Export of internal Abseil changes

--
1bc4d36e13fb9175ea8cdaa00213aa9d4417c669 by Andy Getzendanner <durandal@google.com>:

Fix pointer format specifier in documentation

Import of https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/pull/614

PiperOrigin-RevId: 293227540

--
c7b43b30493c4fb5f2ec3264672b08bfe1ea3709 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Internal change.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 293160245

--
64439365e2b4a0b5e51ae0a7dafdb15912402dfd by Shahriar Rouf <nafi@google.com>:

Add benchmarks for string_view: BM_CompareFirstOneLess and BM_CompareSecondOneLess.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 293031676

--
b273b420cab24a6e3f487430987e09f4eb1caec4 by Greg Falcon <gfalcon@google.com>:

Remove an unreachable line from charconv.cc.

Fixes github issue #613.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 292980167

--
70babb5f7a3d9fdd00a2b3085c3c2b9fe0265c79 by Gennadiy Rozental <rogeeff@google.com>:

Move GetFlag implementation into FlagImpl.

This change will allow us to hide details of GetFlag overloads inside implementation detais. Eventually we'll migrate to a different implementation. No semantic changes in this CL.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 292930847

--
94bee7b7cc31e0167ee4b953281c1e78c96a574a by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Clarification in absl::Exponential documentation.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 292912672

--
d6916d30c5c1d3ee9ae46d69ec0a166a760c99c7 by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Make AtomicHook constant-initializable on Clang for Windows.

Only mark AtomicHook as constant-initializable on platforms where it
is actually constant-initializable.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 292655939
GitOrigin-RevId: 1bc4d36e13fb9175ea8cdaa00213aa9d4417c669
Change-Id: I090b231a0ca0d92868e494ab5b3fa86c902889d5

15 files changed, 315 insertions, 228 deletions

diff --git a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
index e2068f51c868..9814e4200af4 100644
--- a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ cc_library(
     visibility = [
         "//absl:__subpackages__",
     ],
-    deps = [":config"],
+    deps = [
+        ":config",
+        ":core_headers",
+    ],
 )
 
 cc_library(
diff --git a/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
index 60fc1a83576a..3ca985a910cc 100644
--- a/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/atomic_hook.h"
   DEPS
     absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
 )
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h
index d885bc059e2f..ae21cd7fe50a 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h
@@ -20,16 +20,21 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 
-#ifdef _MSC_FULL_VER
-#define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_ATOMIC_POINTER 0
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_CONSTEXPR_STATIC_INIT 0
 #else
-#define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_ATOMIC_POINTER 1
 #define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_CONSTEXPR_STATIC_INIT 1
 #endif
 
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_ATOMIC_POINTER 0
+#else
+#define ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_ATOMIC_POINTER 1
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace base_internal {
@@ -37,6 +42,15 @@ namespace base_internal {
 template <typename T>
 class AtomicHook;
 
+// To workaround AtomicHook not being constant-initializable on some platforms,
+// prefer to annotate instances with `ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES`
+// instead of `ABSL_CONST_INIT`.
+#if ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_CONSTEXPR_STATIC_INIT
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES ABSL_CONST_INIT
+#else
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
+#endif
+
 // `AtomicHook` is a helper class, templatized on a raw function pointer type,
 // for implementing Abseil customization hooks.  It is a callable object that
 // dispatches to the registered hook.  Objects of type `AtomicHook` must have
@@ -45,8 +59,11 @@ class AtomicHook;
 // A default constructed object performs a no-op (and returns a default
 // constructed object) if no hook has been registered.
 //
-// Hooks can be pre-registered via constant initialization, for example,
-// `ABSL_CONST_INIT static AtomicHook<void(*)()> my_hook(DefaultAction);`
+// Hooks can be pre-registered via constant initialization, for example:
+//
+// ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static AtomicHook<void(*)()>
+//     my_hook(DefaultAction);
+//
 // and then changed at runtime via a call to `Store()`.
 //
 // Reads and writes guarantee memory_order_acquire/memory_order_release
@@ -65,11 +82,15 @@ class AtomicHook<ReturnType (*)(Args...)> {
 #if ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_ATOMIC_POINTER && ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_CONSTEXPR_STATIC_INIT
   explicit constexpr AtomicHook(FnPtr default_fn)
       : hook_(default_fn), default_fn_(default_fn) {}
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_WORKING_CONSTEXPR_STATIC_INIT
+  explicit constexpr AtomicHook(FnPtr default_fn)
+      : hook_(kUninitialized), default_fn_(default_fn) {}
 #else
-  // On MSVC, this function sometimes executes after dynamic initialization =(.
-  // If a non-zero `hook_` has been installed by a dynamic initializer, we want
-  // to preserve it.  If not, `hook_` will be zero initialized and we have no
-  // need to set it to `kUninitialized`.
+  // As of January 2020, on all known versions of MSVC this constructor runs in
+  // the global constructor sequence.  If `Store()` is called by a dynamic
+  // initializer, we want to preserve the value, even if this constructor runs
+  // after the call to `Store()`.  If not, `hook_` will be
+  // zero-initialized by the linker and we have no need to set it.
   // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/336946/class-with-constexpr-constructor-not-using-static.html
   explicit constexpr AtomicHook(FnPtr default_fn)
       : /* hook_(deliberately omitted), */ default_fn_(default_fn) {
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test.cc b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test.cc
index 794072ee2fc2..e577a8fd930b 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ int value = 0;
 void TestHook(int x) { value = x; }
 
 TEST(AtomicHookTest, NoDefaultFunction) {
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void(*)(int)> hook;
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
+      void (*)(int)>
+      hook;
   value = 0;
 
   // Test the default DummyFunction.
@@ -53,8 +55,9 @@ TEST(AtomicHookTest, NoDefaultFunction) {
 
 TEST(AtomicHookTest, WithDefaultFunction) {
   // Set the default value to TestHook at compile-time.
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(int)> hook(
-      TestHook);
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
+      void (*)(int)>
+      hook(TestHook);
   value = 0;
 
   // Test the default value is TestHook.
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.cc b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.cc
index f95d962b343f..537d47cd2d2f 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace atomic_hook_internal {
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<VoidF> func(DefaultFunc);
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<VoidF>
+    func(DefaultFunc);
 ABSL_CONST_INIT int default_func_calls = 0;
 void DefaultFunc() { default_func_calls++; }
 void RegisterFunc(VoidF f) { func.Store(f); }
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
index e36eb29abf97..40cea5506172 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
@@ -71,10 +71,12 @@
 // Explicitly #error out when not ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_WRITE_SUPPORTED, except for a
 // whitelisted set of platforms for which we expect not to be able to raw log.
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
-    absl::raw_logging_internal::LogPrefixHook> log_prefix_hook;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
-    absl::raw_logging_internal::AbortHook> abort_hook;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
+    absl::raw_logging_internal::LogPrefixHook>
+    log_prefix_hook;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
+    absl::raw_logging_internal::AbortHook>
+    abort_hook;
 
 #ifdef ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_WRITE_SUPPORTED
 static const char kTruncated[] = " ... (message truncated)\n";
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ bool RawLoggingFullySupported() {
 #endif  // !ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_WRITE_SUPPORTED
 }
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL
+ABSL_DLL ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
     absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<InternalLogFunction>
         internal_log_function(DefaultInternalLog);
 
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
index ac74f97dc3ae..418d6c856feb 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
@@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ using InternalLogFunction = void (*)(absl::LogSeverity severity,
                                      const char* file, int line,
                                      const std::string& message);
 
-ABSL_DLL extern base_internal::AtomicHook<InternalLogFunction>
+ABSL_DLL ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES extern base_internal::AtomicHook<
+    InternalLogFunction>
     internal_log_function;
 
 void RegisterInternalLogFunction(InternalLogFunction func);
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
index 8dd8dab9e20c..830d4729af3b 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace base_internal {
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(const void *lock,
-                                                          int64_t wait_cycles)>
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES static base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(
+    const void *lock, int64_t wait_cycles)>
     submit_profile_data;
 
 void RegisterSpinLockProfiler(void (*fn)(const void *contendedlock,
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree.h b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
index 707e9f0e48bf..8644255c0330 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
@@ -403,8 +403,9 @@ class btree_node {
   //   // TODO(ezb): right now, `start` is always 0. Update insertion/merge
   //   // logic to allow for floating storage within nodes.
   //   field_type start;
-  //   // The count of the number of populated values in the node.
-  //   field_type count;
+  //   // The index after the last populated value in `values`. Currently, this
+  //   // is the same as the count of values.
+  //   field_type finish;
   //   // The maximum number of values the node can hold. This is an integer in
   //   // [1, kNodeValues] for root leaf nodes, kNodeValues for non-root leaf
   //   // nodes, and kInternalNodeMaxCount (as a sentinel value) for internal
@@ -415,7 +416,7 @@ class btree_node {
   //
   //   // The array of values. The capacity is `max_count` for leaf nodes and
   //   // kNodeValues for internal nodes. Only the values in
-  //   // [start, start + count) have been initialized and are valid.
+  //   // [start, finish) have been initialized and are valid.
   //   slot_type values[max_count];
   //
   //   // The array of child pointers. The keys in children[i] are all less
@@ -446,7 +447,7 @@ class btree_node {
                                                        slot_type, btree_node *>;
   constexpr static size_type SizeWithNValues(size_type n) {
     return layout_type(/*parent*/ 1,
-                       /*position, start, count, max_count*/ 4,
+                       /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
                        /*values*/ n,
                        /*children*/ 0)
         .AllocSize();
@@ -483,13 +484,13 @@ class btree_node {
   // Leaves can have less than kNodeValues values.
   constexpr static layout_type LeafLayout(const int max_values = kNodeValues) {
     return layout_type(/*parent*/ 1,
-                       /*position, start, count, max_count*/ 4,
+                       /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
                        /*values*/ max_values,
                        /*children*/ 0);
   }
   constexpr static layout_type InternalLayout() {
     return layout_type(/*parent*/ 1,
-                       /*position, start, count, max_count*/ 4,
+                       /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
                        /*values*/ kNodeValues,
                        /*children*/ kNodeValues + 1);
   }
@@ -515,12 +516,14 @@ class btree_node {
         reinterpret_cast<const char *>(this));
   }
   void set_parent(btree_node *p) { *GetField<0>() = p; }
-  field_type &mutable_count() { return GetField<1>()[2]; }
+  field_type &mutable_finish() { return GetField<1>()[2]; }
   slot_type *slot(int i) { return &GetField<2>()[i]; }
+  slot_type *start_slot() { return slot(start()); }
+  slot_type *finish_slot() { return slot(finish()); }
   const slot_type *slot(int i) const { return &GetField<2>()[i]; }
   void set_position(field_type v) { GetField<1>()[0] = v; }
   void set_start(field_type v) { GetField<1>()[1] = v; }
-  void set_count(field_type v) { GetField<1>()[2] = v; }
+  void set_finish(field_type v) { GetField<1>()[2] = v; }
   // This method is only called by the node init methods.
   void set_max_count(field_type v) { GetField<1>()[3] = v; }
 
@@ -533,10 +536,20 @@ class btree_node {
   field_type position() const { return GetField<1>()[0]; }
 
   // Getter for the offset of the first value in the `values` array.
-  field_type start() const { return GetField<1>()[1]; }
+  field_type start() const {
+    // TODO(ezb): when floating storage is implemented, return GetField<1>()[1];
+    assert(GetField<1>()[1] == 0);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Getter for the offset after the last value in the `values` array.
+  field_type finish() const { return GetField<1>()[2]; }
 
   // Getters for the number of values stored in this node.
-  field_type count() const { return GetField<1>()[2]; }
+  field_type count() const {
+    assert(finish() >= start());
+    return finish() - start();
+  }
   field_type max_count() const {
     // Internal nodes have max_count==kInternalNodeMaxCount.
     // Leaf nodes have max_count in [1, kNodeValues].
@@ -564,6 +577,7 @@ class btree_node {
 
   // Getters/setter for the child at position i in the node.
   btree_node *child(int i) const { return GetField<3>()[i]; }
+  btree_node *start_child() const { return child(start()); }
   btree_node *&mutable_child(int i) { return GetField<3>()[i]; }
   void clear_child(int i) {
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonObject(&mutable_child(i));
@@ -596,14 +610,14 @@ class btree_node {
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
   SearchResult<int, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
   linear_search(const K &k, const Compare &comp) const {
-    return linear_search_impl(k, 0, count(), comp,
+    return linear_search_impl(k, start(), finish(), comp,
                               btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>());
   }
 
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
   SearchResult<int, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
   binary_search(const K &k, const Compare &comp) const {
-    return binary_search_impl(k, 0, count(), comp,
+    return binary_search_impl(k, start(), finish(), comp,
                               btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>());
   }
 
@@ -733,10 +747,10 @@ class btree_node {
     n->set_parent(parent);
     n->set_position(0);
     n->set_start(0);
-    n->set_count(0);
+    n->set_finish(0);
     n->set_max_count(max_count);
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(
-        n->slot(0), max_count * sizeof(slot_type));
+        n->start_slot(), max_count * sizeof(slot_type));
     return n;
   }
   static btree_node *init_internal(btree_node *n, btree_node *parent) {
@@ -745,11 +759,12 @@ class btree_node {
     // internal.
     n->set_max_count(kInternalNodeMaxCount);
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(
-        &n->mutable_child(0), (kNodeValues + 1) * sizeof(btree_node *));
+        &n->mutable_child(n->start()),
+        (kNodeValues + 1) * sizeof(btree_node *));
     return n;
   }
   void destroy(allocator_type *alloc) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < count(); ++i) {
+    for (int i = start(); i < finish(); ++i) {
       value_destroy(i, alloc);
     }
   }
@@ -829,6 +844,7 @@ struct btree_iterator {
   using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
 
   btree_iterator() : node(nullptr), position(-1) {}
+  explicit btree_iterator(Node *n) : node(n), position(n->start()) {}
   btree_iterator(Node *n, int p) : node(n), position(p) {}
 
   // NOTE: this SFINAE allows for implicit conversions from iterator to
@@ -858,7 +874,7 @@ struct btree_iterator {
 
   // Increment/decrement the iterator.
   void increment() {
-    if (node->leaf() && ++position < node->count()) {
+    if (node->leaf() && ++position < node->finish()) {
       return;
     }
     increment_slow();
@@ -866,7 +882,7 @@ struct btree_iterator {
   void increment_slow();
 
   void decrement() {
-    if (node->leaf() && --position >= 0) {
+    if (node->leaf() && --position >= node->start()) {
       return;
     }
     decrement_slow();
@@ -942,7 +958,7 @@ class btree {
     node_type *parent;
     field_type position = 0;
     field_type start = 0;
-    field_type count = 0;
+    field_type finish = 0;
     // max_count must be != kInternalNodeMaxCount (so that this node is regarded
     // as a leaf node). max_count() is never called when the tree is empty.
     field_type max_count = node_type::kInternalNodeMaxCount + 1;
@@ -1047,11 +1063,11 @@ class btree {
   btree &operator=(const btree &x);
   btree &operator=(btree &&x) noexcept;
 
-  iterator begin() { return iterator(leftmost(), 0); }
-  const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(leftmost(), 0); }
-  iterator end() { return iterator(rightmost_, rightmost_->count()); }
+  iterator begin() { return iterator(leftmost()); }
+  const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(leftmost()); }
+  iterator end() { return iterator(rightmost_, rightmost_->finish()); }
   const_iterator end() const {
-    return const_iterator(rightmost_, rightmost_->count());
+    return const_iterator(rightmost_, rightmost_->finish());
   }
   reverse_iterator rbegin() { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
   const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const {
@@ -1367,9 +1383,9 @@ class btree {
   iterator internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&... args);
 
   // Returns an iterator pointing to the first value >= the value "iter" is
-  // pointing at. Note that "iter" might be pointing to an invalid location as
-  // iter.position == iter.node->count(). This routine simply moves iter up in
-  // the tree to a valid location.
+  // pointing at. Note that "iter" might be pointing to an invalid location such
+  // as iter.position == iter.node->finish(). This routine simply moves iter up
+  // in the tree to a valid location.
   // Requires: iter.node is non-null.
   template <typename IterType>
   static IterType internal_last(IterType iter);
@@ -1422,7 +1438,7 @@ class btree {
       return node_stats(1, 0);
     }
     node_stats res(0, 1);
-    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
+    for (int i = node->start(); i <= node->finish(); ++i) {
       res += internal_stats(node->child(i));
     }
     return res;
@@ -1456,20 +1472,21 @@ template <typename... Args>
 inline void btree_node<P>::emplace_value(const size_type i,
                                          allocator_type *alloc,
                                          Args &&... args) {
-  assert(i <= count());
+  assert(i >= start());
+  assert(i <= finish());
   // Shift old values to create space for new value and then construct it in
   // place.
-  if (i < count()) {
-    value_init(count(), alloc, slot(count() - 1));
-    for (size_type j = count() - 1; j > i; --j)
+  if (i < finish()) {
+    value_init(finish(), alloc, slot(finish() - 1));
+    for (size_type j = finish() - 1; j > i; --j)
       params_type::move(alloc, slot(j - 1), slot(j));
     value_destroy(i, alloc);
   }
   value_init(i, alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  set_count(count() + 1);
+  set_finish(finish() + 1);
 
-  if (!leaf() && count() > i + 1) {
-    for (int j = count(); j > i + 1; --j) {
+  if (!leaf() && finish() > i + 1) {
+    for (int j = finish(); j > i + 1; --j) {
       set_child(j, child(j - 1));
     }
     clear_child(i + 1);
@@ -1478,12 +1495,12 @@ inline void btree_node<P>::emplace_value(const size_type i,
 
 template <typename P>
 inline void btree_node<P>::remove_value(const int i, allocator_type *alloc) {
-  if (!leaf() && count() > i + 1) {
+  if (!leaf() && finish() > i + 1) {
     assert(child(i + 1)->count() == 0);
-    for (size_type j = i + 1; j < count(); ++j) {
+    for (size_type j = i + 1; j < finish(); ++j) {
       set_child(j, child(j + 1));
     }
-    clear_child(count());
+    clear_child(finish());
   }
 
   remove_values_ignore_children(i, /*to_erase=*/1, alloc);
@@ -1492,9 +1509,9 @@ inline void btree_node<P>::remove_value(const int i, allocator_type *alloc) {
 template <typename P>
 inline void btree_node<P>::remove_values_ignore_children(
     const int i, const int to_erase, allocator_type *alloc) {
-  params_type::move(alloc, slot(i + to_erase), slot(count()), slot(i));
-  value_destroy_n(count() - to_erase, to_erase, alloc);
-  set_count(count() - to_erase);
+  params_type::move(alloc, slot(i + to_erase), finish_slot(), slot(i));
+  value_destroy_n(finish() - to_erase, to_erase, alloc);
+  set_finish(finish() - to_erase);
 }
 
 template <typename P>
@@ -1508,37 +1525,38 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(const int to_move,
   assert(to_move <= right->count());
 
   // 1) Move the delimiting value in the parent to the left node.
-  value_init(count(), alloc, parent()->slot(position()));
+  value_init(finish(), alloc, parent()->slot(position()));
 
   // 2) Move the (to_move - 1) values from the right node to the left node.
-  right->uninitialized_move_n(to_move - 1, 0, count() + 1, this, alloc);
+  right->uninitialized_move_n(to_move - 1, right->start(), finish() + 1, this,
+                              alloc);
 
   // 3) Move the new delimiting value to the parent from the right node.
   params_type::move(alloc, right->slot(to_move - 1),
                     parent()->slot(position()));
 
   // 4) Shift the values in the right node to their correct position.
-  params_type::move(alloc, right->slot(to_move), right->slot(right->count()),
-                    right->slot(0));
+  params_type::move(alloc, right->slot(to_move), right->finish_slot(),
+                    right->start_slot());
 
   // 5) Destroy the now-empty to_move entries in the right node.
-  right->value_destroy_n(right->count() - to_move, to_move, alloc);
+  right->value_destroy_n(right->finish() - to_move, to_move, alloc);
 
   if (!leaf()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
     for (int i = 0; i < to_move; ++i) {
-      init_child(count() + i + 1, right->child(i));
+      init_child(finish() + i + 1, right->child(i));
     }
-    for (int i = 0; i <= right->count() - to_move; ++i) {
+    for (int i = right->start(); i <= right->finish() - to_move; ++i) {
       assert(i + to_move <= right->max_count());
       right->init_child(i, right->child(i + to_move));
       right->clear_child(i + to_move);
     }
   }
 
-  // Fixup the counts on the left and right nodes.
-  set_count(count() + to_move);
-  right->set_count(right->count() - to_move);
+  // Fixup `finish` on the left and right nodes.
+  set_finish(finish() + to_move);
+  right->set_finish(right->finish() - to_move);
 }
 
 template <typename P>
@@ -1562,11 +1580,11 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(const int to_move,
     // the new to_move entries from the parent and left node.
 
     // 1) Shift existing values in the right node to their correct positions.
-    right->uninitialized_move_n(to_move, right->count() - to_move,
-                                right->count(), right, alloc);
-    for (slot_type *src = right->slot(right->count() - to_move - 1),
-                   *dest = right->slot(right->count() - 1),
-                   *end = right->slot(0);
+    right->uninitialized_move_n(to_move, right->finish() - to_move,
+                                right->finish(), right, alloc);
+    for (slot_type *src = right->slot(right->finish() - to_move - 1),
+                   *dest = right->slot(right->finish() - 1),
+                   *end = right->start_slot();
          src >= end; --src, --dest) {
       params_type::move(alloc, src, dest);
     }
@@ -1576,14 +1594,15 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(const int to_move,
                       right->slot(to_move - 1));
 
     // 3) Move the (to_move - 1) values from the left node to the right node.
-    params_type::move(alloc, slot(count() - (to_move - 1)), slot(count()),
-                      right->slot(0));
+    params_type::move(alloc, slot(finish() - (to_move - 1)), finish_slot(),
+                      right->start_slot());
   } else {
     // The right node does not have enough initialized space to hold the new
     // to_move entries, so part of them will move to uninitialized space.
 
     // 1) Shift existing values in the right node to their correct positions.
-    right->uninitialized_move_n(right->count(), 0, to_move, right, alloc);
+    right->uninitialized_move_n(right->count(), right->start(),
+                                right->start() + to_move, right, alloc);
 
     // 2) Move the delimiting value in the parent to the right node.
     right->value_init(to_move - 1, alloc, parent()->slot(position()));
@@ -1591,33 +1610,35 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(const int to_move,
     // 3) Move the (to_move - 1) values from the left node to the right node.
     const size_type uninitialized_remaining = to_move - right->count() - 1;
     uninitialized_move_n(uninitialized_remaining,
-                         count() - uninitialized_remaining, right->count(),
+                         finish() - uninitialized_remaining, right->finish(),
                          right, alloc);
-    params_type::move(alloc, slot(count() - (to_move - 1)),
-                      slot(count() - uninitialized_remaining), right->slot(0));
+    params_type::move(alloc, slot(finish() - (to_move - 1)),
+                      slot(finish() - uninitialized_remaining),
+                      right->start_slot());
   }
 
   // 4) Move the new delimiting value to the parent from the left node.
-  params_type::move(alloc, slot(count() - to_move), parent()->slot(position()));
+  params_type::move(alloc, slot(finish() - to_move),
+                    parent()->slot(position()));
 
   // 5) Destroy the now-empty to_move entries in the left node.
-  value_destroy_n(count() - to_move, to_move, alloc);
+  value_destroy_n(finish() - to_move, to_move, alloc);
 
   if (!leaf()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the left to the right node.
-    for (int i = right->count(); i >= 0; --i) {
+    for (int i = right->finish(); i >= right->start(); --i) {
       right->init_child(i + to_move, right->child(i));
       right->clear_child(i);
     }
     for (int i = 1; i <= to_move; ++i) {
-      right->init_child(i - 1, child(count() - to_move + i));
-      clear_child(count() - to_move + i);
+      right->init_child(i - 1, child(finish() - to_move + i));
+      clear_child(finish() - to_move + i);
     }
   }
 
   // Fixup the counts on the left and right nodes.
-  set_count(count() - to_move);
-  right->set_count(right->count() + to_move);
+  set_finish(finish() - to_move);
+  right->set_finish(right->finish() + to_move);
 }
 
 template <typename P>
@@ -1630,33 +1651,34 @@ void btree_node<P>::split(const int insert_position, btree_node *dest,
   // inserting at the beginning of the left node then bias the split to put
   // more values on the right node. If we're inserting at the end of the
   // right node then bias the split to put more values on the left node.
-  if (insert_position == 0) {
-    dest->set_count(count() - 1);
+  if (insert_position == start()) {
+    dest->set_finish(dest->start() + finish() - 1);
   } else if (insert_position == kNodeValues) {
-    dest->set_count(0);
+    dest->set_finish(dest->start());
   } else {
-    dest->set_count(count() / 2);
+    dest->set_finish(dest->start() + count() / 2);
   }
-  set_count(count() - dest->count());
+  set_finish(finish() - dest->count());
   assert(count() >= 1);
 
   // Move values from the left sibling to the right sibling.
-  uninitialized_move_n(dest->count(), count(), 0, dest, alloc);
+  uninitialized_move_n(dest->count(), finish(), dest->start(), dest, alloc);
 
   // Destroy the now-empty entries in the left node.
-  value_destroy_n(count(), dest->count(), alloc);
+  value_destroy_n(finish(), dest->count(), alloc);
 
   // The split key is the largest value in the left sibling.
-  set_count(count() - 1);
-  parent()->emplace_value(position(), alloc, slot(count()));
-  value_destroy(count(), alloc);
+  --mutable_finish();
+  parent()->emplace_value(position(), alloc, finish_slot());
+  value_destroy(finish(), alloc);
   parent()->init_child(position() + 1, dest);
 
   if (!leaf()) {
-    for (int i = 0; i <= dest->count(); ++i) {
-      assert(child(count() + i + 1) != nullptr);
-      dest->init_child(i, child(count() + i + 1));
-      clear_child(count() + i + 1);
+    for (int i = dest->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= dest->finish();
+         ++i, ++j) {
+      assert(child(j) != nullptr);
+      dest->init_child(i, child(j));
+      clear_child(j);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1667,25 +1689,26 @@ void btree_node<P>::merge(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc) {
   assert(position() + 1 == src->position());
 
   // Move the delimiting value to the left node.
-  value_init(count(), alloc, parent()->slot(position()));
+  value_init(finish(), alloc, parent()->slot(position()));
 
   // Move the values from the right to the left node.
-  src->uninitialized_move_n(src->count(), 0, count() + 1, this, alloc);
+  src->uninitialized_move_n(src->count(), src->start(), finish() + 1, this,
+                            alloc);
 
   // Destroy the now-empty entries in the right node.
-  src->value_destroy_n(0, src->count(), alloc);
+  src->value_destroy_n(src->start(), src->count(), alloc);
 
   if (!leaf()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
-    for (int i = 0; i <= src->count(); ++i) {
-      init_child(count() + i + 1, src->child(i));
+    for (int i = src->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= src->finish(); ++i, ++j) {
+      init_child(j, src->child(i));
       src->clear_child(i);
     }
   }
 
-  // Fixup the counts on the src and dest nodes.
-  set_count(1 + count() + src->count());
-  src->set_count(0);
+  // Fixup `finish` on the src and dest nodes.
+  set_finish(start() + 1 + count() + src->count());
+  src->set_finish(src->start());
 
   // Remove the value on the parent node.
   parent()->remove_value(position(), alloc);
@@ -1703,38 +1726,40 @@ void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *x, allocator_type *alloc) {
   }
 
   // Swap the values.
-  for (slot_type *a = smaller->slot(0), *b = larger->slot(0),
-                 *end = a + smaller->count();
+  for (slot_type *a = smaller->start_slot(), *b = larger->start_slot(),
+                 *end = smaller->finish_slot();
        a != end; ++a, ++b) {
     params_type::swap(alloc, a, b);
   }
 
   // Move values that can't be swapped.
   const size_type to_move = larger->count() - smaller->count();
-  larger->uninitialized_move_n(to_move, smaller->count(), smaller->count(),
+  larger->uninitialized_move_n(to_move, smaller->finish(), smaller->finish(),
                                smaller, alloc);
-  larger->value_destroy_n(smaller->count(), to_move, alloc);
+  larger->value_destroy_n(smaller->finish(), to_move, alloc);
 
   if (!leaf()) {
     // Swap the child pointers.
-    std::swap_ranges(&smaller->mutable_child(0),
-                     &smaller->mutable_child(smaller->count() + 1),
-                     &larger->mutable_child(0));
+    std::swap_ranges(&smaller->mutable_child(smaller->start()),
+                     &smaller->mutable_child(smaller->finish() + 1),
+                     &larger->mutable_child(larger->start()));
     // Update swapped children's parent pointers.
-    int i = 0;
-    for (; i <= smaller->count(); ++i) {
+    int i = smaller->start();
+    int j = larger->start();
+    for (; i <= smaller->finish(); ++i, ++j) {
       smaller->child(i)->set_parent(smaller);
-      larger->child(i)->set_parent(larger);
+      larger->child(j)->set_parent(larger);
     }
     // Move the child pointers that couldn't be swapped.
-    for (; i <= larger->count(); ++i) {
-      smaller->init_child(i, larger->child(i));
-      larger->clear_child(i);
+    for (; j <= larger->finish(); ++i, ++j) {
+      smaller->init_child(i, larger->child(j));
+      larger->clear_child(j);
     }
   }
 
-  // Swap the counts.
-  swap(mutable_count(), x->mutable_count());
+  // Swap the `finish`s.
+  // TODO(ezb): with floating storage, will also need to swap starts.
+  swap(mutable_finish(), x->mutable_finish());
 }
 
 ////
@@ -1742,23 +1767,23 @@ void btree_node<P>::swap(btree_node *x, allocator_type *alloc) {
 template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
 void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::increment_slow() {
   if (node->leaf()) {
-    assert(position >= node->count());
+    assert(position >= node->finish());
     btree_iterator save(*this);
-    while (position == node->count() && !node->is_root()) {
+    while (position == node->finish() && !node->is_root()) {
       assert(node->parent()->child(node->position()) == node);
       position = node->position();
       node = node->parent();
     }
-    if (position == node->count()) {
+    if (position == node->finish()) {
       *this = save;
     }
   } else {
-    assert(position < node->count());
+    assert(position < node->finish());
     node = node->child(position + 1);
     while (!node->leaf()) {
-      node = node->child(0);
+      node = node->start_child();
     }
-    position = 0;
+    position = node->start();
   }
 }
 
@@ -1767,21 +1792,21 @@ void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::decrement_slow() {
   if (node->leaf()) {
     assert(position <= -1);
     btree_iterator save(*this);
-    while (position < 0 && !node->is_root()) {
+    while (position < node->start() && !node->is_root()) {
       assert(node->parent()->child(node->position()) == node);
       position = node->position() - 1;
       node = node->parent();
     }
-    if (position < 0) {
+    if (position < node->start()) {
       *this = save;
     }
   } else {
-    assert(position >= 0);
+    assert(position >= node->start());
     node = node->child(position);
     while (!node->leaf()) {
-      node = node->child(node->count());
+      node = node->child(node->finish());
     }
-    position = node->count() - 1;
+    position = node->finish() - 1;
   }
 }
 
@@ -2068,8 +2093,8 @@ auto btree<P>::rebalance_after_delete(iterator iter) -> iterator {
 
   // Adjust our return value. If we're pointing at the end of a node, advance
   // the iterator.
-  if (res.position == res.node->count()) {
-    res.position = res.node->count() - 1;
+  if (res.position == res.node->finish()) {
+    res.position = res.node->finish() - 1;
     ++res;
   }
 
@@ -2101,7 +2126,7 @@ auto btree<P>::erase_range(iterator begin, iterator end)
   while (size_ > target_size) {
     if (begin.node->leaf()) {
       const size_type remaining_to_erase = size_ - target_size;
-      const size_type remaining_in_node = begin.node->count() - begin.position;
+      const size_type remaining_in_node = begin.node->finish() - begin.position;
       begin = erase_from_leaf_node(
           begin, (std::min)(remaining_to_erase, remaining_in_node));
     } else {
@@ -2124,7 +2149,8 @@ void btree<P>::erase_same_node(iterator begin, iterator end) {
       internal_clear(node->child(begin.position + i + 1));
     }
     // Rotate children after end into new positions.
-    for (size_type i = begin.position + to_erase + 1; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
+    for (size_type i = begin.position + to_erase + 1; i <= node->finish();
+         ++i) {
       node->set_child(i - to_erase, node->child(i));
       node->clear_child(i);
     }
@@ -2144,8 +2170,8 @@ auto btree<P>::erase_from_leaf_node(iterator begin, size_type to_erase)
     -> iterator {
   node_type *node = begin.node;
   assert(node->leaf());
-  assert(node->count() > begin.position);
-  assert(begin.position + to_erase <= node->count());
+  assert(node->finish() > begin.position);
+  assert(begin.position + to_erase <= node->finish());
 
   node->remove_values_ignore_children(begin.position, to_erase,
                                       mutable_allocator());
@@ -2214,7 +2240,7 @@ void btree<P>::verify() const {
   assert(rightmost_ != nullptr);
   assert(empty() || size() == internal_verify(root(), nullptr, nullptr));
   assert(leftmost() == (++const_iterator(root(), -1)).node);
-  assert(rightmost_ == (--const_iterator(root(), root()->count())).node);
+  assert(rightmost_ == (--const_iterator(root(), root()->finish())).node);
   assert(leftmost()->leaf());
   assert(rightmost_->leaf());
 }
@@ -2229,7 +2255,7 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
   // First try to make room on the node by rebalancing.
   node_type *parent = node->parent();
   if (node != root()) {
-    if (node->position() > 0) {
+    if (node->position() > parent->start()) {
       // Try rebalancing with our left sibling.
       node_type *left = parent->child(node->position() - 1);
       assert(left->max_count() == kNodeValues);
@@ -2241,13 +2267,13 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
                       (1 + (insert_position < kNodeValues));
         to_move = (std::max)(1, to_move);
 
-        if (((insert_position - to_move) >= 0) ||
-            ((left->count() + to_move) < kNodeValues)) {
+        if (insert_position - to_move >= node->start() ||
+            left->count() + to_move < kNodeValues) {
           left->rebalance_right_to_left(to_move, node, mutable_allocator());
 
           assert(node->max_count() - node->count() == to_move);
           insert_position = insert_position - to_move;
-          if (insert_position < 0) {
+          if (insert_position < node->start()) {
             insert_position = insert_position + left->count() + 1;
             node = left;
           }
@@ -2258,7 +2284,7 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
       }
     }
 
-    if (node->position() < parent->count()) {
+    if (node->position() < parent->finish()) {
       // Try rebalancing with our right sibling.
       node_type *right = parent->child(node->position() + 1);
       assert(right->max_count() == kNodeValues);
@@ -2266,15 +2292,15 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
         // We bias rebalancing based on the position being inserted. If we're
         // inserting at the beginning of the left node then we bias rebalancing
         // to fill up the right node.
-        int to_move =
-            (kNodeValues - right->count()) / (1 + (insert_position > 0));
+        int to_move = (kNodeValues - right->count()) /
+                      (1 + (insert_position > node->start()));
         to_move = (std::max)(1, to_move);
 
-        if ((insert_position <= (node->count() - to_move)) ||
-            ((right->count() + to_move) < kNodeValues)) {
+        if (insert_position <= node->finish() - to_move ||
+            right->count() + to_move < kNodeValues) {
           node->rebalance_left_to_right(to_move, right, mutable_allocator());
 
-          if (insert_position > node->count()) {
+          if (insert_position > node->finish()) {
             insert_position = insert_position - node->count() - 1;
             node = right;
           }
@@ -2297,10 +2323,11 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
     // Create a new root node and set the current root node as the child of the
     // new root.
     parent = new_internal_node(parent);
-    parent->init_child(0, root());
+    parent->init_child(parent->start(), root());
     mutable_root() = parent;
     // If the former root was a leaf node, then it's now the rightmost node.
-    assert(!parent->child(0)->leaf() || parent->child(0) == rightmost_);
+    assert(!parent->start_child()->leaf() ||
+           parent->start_child() == rightmost_);
   }
 
   // Split the node.
@@ -2314,7 +2341,7 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
     node->split(insert_position, split_node, mutable_allocator());
   }
 
-  if (insert_position > node->count()) {
+  if (insert_position > node->finish()) {
     insert_position = insert_position - node->count() - 1;
     node = split_node;
   }
@@ -2334,22 +2361,22 @@ void btree<P>::merge_nodes(node_type *left, node_type *right) {
 template <typename P>
 bool btree<P>::try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter) {
   node_type *parent = iter->node->parent();
-  if (iter->node->position() > 0) {
+  if (iter->node->position() > parent->start()) {
     // Try merging with our left sibling.
     node_type *left = parent->child(iter->node->position() - 1);
     assert(left->max_count() == kNodeValues);
-    if ((1 + left->count() + iter->node->count()) <= kNodeValues) {
+    if (1 + left->count() + iter->node->count() <= kNodeValues) {
       iter->position += 1 + left->count();
       merge_nodes(left, iter->node);
       iter->node = left;
       return true;
     }
   }
-  if (iter->node->position() < parent->count()) {
+  if (iter->node->position() < parent->finish()) {
     // Try merging with our right sibling.
     node_type *right = parent->child(iter->node->position() + 1);
     assert(right->max_count() == kNodeValues);
-    if ((1 + iter->node->count() + right->count()) <= kNodeValues) {
+    if (1 + iter->node->count() + right->count() <= kNodeValues) {
       merge_nodes(iter->node, right);
       return true;
     }
@@ -2357,23 +2384,22 @@ bool btree<P>::try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter) {
     // we deleted the first element from iter->node and the node is not
     // empty. This is a small optimization for the common pattern of deleting
     // from the front of the tree.
-    if ((right->count() > kMinNodeValues) &&
-        ((iter->node->count() == 0) || (iter->position > 0))) {
+    if (right->count() > kMinNodeValues &&
+        (iter->node->count() == 0 || iter->position > iter->node->start())) {
       int to_move = (right->count() - iter->node->count()) / 2;
       to_move = (std::min)(to_move, right->count() - 1);
       iter->node->rebalance_right_to_left(to_move, right, mutable_allocator());
       return false;
     }
   }
-  if (iter->node->position() > 0) {
+  if (iter->node->position() > parent->start()) {
     // Try rebalancing with our left sibling. We don't perform rebalancing if
     // we deleted the last element from iter->node and the node is not
     // empty. This is a small optimization for the common pattern of deleting
     // from the back of the tree.
     node_type *left = parent->child(iter->node->position() - 1);
-    if ((left->count() > kMinNodeValues) &&
-        ((iter->node->count() == 0) ||
-         (iter->position < iter->node->count()))) {
+    if (left->count() > kMinNodeValues &&
+        (iter->node->count() == 0 || iter->position < iter->node->finish())) {
       int to_move = (left->count() - iter->node->count()) / 2;
       to_move = (std::min)(to_move, left->count() - 1);
       left->rebalance_left_to_right(to_move, iter->node, mutable_allocator());
@@ -2396,7 +2422,7 @@ void btree<P>::try_shrink() {
     mutable_root() = EmptyNode();
     rightmost_ = EmptyNode();
   } else {
-    node_type *child = root()->child(0);
+    node_type *child = root()->start_child();
     child->make_root();
     delete_internal_node(root());
     mutable_root() = child;
@@ -2407,7 +2433,7 @@ template <typename P>
 template <typename IterType>
 inline IterType btree<P>::internal_last(IterType iter) {
   assert(iter.node != nullptr);
-  while (iter.position == iter.node->count()) {
+  while (iter.position == iter.node->finish()) {
     iter.position = iter.node->position();
     iter.node = iter.node->parent();
     if (iter.node->leaf()) {
@@ -2463,7 +2489,7 @@ template <typename K>
 inline auto btree<P>::internal_locate_impl(
     const K &key, std::false_type /* IsCompareTo */) const
     -> SearchResult<iterator, false> {
-  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()), 0);
+  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
     iter.position = iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp()).value;
     // NOTE: we don't need to walk all the way down the tree if the keys are
@@ -2483,7 +2509,7 @@ template <typename K>
 inline auto btree<P>::internal_locate_impl(
     const K &key, std::true_type /* IsCompareTo */) const
     -> SearchResult<iterator, true> {
-  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()), 0);
+  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
     SearchResult<int, true> res = iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp());
     iter.position = res.value;
@@ -2501,7 +2527,7 @@ inline auto btree<P>::internal_locate_impl(
 template <typename P>
 template <typename K>
 auto btree<P>::internal_lower_bound(const K &key) const -> iterator {
-  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()), 0);
+  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
     iter.position = iter.node->lower_bound(key, key_comp()).value;
     if (iter.node->leaf()) {
@@ -2515,7 +2541,7 @@ auto btree<P>::internal_lower_bound(const K &key) const -> iterator {
 template <typename P>
 template <typename K>
 auto btree<P>::internal_upper_bound(const K &key) const -> iterator {
-  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()), 0);
+  iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
     iter.position = iter.node->upper_bound(key, key_comp());
     if (iter.node->leaf()) {
@@ -2546,7 +2572,7 @@ auto btree<P>::internal_find(const K &key) const -> iterator {
 template <typename P>
 void btree<P>::internal_clear(node_type *node) {
   if (!node->leaf()) {
-    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
+    for (int i = node->start(); i <= node->finish(); ++i) {
       internal_clear(node->child(i));
     }
     delete_internal_node(node);
@@ -2561,23 +2587,23 @@ int btree<P>::internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
   assert(node->count() > 0);
   assert(node->count() <= node->max_count());
   if (lo) {
-    assert(!compare_keys(node->key(0), *lo));
+    assert(!compare_keys(node->key(node->start()), *lo));
   }
   if (hi) {
-    assert(!compare_keys(*hi, node->key(node->count() - 1)));
+    assert(!compare_keys(*hi, node->key(node->finish() - 1)));
   }
-  for (int i = 1; i < node->count(); ++i) {
+  for (int i = node->start() + 1; i < node->finish(); ++i) {
     assert(!compare_keys(node->key(i), node->key(i - 1)));
   }
   int count = node->count();
   if (!node->leaf()) {
-    for (int i = 0; i <= node->count(); ++i) {
+    for (int i = node->start(); i <= node->finish(); ++i) {
       assert(node->child(i) != nullptr);
       assert(node->child(i)->parent() == node);
       assert(node->child(i)->position() == i);
-      count +=
-          internal_verify(node->child(i), (i == 0) ? lo : &node->key(i - 1),
-                          (i == node->count()) ? hi : &node->key(i));
+      count += internal_verify(node->child(i),
+                               i == node->start() ? lo : &node->key(i - 1),
+                               i == node->finish() ? hi : &node->key(i));
     }
   }
   return count;
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag.h b/absl/flags/flag.h
index bd61668ff4f1..fcfdd58cbf4a 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/flag.h
@@ -186,15 +186,17 @@ class Flag {
 //
 //   // FLAGS_firstname is a Flag of type `std::string`
 //   std::string first_name = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_firstname);
+template <typename T>
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag) {
+  return flag.Get();
+}
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 // We want to validate the type mismatch between type definition and
 // declaration. The lock-free implementation does not allow us to do it,
 // so in debug builds we always use the slower implementation, which always
 // validates the type.
-template <typename T>
-ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag) {
-  return flag.Get();
-}
+
 // We currently need an external linkage for built-in types because shared
 // libraries have different addresses of flags_internal::FlagOps<T> which
 // might cause log spam when checking the same flag type.
@@ -202,29 +204,6 @@ ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag) {
   ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag);
 ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_BUILTIN_TYPES(ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_BUILT_IN_EXPORT)
 #undef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_BUILT_IN_EXPORT
-#else
-template <typename T,
-          typename std::enable_if<
-              !flags_internal::IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
-ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag) {
-  return flag.Get();
-}
-// Overload for `GetFlag()` for types that support lock-free reads.
-template <typename T,
-          typename std::enable_if<
-              flags_internal::IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
-ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T GetFlag(const absl::Flag<T>& flag) {
-  // T might not be default constructible.
-  union U {
-    T value;
-    U() {}
-  };
-  U result;
-  if (flag.AtomicGet(&result.value)) {
-    return result.value;
-  }
-  return flag.Get();
-}
 #endif
 
 // SetFlag()
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
index ec467c3194ef..4341f1137d9d 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
@@ -244,16 +244,32 @@ class FlagImpl {
   bool TryParse(void** dst, absl::string_view value, std::string* err) const
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(*DataGuard());
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
   template <typename T>
-  bool AtomicGet(T* v) const {
+  void Get(T* dst) const {
+    Read(dst, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>);
+  }
+#else
+  template <typename T, typename std::enable_if<
+                            !flags_internal::IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value,
+                            int>::type = 0>
+  void Get(T* dst) const {
+    Read(dst, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>);
+  }
+  // Overload for `GetFlag()` for types that support lock-free reads.
+  template <typename T,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                flags_internal::IsAtomicFlagTypeTrait<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  void Get(T* dst) const {
     using U = flags_internal::BestAtomicType<T>;
     const typename U::type r = atomics_.template load<T>();
     if (r != U::AtomicInit()) {
-      std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(v), &r, sizeof(T));
-      return true;
+      std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(dst), &r, sizeof(T));
+    } else {
+      Read(dst, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>);
     }
-    return false;
   }
+#endif
 
   // Mutating access methods
   void Write(const void* src, const flags_internal::FlagOpFn src_op)
@@ -397,12 +413,10 @@ class Flag final : public flags_internal::CommandLineFlag {
     };
     U u;
 
-    impl_.Read(&u.value, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>);
+    impl_.Get(&u.value);
     return std::move(u.value);
   }
 
-  bool AtomicGet(T* v) const { return impl_.AtomicGet(v); }
-
   void Set(const T& v) { impl_.Write(&v, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>); }
 
   void SetCallback(const flags_internal::FlagCallback mutation_callback) {
diff --git a/absl/random/distributions.h b/absl/random/distributions.h
index c1fb66501593..d026d92b9045 100644
--- a/absl/random/distributions.h
+++ b/absl/random/distributions.h
@@ -291,10 +291,10 @@ RealType Beta(URBG&& urbg,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
 // absl::Exponential<T>(bitgen, lambda = 1)
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 //
-// `absl::Exponential` produces a floating point number for discrete
-// distributions of events occurring continuously and independently at a
-// constant average rate. `T` must be a floating point type, but may be inferred
-// from the type of `lambda`.
+// `absl::Exponential` produces a floating point number representing the
+// distance (time) between two consecutive events in a point process of events
+// occurring continuously and independently at a constant average rate. `T` must
+// be a floating point type, but may be inferred from the type of `lambda`.
 //
 // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_distribution.
 //
diff --git a/absl/strings/charconv.cc b/absl/strings/charconv.cc
index d9bc2dd20828..bdba768dcd6c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/charconv.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/charconv.cc
@@ -673,7 +673,6 @@ from_chars_result FromCharsImpl(const char* first, const char* last,
     EncodeResult(calculated, negative, &result, &value);
     return result;
   }
-  return result;
 }
 }  // namespace
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/string_view_benchmark.cc b/absl/strings/string_view_benchmark.cc
index f2e4214c5110..0d74e23e2fc9 100644
--- a/absl/strings/string_view_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/string_view_benchmark.cc
@@ -160,11 +160,45 @@ void BM_CompareSame(benchmark::State& state) {
   absl::string_view b = y;
 
   for (auto _ : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(b);
     benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a.compare(b));
   }
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_CompareSame)->DenseRange(0, 3)->Range(4, 1 << 10);
 
+void BM_CompareFirstOneLess(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const int len = state.range(0);
+  std::string x(len, 'a');
+  std::string y = x;
+  y.back() = 'b';
+  absl::string_view a = x;
+  absl::string_view b = y;
+
+  for (auto _ : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(b);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a.compare(b));
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_CompareFirstOneLess)->DenseRange(1, 3)->Range(4, 1 << 10);
+
+void BM_CompareSecondOneLess(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const int len = state.range(0);
+  std::string x(len, 'a');
+  std::string y = x;
+  x.back() = 'b';
+  absl::string_view a = x;
+  absl::string_view b = y;
+
+  for (auto _ : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(b);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(a.compare(b));
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_CompareSecondOneLess)->DenseRange(1, 3)->Range(4, 1 << 10);
+
 void BM_find_string_view_len_one(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::string haystack(state.range(0), '0');
   absl::string_view s(haystack);
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc b/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
index 46af8a52b3fd..e0879b059acb 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
@@ -107,13 +107,16 @@ static_assert(
     sizeof(MutexGlobals) == ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE,
     "MutexGlobals must occupy an entire cacheline to prevent false sharing");
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(int64_t wait_cycles)>
-    submit_profile_data;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
-    void (*)(const char *msg, const void *obj, int64_t wait_cycles)> mutex_tracer;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
-    void (*)(const char *msg, const void *cv)> cond_var_tracer;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
+    absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(int64_t wait_cycles)>
+        submit_profile_data;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(
+    const char *msg, const void *obj, int64_t wait_cycles)>
+    mutex_tracer;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
+    absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(const char *msg, const void *cv)>
+        cond_var_tracer;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
     bool (*)(const void *pc, char *out, int out_size)>
     symbolizer(absl::Symbolize);