* src) {
-  flags_internal::Copy(op_, src, value_.dynamic);
-  StoreAtomic();
+  switch (ValueStorageKind()) {
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated:
+      Copy(op_, src, value_.dynamic);
+      break;
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic: {
+      int64_t one_word_val;
+      std::memcpy(&one_word_val, src, Sizeof(op_));
+      value_.one_word_atomic.store(one_word_val, std::memory_order_release);
+      break;
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic: {
+      AlignedTwoWords two_words_val{0, 0};
+      std::memcpy(&two_words_val, src, Sizeof(op_));
+      value_.two_words_atomic.store(two_words_val, std::memory_order_release);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
   modified_ = true;
   ++counter_;
   InvokeCallback();
@@ -165,9 +195,25 @@ std::string FlagImpl::DefaultValue() const {
 }
 
 std::string FlagImpl::CurrentValue() const {
-  absl::MutexLock l(DataGuard());
+  DataGuard();  // Make sure flag initialized
+  switch (ValueStorageKind()) {
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated: {
+      absl::MutexLock l(DataGuard());
+      return flags_internal::Unparse(op_, value_.dynamic);
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic: {
+      const auto one_word_val =
+          value_.one_word_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      return flags_internal::Unparse(op_, &one_word_val);
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic: {
+      const auto two_words_val =
+          value_.two_words_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      return flags_internal::Unparse(op_, &two_words_val);
+    }
+  }
 
-  return flags_internal::Unparse(op_, value_.dynamic);
+  return "";
 }
 
 void FlagImpl::SetCallback(const FlagCallbackFunc mutation_callback) {
@@ -244,26 +290,27 @@ std::unique_ptr<void, DynValueDeleter> FlagImpl::TryParse(
 }
 
 void FlagImpl::Read(void* dst) const {
-  absl::ReaderMutexLock l(DataGuard());
+  DataGuard();  // Make sure flag initialized
+  switch (ValueStorageKind()) {
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated: {
+      absl::MutexLock l(DataGuard());
 
-  flags_internal::CopyConstruct(op_, value_.dynamic, dst);
-}
-
-void FlagImpl::StoreAtomic() {
-  size_t data_size = flags_internal::Sizeof(op_);
-
-  if (data_size <= sizeof(int64_t)) {
-    int64_t t = 0;
-    std::memcpy(&t, value_.dynamic, data_size);
-    value_.atomics.small_atomic.store(t, std::memory_order_release);
-  }
-#if defined(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_DOUBLE_WORD)
-  else if (data_size <= sizeof(FlagsInternalTwoWordsType)) {
-    FlagsInternalTwoWordsType t{0, 0};
-    std::memcpy(&t, value_.dynamic, data_size);
-    value_.atomics.big_atomic.store(t, std::memory_order_release);
+      flags_internal::CopyConstruct(op_, value_.dynamic, dst);
+      break;
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic: {
+      const auto one_word_val =
+          value_.one_word_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      std::memcpy(dst, &one_word_val, Sizeof(op_));
+      break;
+    }
+    case FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic: {
+      const auto two_words_val =
+          value_.two_words_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+      std::memcpy(dst, &two_words_val, Sizeof(op_));
+      break;
+    }
   }
-#endif
 }
 
 void FlagImpl::Write(const void* src) {
@@ -339,7 +386,7 @@ bool FlagImpl::SetFromString(absl::string_view value, FlagSettingMode set_mode,
       }
 
       if (!modified_) {
-        // Need to set both default value *and* current, in this case
+        // Need to set both default value *and* current, in this case.
         StoreValue(default_value_.dynamic_value);
         modified_ = false;
       }
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
index 35a148cf6602..307b737752c9 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
@@ -249,95 +250,66 @@ enum class FlagDefaultKind : uint8_t { kDynamicValue = 0, kGenFunc = 1 };
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Flag current value auxiliary structs.
 
-// The minimum atomic size we believe to generate lock free code, i.e. all
-// trivially copyable types not bigger this size generate lock free code.
-static constexpr int kMinLockFreeAtomicSize = 8;
+constexpr int64_t UninitializedFlagValue() { return 0xababababababababll; }
 
-// The same as kMinLockFreeAtomicSize but maximum atomic size. As double words
-// might use two registers, we want to dispatch the logic for them.
-#if defined(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_DOUBLE_WORD)
-static constexpr int kMaxLockFreeAtomicSize = 16;
-#else
-static constexpr int kMaxLockFreeAtomicSize = 8;
-#endif
-
-// We can use atomic in cases when it fits in the register, trivially copyable
-// in order to make memcpy operations.
 template <typename T>
-struct IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait {
-  static constexpr bool value =
-      (sizeof(T) <= kMaxLockFreeAtomicSize &&
-       type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value);
-};
+using FlagUseOneWordStorage = std::integral_constant<
+    bool, absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
+              (sizeof(T) <= 8)>;
 
+#if defined(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_DOUBLE_WORD)
 // Clang does not always produce cmpxchg16b instruction when alignment of a 16
 // bytes type is not 16.
-struct alignas(16) FlagsInternalTwoWordsType {
+struct alignas(16) AlignedTwoWords {
   int64_t first;
   int64_t second;
 };
 
-constexpr bool operator==(const FlagsInternalTwoWordsType& that,
-                          const FlagsInternalTwoWordsType& other) {
-  return that.first == other.first && that.second == other.second;
-}
-constexpr bool operator!=(const FlagsInternalTwoWordsType& that,
-                          const FlagsInternalTwoWordsType& other) {
-  return !(that == other);
-}
-
-constexpr int64_t SmallAtomicInit() { return 0xababababababababll; }
-
-template <typename T, typename S = void>
-struct BestAtomicType {
-  using type = int64_t;
-  static constexpr int64_t AtomicInit() { return SmallAtomicInit(); }
+template <typename T>
+using FlagUseTwoWordsStorage = std::integral_constant<
+    bool, absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
+              (sizeof(T) > 8) && (sizeof(T) <= 16)>;
+#else
+// This is actually unused and only here to avoid ifdefs in other palces.
+struct AlignedTwoWords {
+  constexpr AlignedTwoWords() = default;
+  constexpr AlignedTwoWords(int64_t, int64_t) {}
 };
 
+// This trait should be type dependent, otherwise SFINAE below will fail
 template <typename T>
-struct BestAtomicType<
-    T, typename std::enable_if<(kMinLockFreeAtomicSize < sizeof(T) &&
-                                sizeof(T) <= kMaxLockFreeAtomicSize),
-                               void>::type> {
-  using type = FlagsInternalTwoWordsType;
-  static constexpr FlagsInternalTwoWordsType AtomicInit() {
-    return {SmallAtomicInit(), SmallAtomicInit()};
-  }
+using FlagUseTwoWordsStorage =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, sizeof(T) != sizeof(T)>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+using FlagUseHeapStorage =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, !FlagUseOneWordStorage<T>::value &&
+                                     !FlagUseTwoWordsStorage<T>::value>;
+
+enum class FlagValueStorageKind : uint8_t {
+  kHeapAllocated = 0,
+  kOneWordAtomic = 1,
+  kTwoWordsAtomic = 2
 };
 
-struct FlagValue {
-  // Heap allocated value.
-  void* dynamic = nullptr;
-  // For some types, a copy of the current value is kept in an atomically
-  // accessible field.
-  union Atomics {
-    // Using small atomic for small types.
-    std::atomic<int64_t> small_atomic;
-    template <typename T,
-              typename K = typename std::enable_if<
-                  (sizeof(T) <= kMinLockFreeAtomicSize), void>::type>
-    int64_t load() const {
-      return small_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
-    }
+union FlagValue {
+  constexpr explicit FlagValue(int64_t v) : one_word_atomic(v) {}
 
-#if defined(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_DOUBLE_WORD)
-    // Using big atomics for big types.
-    std::atomic<FlagsInternalTwoWordsType> big_atomic;
-    template <typename T, typename K = typename std::enable_if<
-                              (kMinLockFreeAtomicSize < sizeof(T) &&
-                               sizeof(T) <= kMaxLockFreeAtomicSize),
-                              void>::type>
-    FlagsInternalTwoWordsType load() const {
-      return big_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
-    }
-    constexpr Atomics()
-        : big_atomic{FlagsInternalTwoWordsType{SmallAtomicInit(),
-                                               SmallAtomicInit()}} {}
-#else
-    constexpr Atomics() : small_atomic{SmallAtomicInit()} {}
-#endif
-  };
-  Atomics atomics{};
+  template <typename T>
+  static constexpr FlagValueStorageKind Kind() {
+    return FlagUseHeapStorage<T>::value
+               ? FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated
+               : FlagUseOneWordStorage<T>::value
+                     ? FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic
+                     : FlagUseTwoWordsStorage<T>::value
+                           ? FlagValueStorageKind::kTwoWordsAtomic
+                           : FlagValueStorageKind::kHeapAllocated;
+  }
+
+  void* dynamic;
+  std::atomic<int64_t> one_word_atomic;
+  std::atomic<flags_internal::AlignedTwoWords> two_words_atomic;
 };
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -369,18 +341,21 @@ struct DynValueDeleter {
 class FlagImpl {
  public:
   constexpr FlagImpl(const char* name, const char* filename, FlagOpFn op,
-                     FlagHelpArg help, FlagDfltGenFunc default_value_gen)
+                     FlagHelpArg help, FlagValueStorageKind value_kind,
+                     FlagDfltGenFunc default_value_gen)
       : name_(name),
         filename_(filename),
         op_(op),
         help_(help.source),
         help_source_kind_(static_cast<uint8_t>(help.kind)),
+        value_storage_kind_(static_cast<uint8_t>(value_kind)),
         def_kind_(static_cast<uint8_t>(FlagDefaultKind::kGenFunc)),
         modified_(false),
         on_command_line_(false),
         counter_(0),
         callback_(nullptr),
         default_value_(default_value_gen),
+        value_(flags_internal::UninitializedFlagValue()),
         data_guard_{} {}
 
   // Constant access methods
@@ -393,34 +368,29 @@ class FlagImpl {
   std::string CurrentValue() const ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(*DataGuard());
   void Read(void* dst) const ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(*DataGuard());
 
-  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<
-                            !IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<FlagUseHeapStorage<T>::value,
+                                                int>::type = 0>
   void Get(T* dst) const {
-    AssertValidType(&flags_internal::FlagStaticTypeIdGen<T>);
     Read(dst);
   }
-  // Overload for `GetFlag()` for types that support lock-free reads.
-  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value,
+  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<FlagUseOneWordStorage<T>::value,
                                                 int>::type = 0>
   void Get(T* dst) const {
-    // For flags of types which can be accessed "atomically" we want to avoid
-    // slowing down flag value access due to type validation. That's why
-    // this validation is hidden behind !NDEBUG
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    AssertValidType(&flags_internal::FlagStaticTypeIdGen<T>);
-#endif
-    using U = flags_internal::BestAtomicType<T>;
-    typename U::type r = value_.atomics.template load<T>();
-    if (r != U::AtomicInit()) {
-      std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(dst), &r, sizeof(T));
-    } else {
-      Read(dst);
+    int64_t one_word_val =
+        value_.one_word_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(one_word_val == UninitializedFlagValue())) {
+      DataGuard();  // Make sure flag initialized
+      one_word_val = value_.one_word_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
     }
+    std::memcpy(dst, static_cast<const void*>(&one_word_val), sizeof(T));
   }
-  template <typename T>
-  void Set(const T& src) {
-    AssertValidType(&flags_internal::FlagStaticTypeIdGen<T>);
-    Write(&src);
+  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<
+                            FlagUseTwoWordsStorage<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  void Get(T* dst) const {
+    DataGuard();  // Make sure flag initialized
+    const auto two_words_val =
+        value_.two_words_atomic.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    std::memcpy(dst, &two_words_val, sizeof(T));
   }
 
   // Mutating access methods
@@ -428,9 +398,6 @@ class FlagImpl {
   bool SetFromString(absl::string_view value, FlagSettingMode set_mode,
                      ValueSource source, std::string* err)
       ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(*DataGuard());
-  // If possible, updates copy of the Flag's value that is stored in an
-  // atomic word.
-  void StoreAtomic() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*DataGuard());
 
   // Interfaces to operate on callbacks.
   void SetCallback(const FlagCallbackFunc mutation_callback)
@@ -456,6 +423,14 @@ class FlagImpl {
   bool ValidateInputValue(absl::string_view value) const
       ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(*DataGuard());
 
+  // Used in read/write operations to validate source/target has correct type.
+  // For example if flag is declared as absl::Flag<int> FLAGS_foo, a call to
+  // absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_foo) validates that the type of FLAGS_foo is indeed
+  // int. To do that we pass the "assumed" type id (which is deduced from type
+  // int) as an argument `op`, which is in turn is validated against the type id
+  // stored in flag object by flag definition statement.
+  void AssertValidType(FlagStaticTypeId type_id) const;
+
  private:
   // Ensures that `data_guard_` is initialized and returns it.
   absl::Mutex* DataGuard() const ABSL_LOCK_RETURNED((absl::Mutex*)&data_guard_);
@@ -475,17 +450,13 @@ class FlagImpl {
   FlagHelpKind HelpSourceKind() const {
     return static_cast<FlagHelpKind>(help_source_kind_);
   }
+  FlagValueStorageKind ValueStorageKind() const {
+    return static_cast<FlagValueStorageKind>(value_storage_kind_);
+  }
   FlagDefaultKind DefaultKind() const
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*DataGuard()) {
     return static_cast<FlagDefaultKind>(def_kind_);
   }
-  // Used in read/write operations to validate source/target has correct type.
-  // For example if flag is declared as absl::Flag<int> FLAGS_foo, a call to
-  // absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_foo) validates that the type of FLAGS_foo is indeed
-  // int. To do that we pass the "assumed" type id (which is deduced from type
-  // int) as an argument `op`, which is in turn is validated against the type id
-  // stored in flag object by flag definition statement.
-  void AssertValidType(FlagStaticTypeId type_id) const;
 
   // Immutable flag's state.
 
@@ -499,6 +470,8 @@ class FlagImpl {
   const FlagHelpMsg help_;
   // Indicates if help message was supplied as literal or generator func.
   const uint8_t help_source_kind_ : 1;
+  // Kind of storage this flag is using for the flag's value.
+  const uint8_t value_storage_kind_ : 2;
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // The bytes containing the const bitfields must not be shared with bytes
@@ -530,8 +503,13 @@ class FlagImpl {
   // value specified in ABSL_FLAG or pointer to the dynamically set default
   // value via SetCommandLineOptionWithMode. def_kind_ is used to distinguish
   // these two cases.
-  FlagDefaultSrc default_value_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*DataGuard());
-  // Current Flag Value
+  FlagDefaultSrc default_value_;
+
+  // Atomically mutable flag's state
+
+  // Flag's value. This can be either the atomically stored small value or
+  // pointer to the heap allocated dynamic value. value_storage_kind_ is used
+  // to distinguish these cases.
   FlagValue value_;
 
   // This is reserved space for an absl::Mutex to guard flag data. It will be
@@ -553,7 +531,8 @@ class Flag final : public flags_internal::CommandLineFlag {
  public:
   constexpr Flag(const char* name, const char* filename, const FlagHelpArg help,
                  const FlagDfltGenFunc default_value_gen)
-      : impl_(name, filename, &FlagOps<T>, help, default_value_gen) {}
+      : impl_(name, filename, &FlagOps<T>, help, FlagValue::Kind<T>(),
+              default_value_gen) {}
 
   T Get() const {
     // See implementation notes in CommandLineFlag::Get().
@@ -564,10 +543,17 @@ class Flag final : public flags_internal::CommandLineFlag {
     };
     U u;
 
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+    impl_.AssertValidType(&flags_internal::FlagStaticTypeIdGen<T>);
+#endif
+
     impl_.Get(&u.value);
     return std::move(u.value);
   }
-  void Set(const T& v) { impl_.Set(v); }
+  void Set(const T& v) {
+    impl_.AssertValidType(&flags_internal::FlagStaticTypeIdGen<T>);
+    impl_.Write(&v);
+  }
   void SetCallback(const FlagCallbackFunc mutation_callback) {
     impl_.SetCallback(mutation_callback);
   }
@@ -619,7 +605,7 @@ class Flag final : public flags_internal::CommandLineFlag {
 };
 
 template <typename T>
-inline void FlagState<T>::Restore() const {
+void FlagState<T>::Restore() const {
   if (flag_->RestoreState(*this)) {
     ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
                       absl::StrCat("Restore saved value of ", flag_->Name(),
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/hash.h b/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
index ae7a60cd55ad..1cc2c5e5ae48 100644
--- a/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
@@ -955,12 +955,15 @@ H PiecewiseCombiner::add_buffer(H state, const unsigned char* data,
     return state;
   }
 
-  // Complete the buffer and hash it
-  const size_t bytes_needed = PiecewiseChunkSize() - position_;
-  memcpy(buf_ + position_, data, bytes_needed);
-  state = H::combine_contiguous(std::move(state), buf_, PiecewiseChunkSize());
-  data += bytes_needed;
-  size -= bytes_needed;
+  // If the buffer is partially filled we need to complete the buffer
+  // and hash it.
+  if (position_ != 0) {
+    const size_t bytes_needed = PiecewiseChunkSize() - position_;
+    memcpy(buf_ + position_, data, bytes_needed);
+    state = H::combine_contiguous(std::move(state), buf_, PiecewiseChunkSize());
+    data += bytes_needed;
+    size -= bytes_needed;
+  }
 
   // Hash whatever chunks we can without copying
   while (size >= PiecewiseChunkSize()) {
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel b/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
index d7ad4efec989..1c9dabb5add1 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
@@ -705,6 +705,7 @@ cc_test(
 cc_test(
     name = "randen_benchmarks",
     size = "medium",
+    timeout = "long",
     srcs = ["randen_benchmarks.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS + ABSL_RANDOM_RANDEN_COPTS,
     flaky = 1,
diff --git a/absl/status/status.cc b/absl/status/status.cc
index bbc1895eb64d..df3b740f7729 100644
--- a/absl/status/status.cc
+++ b/absl/status/status.cc
@@ -147,7 +147,15 @@ void Status::SetPayload(absl::string_view type_url, absl::Cord payload) {
 bool Status::ErasePayload(absl::string_view type_url) {
   int index = status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(GetPayloads(), type_url);
   if (index != -1) {
+    PrepareToModify();
     GetPayloads()->erase(GetPayloads()->begin() + index);
+    if (GetPayloads()->empty() && message().empty()) {
+      // Special case: If this can be represented inlined, it MUST be
+      // inlined (EqualsSlow depends on this behavior).
+      StatusCode c = static_cast<StatusCode>(raw_code());
+      Unref(rep_);
+      rep_ = CodeToInlinedRep(c);
+    }
     return true;
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/status/status_test.cc b/absl/status/status_test.cc
index 7cc65e45cb84..ca9488ad228c 100644
--- a/absl/status/status_test.cc
+++ b/absl/status/status_test.cc
@@ -204,6 +204,25 @@ TEST(Status, TestComparePayloads) {
   EXPECT_EQ(bad_status1, bad_status2);
 }
 
+TEST(Status, TestComparePayloadsAfterErase) {
+  absl::Status payload_status(absl::StatusCode::kInternal, "");
+  payload_status.SetPayload(kUrl1, absl::Cord(kPayload1));
+  payload_status.SetPayload(kUrl2, absl::Cord(kPayload2));
+
+  absl::Status empty_status(absl::StatusCode::kInternal, "");
+
+  // Different payloads, not equal
+  EXPECT_NE(payload_status, empty_status);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(payload_status.ErasePayload(kUrl1));
+
+  // Still Different payloads, still not equal.
+  EXPECT_NE(payload_status, empty_status);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(payload_status.ErasePayload(kUrl2));
+
+  // Both empty payloads, should be equal
+  EXPECT_EQ(payload_status, empty_status);
+}
+
 PayloadsVec AllVisitedPayloads(const absl::Status& s) {
   PayloadsVec result;
 
@@ -261,6 +280,36 @@ TEST(Status, ToString) {
                     HasSubstr("[bar='\\xff']")));
 }
 
+absl::Status EraseAndReturn(const absl::Status& base) {
+  absl::Status copy = base;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(copy.ErasePayload(kUrl1));
+  return copy;
+}
+
+TEST(Status, CopyOnWriteForErasePayload) {
+  {
+    absl::Status base(absl::StatusCode::kInvalidArgument, "fail");
+    base.SetPayload(kUrl1, absl::Cord(kPayload1));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+    absl::Status copy = EraseAndReturn(base);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(copy.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+  }
+  {
+    absl::Status base(absl::StatusCode::kInvalidArgument, "fail");
+    base.SetPayload(kUrl1, absl::Cord(kPayload1));
+    absl::Status copy = base;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(copy.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(base.ErasePayload(kUrl1));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(base.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(copy.GetPayload(kUrl1).has_value());
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(Status, CopyConstructor) {
   {
     absl::Status status;
@@ -300,6 +349,14 @@ TEST(Status, CopyAssignment) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(Status, CopyAssignmentIsNotRef) {
+  const absl::Status status_orig(absl::StatusCode::kInvalidArgument, "message");
+  absl::Status status_copy = status_orig;
+  EXPECT_EQ(status_orig, status_copy);
+  status_copy.SetPayload(kUrl1, absl::Cord(kPayload1));
+  EXPECT_NE(status_orig, status_copy);
+}
+
 TEST(Status, MoveConstructor) {
   {
     absl::Status status;
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord.cc b/absl/strings/cord.cc
index 5cc68539941d..9b32b3cc46b6 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/container/fixed_array.h"
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/strings/escaping.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/resize_uninitialized.h"
@@ -132,6 +131,14 @@ inline const CordRepExternal* CordRep::external() const {
   return static_cast<const CordRepExternal*>(this);
 }
 
+using CordTreeConstPath = CordTreePath<const CordRep*, MaxCordDepth()>;
+
+// This type is used to store the list of pending nodes during re-balancing.
+// Its maximum size is 2 * MaxCordDepth() because the tree has a maximum
+// possible depth of MaxCordDepth() and every concat node along a tree path
+// could theoretically be split during rebalancing.
+using RebalancingStack = CordTreePath<CordRep*, 2 * MaxCordDepth()>;
+
 }  // namespace cord_internal
 
 static const size_t kFlatOverhead = offsetof(CordRep, data);
@@ -180,8 +187,8 @@ static constexpr size_t TagToLength(uint8_t tag) {
 // Enforce that kMaxFlatSize maps to a well-known exact tag value.
 static_assert(TagToAllocatedSize(224) == kMaxFlatSize, "Bad tag logic");
 
-constexpr uint64_t Fibonacci(unsigned char n, uint64_t a = 0, uint64_t b = 1) {
-  return n == 0 ? a : Fibonacci(n - 1, b, a + b);
+constexpr uint64_t Fibonacci(uint8_t n, uint64_t a = 0, uint64_t b = 1) {
+  return n == 0 ? a : n == 1 ? b : Fibonacci(n - 1, b, a + b);
 }
 
 static_assert(Fibonacci(63) == 6557470319842,
@@ -189,89 +196,68 @@ static_assert(Fibonacci(63) == 6557470319842,
 
 // Minimum length required for a given depth tree -- a tree is considered
 // balanced if
-//      length(t) >= min_length[depth(t)]
-// The root node depth is allowed to become twice as large to reduce rebalancing
-// for larger strings (see IsRootBalanced).
-static constexpr uint64_t min_length[] = {
-    Fibonacci(2),
-    Fibonacci(3),
-    Fibonacci(4),
-    Fibonacci(5),
-    Fibonacci(6),
-    Fibonacci(7),
-    Fibonacci(8),
-    Fibonacci(9),
-    Fibonacci(10),
-    Fibonacci(11),
-    Fibonacci(12),
-    Fibonacci(13),
-    Fibonacci(14),
-    Fibonacci(15),
-    Fibonacci(16),
-    Fibonacci(17),
-    Fibonacci(18),
-    Fibonacci(19),
-    Fibonacci(20),
-    Fibonacci(21),
-    Fibonacci(22),
-    Fibonacci(23),
-    Fibonacci(24),
-    Fibonacci(25),
-    Fibonacci(26),
-    Fibonacci(27),
-    Fibonacci(28),
-    Fibonacci(29),
-    Fibonacci(30),
-    Fibonacci(31),
-    Fibonacci(32),
-    Fibonacci(33),
-    Fibonacci(34),
-    Fibonacci(35),
-    Fibonacci(36),
-    Fibonacci(37),
-    Fibonacci(38),
-    Fibonacci(39),
-    Fibonacci(40),
-    Fibonacci(41),
-    Fibonacci(42),
-    Fibonacci(43),
-    Fibonacci(44),
-    Fibonacci(45),
-    Fibonacci(46),
-    Fibonacci(47),
-    0xffffffffffffffffull,  // Avoid overflow
-};
-
-static const int kMinLengthSize = ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(min_length);
-
-// The inlined size to use with absl::InlinedVector.
-//
-// Note: The InlinedVectors in this file (and in cord.h) do not need to use
-// the same value for their inlined size. The fact that they do is historical.
-// It may be desirable for each to use a different inlined size optimized for
-// that InlinedVector's usage.
-//
-// TODO(jgm): Benchmark to see if there's a more optimal value than 47 for
-// the inlined vector size (47 exists for backward compatibility).
-static const int kInlinedVectorSize = 47;
-
-static inline bool IsRootBalanced(CordRep* node) {
-  if (node->tag != CONCAT) {
-    return true;
-  } else if (node->concat()->depth() <= 15) {
-    return true;
-  } else if (node->concat()->depth() > kMinLengthSize) {
-    return false;
-  } else {
-    // Allow depth to become twice as large as implied by fibonacci rule to
-    // reduce rebalancing for larger strings.
-    return (node->length >= min_length[node->concat()->depth() / 2]);
-  }
+//      length(t) >= kMinLength[depth(t)]
+// The node depth is allowed to become larger to reduce rebalancing
+// for larger strings (see ShouldRebalance).
+constexpr uint64_t kMinLength[] = {
+    Fibonacci(2),  Fibonacci(3),  Fibonacci(4),  Fibonacci(5),  Fibonacci(6),
+    Fibonacci(7),  Fibonacci(8),  Fibonacci(9),  Fibonacci(10), Fibonacci(11),
+    Fibonacci(12), Fibonacci(13), Fibonacci(14), Fibonacci(15), Fibonacci(16),
+    Fibonacci(17), Fibonacci(18), Fibonacci(19), Fibonacci(20), Fibonacci(21),
+    Fibonacci(22), Fibonacci(23), Fibonacci(24), Fibonacci(25), Fibonacci(26),
+    Fibonacci(27), Fibonacci(28), Fibonacci(29), Fibonacci(30), Fibonacci(31),
+    Fibonacci(32), Fibonacci(33), Fibonacci(34), Fibonacci(35), Fibonacci(36),
+    Fibonacci(37), Fibonacci(38), Fibonacci(39), Fibonacci(40), Fibonacci(41),
+    Fibonacci(42), Fibonacci(43), Fibonacci(44), Fibonacci(45), Fibonacci(46),
+    Fibonacci(47), Fibonacci(48), Fibonacci(49), Fibonacci(50), Fibonacci(51),
+    Fibonacci(52), Fibonacci(53), Fibonacci(54), Fibonacci(55), Fibonacci(56),
+    Fibonacci(57), Fibonacci(58), Fibonacci(59), Fibonacci(60), Fibonacci(61),
+    Fibonacci(62), Fibonacci(63), Fibonacci(64), Fibonacci(65), Fibonacci(66),
+    Fibonacci(67), Fibonacci(68), Fibonacci(69), Fibonacci(70), Fibonacci(71),
+    Fibonacci(72), Fibonacci(73), Fibonacci(74), Fibonacci(75), Fibonacci(76),
+    Fibonacci(77), Fibonacci(78), Fibonacci(79), Fibonacci(80), Fibonacci(81),
+    Fibonacci(82), Fibonacci(83), Fibonacci(84), Fibonacci(85), Fibonacci(86),
+    Fibonacci(87), Fibonacci(88), Fibonacci(89), Fibonacci(90), Fibonacci(91),
+    Fibonacci(92), Fibonacci(93)};
+
+static_assert(sizeof(kMinLength) / sizeof(uint64_t) ==
+                  (cord_internal::MaxCordDepth() + 1),
+              "Not enough elements in kMinLength array to cover all the "
+              "supported Cord depth(s)");
+
+inline bool ShouldRebalance(const CordRep* node) {
+  if (node->tag != CONCAT) return false;
+
+  size_t node_depth = node->concat()->depth();
+
+  if (node_depth <= 15) return false;
+
+  // Rebalancing Cords is expensive, so we reduce how often rebalancing occurs
+  // by allowing shallow Cords to have twice the depth that the Fibonacci rule
+  // would otherwise imply. Deep Cords need to follow the rule more closely,
+  // however to ensure algorithm correctness. We implement this with linear
+  // interpolation. Cords of depth 16 are treated as though they have a depth
+  // of 16 * 1/2, and Cords of depth MaxCordDepth() interpolate to
+  // MaxCordDepth() * 1.
+  return node->length <
+         kMinLength[(node_depth * (cord_internal::MaxCordDepth() - 16)) /
+                    (2 * cord_internal::MaxCordDepth() - 16 - node_depth)];
+}
+
+// Unlike root balancing condition this one is part of the re-balancing
+// algorithm and has to be always matching against right depth for
+// algorithm to be correct.
+inline bool IsNodeBalanced(const CordRep* node) {
+  if (node->tag != CONCAT) return true;
+
+  size_t node_depth = node->concat()->depth();
+
+  return node->length >= kMinLength[node_depth];
 }
 
 static CordRep* Rebalance(CordRep* node);
-static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os);
-static bool VerifyNode(CordRep* root, CordRep* start_node,
+static void DumpNode(const CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os);
+static bool VerifyNode(const CordRep* root, const CordRep* start_node,
                        bool full_validation);
 
 static inline CordRep* VerifyTree(CordRep* node) {
@@ -318,7 +304,8 @@ __attribute__((preserve_most))
 static void UnrefInternal(CordRep* rep) {
   assert(rep != nullptr);
 
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> pending;
+  cord_internal::RebalancingStack pending;
+
   while (true) {
     if (rep->tag == CONCAT) {
       CordRepConcat* rep_concat = rep->concat();
@@ -400,6 +387,11 @@ static void SetConcatChildren(CordRepConcat* concat, CordRep* left,
 
   concat->length = left->length + right->length;
   concat->set_depth(1 + std::max(Depth(left), Depth(right)));
+
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(concat->depth() <= cord_internal::MaxCordDepth(),
+                      "Cord depth exceeds max");
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(concat->length >= left->length, "Cord is too long");
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(concat->length >= right->length, "Cord is too long");
 }
 
 // Create a concatenation of the specified nodes.
@@ -425,7 +417,7 @@ static CordRep* RawConcat(CordRep* left, CordRep* right) {
 
 static CordRep* Concat(CordRep* left, CordRep* right) {
   CordRep* rep = RawConcat(left, right);
-  if (rep != nullptr && !IsRootBalanced(rep)) {
+  if (rep != nullptr && ShouldRebalance(rep)) {
     rep = Rebalance(rep);
   }
   return VerifyTree(rep);
@@ -916,7 +908,7 @@ void Cord::Prepend(absl::string_view src) {
 static CordRep* RemovePrefixFrom(CordRep* node, size_t n) {
   if (n >= node->length) return nullptr;
   if (n == 0) return Ref(node);
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> rhs_stack;
+  cord_internal::CordTreeMutablePath rhs_stack;
 
   while (node->tag == CONCAT) {
     assert(n <= node->length);
@@ -957,7 +949,7 @@ static CordRep* RemovePrefixFrom(CordRep* node, size_t n) {
 static CordRep* RemoveSuffixFrom(CordRep* node, size_t n) {
   if (n >= node->length) return nullptr;
   if (n == 0) return Ref(node);
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> lhs_stack;
+  absl::cord_internal::CordTreeMutablePath lhs_stack;
   bool inplace_ok = node->refcount.IsOne();
 
   while (node->tag == CONCAT) {
@@ -1028,6 +1020,7 @@ void Cord::RemoveSuffix(size_t n) {
 
 // Work item for NewSubRange().
 struct SubRange {
+  SubRange() = default;
   SubRange(CordRep* a_node, size_t a_pos, size_t a_n)
       : node(a_node), pos(a_pos), n(a_n) {}
   CordRep* node;  // nullptr means concat last 2 results.
@@ -1036,8 +1029,11 @@ struct SubRange {
 };
 
 static CordRep* NewSubRange(CordRep* node, size_t pos, size_t n) {
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> results;
-  absl::InlinedVector<SubRange, kInlinedVectorSize> todo;
+  cord_internal::CordTreeMutablePath results;
+  // The algorithm below in worst case scenario adds up to 3 nodes to the `todo`
+  // list, but we also pop one out on every cycle. If original tree has depth d
+  // todo list can grew up to 2*d in size.
+  cord_internal::CordTreePath<SubRange, 2 * cord_internal::MaxCordDepth()> todo;
   todo.push_back(SubRange(node, pos, n));
   do {
     const SubRange& sr = todo.back();
@@ -1074,7 +1070,7 @@ static CordRep* NewSubRange(CordRep* node, size_t pos, size_t n) {
     }
   } while (!todo.empty());
   assert(results.size() == 1);
-  return results[0];
+  return results.back();
 }
 
 Cord Cord::Subcord(size_t pos, size_t new_size) const {
@@ -1113,11 +1109,12 @@ Cord Cord::Subcord(size_t pos, size_t new_size) const {
 
 class CordForest {
  public:
-  explicit CordForest(size_t length)
-      : root_length_(length), trees_(kMinLengthSize, nullptr) {}
+  explicit CordForest(size_t length) : root_length_(length), trees_({}) {}
 
   void Build(CordRep* cord_root) {
-    std::vector<CordRep*> pending = {cord_root};
+    // We are adding up to two nodes to the `pending` list, but we also popping
+    // one, so the size of `pending` will never exceed `MaxCordDepth()`.
+    cord_internal::CordTreeMutablePath pending(cord_root);
 
     while (!pending.empty()) {
       CordRep* node = pending.back();
@@ -1129,21 +1126,20 @@ class CordForest {
       }
 
       CordRepConcat* concat_node = node->concat();
-      if (concat_node->depth() >= kMinLengthSize ||
-          concat_node->length < min_length[concat_node->depth()]) {
-        pending.push_back(concat_node->right);
-        pending.push_back(concat_node->left);
-
-        if (concat_node->refcount.IsOne()) {
-          concat_node->left = concat_freelist_;
-          concat_freelist_ = concat_node;
-        } else {
-          Ref(concat_node->right);
-          Ref(concat_node->left);
-          Unref(concat_node);
-        }
-      } else {
+      if (IsNodeBalanced(concat_node)) {
         AddNode(node);
+        continue;
+      }
+      pending.push_back(concat_node->right);
+      pending.push_back(concat_node->left);
+
+      if (concat_node->refcount.IsOne()) {
+        concat_node->left = concat_freelist_;
+        concat_freelist_ = concat_node;
+      } else {
+        Ref(concat_node->right);
+        Ref(concat_node->left);
+        Unref(concat_node);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1175,7 +1171,7 @@ class CordForest {
 
     // Collect together everything with which we will merge node
     int i = 0;
-    for (; node->length > min_length[i + 1]; ++i) {
+    for (; node->length > kMinLength[i + 1]; ++i) {
       auto& tree_at_i = trees_[i];
 
       if (tree_at_i == nullptr) continue;
@@ -1186,7 +1182,7 @@ class CordForest {
     sum = AppendNode(node, sum);
 
     // Insert sum into appropriate place in the forest
-    for (; sum->length >= min_length[i]; ++i) {
+    for (; sum->length >= kMinLength[i]; ++i) {
       auto& tree_at_i = trees_[i];
       if (tree_at_i == nullptr) continue;
 
@@ -1194,7 +1190,7 @@ class CordForest {
       tree_at_i = nullptr;
     }
 
-    // min_length[0] == 1, which means sum->length >= min_length[0]
+    // kMinLength[0] == 1, which means sum->length >= kMinLength[0]
     assert(i > 0);
     trees_[i - 1] = sum;
   }
@@ -1227,9 +1223,7 @@ class CordForest {
   }
 
   size_t root_length_;
-
-  // use an inlined vector instead of a flat array to get bounds checking
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> trees_;
+  std::array<cord_internal::CordRep*, cord_internal::MaxCordDepth()> trees_;
 
   // List of concat nodes we can re-use for Cord balancing.
   CordRepConcat* concat_freelist_ = nullptr;
@@ -1841,18 +1835,18 @@ absl::string_view Cord::FlattenSlowPath() {
   }
 }
 
-static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os) {
+static void DumpNode(const CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os) {
   const int kIndentStep = 1;
   int indent = 0;
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> stack;
-  absl::InlinedVector<int, kInlinedVectorSize> indents;
+  cord_internal::CordTreeConstPath stack;
+  cord_internal::CordTreePath<int, cord_internal::MaxCordDepth()> indents;
   for (;;) {
     *os << std::setw(3) << rep->refcount.Get();
     *os << " " << std::setw(7) << rep->length;
     *os << " [";
-    if (include_data) *os << static_cast<void*>(rep);
+    if (include_data) *os << static_cast<const void*>(rep);
     *os << "]";
-    *os << " " << (IsRootBalanced(rep) ? 'b' : 'u');
+    *os << " " << (IsNodeBalanced(rep) ? 'b' : 'u');
     *os << " " << std::setw(indent) << "";
     if (rep->tag == CONCAT) {
       *os << "CONCAT depth=" << Depth(rep) << "\n";
@@ -1873,7 +1867,7 @@ static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os) {
       } else {
         *os << "FLAT cap=" << TagToLength(rep->tag) << " [";
         if (include_data)
-          *os << absl::CEscape(std::string(rep->data, rep->length));
+          *os << absl::CEscape(absl::string_view(rep->data, rep->length));
         *os << "]\n";
       }
       if (stack.empty()) break;
@@ -1886,19 +1880,19 @@ static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os) {
   ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(indents.empty(), "");
 }
 
-static std::string ReportError(CordRep* root, CordRep* node) {
+static std::string ReportError(const CordRep* root, const CordRep* node) {
   std::ostringstream buf;
   buf << "Error at node " << node << " in:";
   DumpNode(root, true, &buf);
   return buf.str();
 }
 
-static bool VerifyNode(CordRep* root, CordRep* start_node,
+static bool VerifyNode(const CordRep* root, const CordRep* start_node,
                        bool full_validation) {
-  absl::InlinedVector<CordRep*, 2> worklist;
+  cord_internal::CordTreeConstPath worklist;
   worklist.push_back(start_node);
   do {
-    CordRep* node = worklist.back();
+    const CordRep* node = worklist.back();
     worklist.pop_back();
 
     ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(node != nullptr, ReportError(root, node));
@@ -1948,7 +1942,7 @@ static bool VerifyNode(CordRep* root, CordRep* start_node,
   // Iterate over the tree. cur_node is never a leaf node and leaf nodes will
   // never be appended to tree_stack. This reduces overhead from manipulating
   // tree_stack.
-  absl::InlinedVector<const CordRep*, kInlinedVectorSize> tree_stack;
+  cord_internal::CordTreeConstPath tree_stack;
   const CordRep* cur_node = rep;
   while (true) {
     const CordRep* next_node = nullptr;
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord.h b/absl/strings/cord.h
index 40566cbaa011..68a7e52feb7a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord.h
+++ b/absl/strings/cord.h
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/invoke.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/per_thread_tls.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/functional/function_ref.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
@@ -66,6 +66,73 @@ template <typename H>
 H HashFragmentedCord(H, const Cord&);
 }
 
+namespace cord_internal {
+
+// It's expensive to keep a tree perfectly balanced, so instead we keep trees
+// approximately balanced.  A tree node N of depth D(N) that contains a string
+// of L(N) characters is considered balanced if L >= Fibonacci(D + 2).
+// The "+ 2" is used to ensure that every leaf node contains at least one
+// character. Here we presume that
+//   Fibonacci(0) = 0
+//   Fibonacci(1) = 1
+//   Fibonacci(2) = 1
+//   Fibonacci(3) = 2
+//   ...
+//
+// Fibonacci numbers are convenient because it means when two balanced trees of
+// the same depth are made the children of a new node, the resulting tree is
+// guaranteed to also be balanced:
+//
+//
+//   L(left)  >= Fibonacci(D(left) + 2)
+//   L(right) >= Fibonacci(D(right) + 2)
+//
+//   L(left) + L(right) >= Fibonacci(D(left) + 2) + Fibonacci(D(right) + 2)
+//   L(left) + L(right) == L(new_tree)
+//
+//   L(new_tree) >= 2 * Fibonacci(D(child) + 2)
+//   D(child) == D(new_tree) - 1
+//
+//   L(new_tree) >= 2 * Fibonacci(D(new_tree) + 1)
+//   2 * Fibonacci(N) >= Fibonacci(N + 1)
+//
+//   L(new_tree) >= Fibonacci(D(new_tree) + 2)
+//
+//
+// The 93rd Fibonacci number is the largest Fibonacci number that can be
+// represented in 64 bits, so the size of a balanced Cord of depth 92 is too big
+// for an unsigned 64 bit integer to hold.  Therefore we can safely assume that
+// the maximum depth of a Cord is 91.
+constexpr size_t MaxCordDepth() { return 91; }
+
+// This class models fixed max size stack of CordRep pointers.
+// The elements are being pushed back and popped from the back.
+template <typename CordRepPtr, size_t N>
+class CordTreePath {
+ public:
+  CordTreePath() {}
+  explicit CordTreePath(CordRepPtr root) { push_back(root); }
+
+  bool empty() const { return size_ == 0; }
+  size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  CordRepPtr back() { return data_[size_ - 1]; }
+
+  void pop_back() {
+    --size_;
+    assert(size_ < N);
+  }
+  void push_back(CordRepPtr elem) { data_[size_++] = elem; }
+
+ private:
+  CordRepPtr data_[N];
+  size_t size_ = 0;
+};
+
+using CordTreeMutablePath = CordTreePath<CordRep*, MaxCordDepth()>;
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+
 // A Cord is a sequence of characters.
 class Cord {
  private:
@@ -114,7 +181,8 @@ class Cord {
   // finished with `data`. The data must remain live and unchanging until the
   // releaser is called. The requirements for the releaser are that it:
   //   * is move constructible,
-  //   * supports `void operator()(absl::string_view) const`,
+  //   * supports `void operator()(absl::string_view) const` or
+  //     `void operator()() const`,
   //   * does not have alignment requirement greater than what is guaranteed by
   //     ::operator new. This is dictated by alignof(std::max_align_t) before
   //     C++17 and __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__ if compiling with C++17 or
@@ -127,8 +195,8 @@ class Cord {
   //   FillBlock(block);
   //   return absl::MakeCordFromExternal(
   //       block->ToStringView(),
-  //       [pool, block](absl::string_view /*ignored*/) {
-  //         pool->FreeBlock(block);
+  //       [pool, block](absl::string_view v) {
+  //         pool->FreeBlock(block, v);
   //       });
   // }
   //
@@ -282,8 +350,7 @@ class Cord {
     absl::cord_internal::CordRep* current_leaf_ = nullptr;
     // The number of bytes left in the `Cord` over which we are iterating.
     size_t bytes_remaining_ = 0;
-    absl::InlinedVector<absl::cord_internal::CordRep*, 4>
-        stack_of_right_children_;
+    absl::cord_internal::CordTreeMutablePath stack_of_right_children_;
   };
 
   // Returns an iterator to the first chunk of the `Cord`.
@@ -667,6 +734,21 @@ ExternalRepReleaserPair NewExternalWithUninitializedReleaser(
     absl::string_view data, ExternalReleaserInvoker invoker,
     size_t releaser_size);
 
+struct Rank1 {};
+struct Rank0 : Rank1 {};
+
+template <typename Releaser, typename = ::absl::base_internal::InvokeT<
+                                 Releaser, absl::string_view>>
+void InvokeReleaser(Rank0, Releaser&& releaser, absl::string_view data) {
+  ::absl::base_internal::Invoke(std::forward<Releaser>(releaser), data);
+}
+
+template <typename Releaser,
+          typename = ::absl::base_internal::InvokeT<Releaser>>
+void InvokeReleaser(Rank1, Releaser&& releaser, absl::string_view) {
+  ::absl::base_internal::Invoke(std::forward<Releaser>(releaser));
+}
+
 // Creates a new `CordRep` that owns `data` and `releaser` and returns a pointer
 // to it, or `nullptr` if `data` was empty.
 template <typename Releaser>
@@ -684,14 +766,14 @@ CordRep* NewExternalRep(absl::string_view data, Releaser&& releaser) {
   using ReleaserType = absl::decay_t<Releaser>;
   if (data.empty()) {
     // Never create empty external nodes.
-    ::absl::base_internal::Invoke(
-        ReleaserType(std::forward<Releaser>(releaser)), data);
+    InvokeReleaser(Rank0{}, ReleaserType(std::forward<Releaser>(releaser)),
+                   data);
     return nullptr;
   }
 
   auto releaser_invoker = [](void* type_erased_releaser, absl::string_view d) {
     auto* my_releaser = static_cast<ReleaserType*>(type_erased_releaser);
-    ::absl::base_internal::Invoke(std::move(*my_releaser), d);
+    InvokeReleaser(Rank0{}, std::move(*my_releaser), d);
     my_releaser->~ReleaserType();
     return sizeof(Releaser);
   };
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_test.cc b/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
index 434f3a247e08..68515cbf15b9 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
@@ -1032,6 +1032,19 @@ TEST(ConstructFromExternal, MoveOnlyReleaser) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(invoked);
 }
 
+TEST(ConstructFromExternal, NoArgLambda) {
+  bool invoked = false;
+  (void)absl::MakeCordFromExternal("dummy", [&invoked]() { invoked = true; });
+  EXPECT_TRUE(invoked);
+}
+
+TEST(ConstructFromExternal, StringViewArgLambda) {
+  bool invoked = false;
+  (void)absl::MakeCordFromExternal(
+      "dummy", [&invoked](absl::string_view) { invoked = true; });
+  EXPECT_TRUE(invoked);
+}
+
 TEST(ConstructFromExternal, NonTrivialReleaserDestructor) {
   struct Releaser {
     explicit Releaser(bool* destroyed) : destroyed(destroyed) {}
@@ -1346,6 +1359,49 @@ TEST(CordChunkIterator, Operations) {
   VerifyChunkIterator(subcords, 128);
 }
 
+TEST(CordChunkIterator, MaxLengthFullTree) {
+  absl::Cord cord;
+  size_t size = 1;
+  AddExternalMemory("x", &cord);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.size(), size);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 63; ++i) {
+    cord.Prepend(absl::Cord(cord));
+    size <<= 1;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(cord.size(), size);
+
+    auto chunk_it = cord.chunk_begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ(*chunk_it, "x");
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      (cord.Prepend(absl::Cord(cord)), *cord.chunk_begin()),
+      "Cord is too long");
+}
+
+TEST(CordChunkIterator, MaxDepth) {
+  // By reusing nodes, it's possible in pathological cases to build a Cord that
+  // exceeds both the maximum permissible length and depth.  In this case, the
+  // violation of the maximum depth is reported.
+  absl::Cord left_child;
+  AddExternalMemory("x", &left_child);
+  absl::Cord root = left_child;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 91; ++i) {
+    size_t new_size = left_child.size() + root.size();
+    root.Prepend(left_child);
+    EXPECT_EQ(root.size(), new_size);
+
+    auto chunk_it = root.chunk_begin();
+    EXPECT_EQ(*chunk_it, "x");
+
+    std::swap(left_child, root);
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(root.Prepend(left_child), "Cord depth exceeds max");
+}
+
 TEST(CordCharIterator, Traits) {
   static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<absl::Cord::CharIterator>::value,
                 "");