<chapter id='chap-writing-nix-expressions'><title>Writing Nix Expressions</title>
<para>This chapter shows you how to write Nix expressions, which are
the things that tell Nix how to build components. It starts with a
simple example (a Nix expression for GNU Hello), and then moves
on to a more in-depth look at the Nix expression language.</para>
<sect1><title>A simple Nix expression</title>
<para>This section shows how to add and test the <ulink
url='http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html'>GNU Hello
package</ulink> to the Nix Packages collection. Hello is a program
that prints out the text <quote>Hello, world!</quote>.</para>
<para>To add a component to the Nix Packages collection, you generally
need to do three things:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Write a Nix expression for the component. This is a
file that describes all the inputs involved in building the
component, such as dependencies (other components required by the
component), sources, and so on.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Write a <emphasis>builder</emphasis>. This is a
shell script<footnote><para>In fact, it can be written in any
language, but typically it's a <command>bash</command> shell
script.</para></footnote> that actually builds the component from
the inputs.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add the component to the file
<filename>pkgs/system/all-packages-generic.nix</filename>. The Nix
expression written in the first step is a
<emphasis>function</emphasis>; it requires other components in order
to build it. In this step you put it all together, i.e., you call
the function with the right arguments to build the actual
component.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
<sect2><title>The Nix expression</title>
<example id='ex-hello-nix'><title>Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<filename>default.nix</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
{stdenv, fetchurl, perl}: <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-1' />
stdenv.mkDerivation { <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-2' />
name = "hello-2.1.1"; <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-3' />
builder = ./builder.sh; <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-4' />
src = fetchurl { <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-5' />
url = ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz;
md5 = "70c9ccf9fac07f762c24f2df2290784d";
};
inherit perl; <co id='ex-hello-nix-co-6' />
}</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> shows a Nix expression for GNU
Hello. It's actually already in the Nix Packages collection in
<filename>pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</filename>.
It is customary to place each package in a separate directory and call
the single Nix expression in that directory
<filename>default.nix</filename>. The file has the following elements
(referenced from the figure by number):
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-1'>
<para>This states that the expression is a
<emphasis>function</emphasis> that expects to be called with three
arguments: <varname>stdenv</varname>, <varname>fetchurl</varname>,
and <varname>perl</varname>. They are needed to build Hello, but
we don't know how to build them here; that's why they are function
arguments. <varname>stdenv</varname> is a component that is used
by almost all Nix Packages components; it provides a
<quote>standard</quote> environment consisting of the things you
would expect in a basic Unix environment: a C/C++ compiler (GCC,
to be precise), the Bash shell, fundamental Unix tools such as
<command>cp</command>, <command>grep</command>,
<command>tar</command>, etc. (See
<filename>pkgs/stdenv/nix/path.nix</filename> to see what's in
<command>stdenv</command>.) <varname>fetchurl</varname> is a
function that downloads files. <varname>perl</varname> is the
Perl interpreter.</para>
<para>Nix functions generally have the form <literal>{x, y, ...,
z}: e</literal> where <varname>x</varname>, <varname>y</varname>,
etc. are the names of the expected arguments, and where
<replaceable>e</replaceable> is the body of the function. So
here, the entire remainder of the file is the body of the
function; when given the required arguments, the body should
describe how to build an instance of the Hello component.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-2'>
<para>So we have to build a component. Building something from
other stuff is called a <emphasis>derivation</emphasis> in Nix (as
opposed to sources, which are built by humans instead of
computers). We perform a derivation by calling
<varname>stdenv.mkDerivation</varname>.
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> is a function provided by
<varname>stdenv</varname> that builds a component from a set of
<emphasis>attributes</emphasis>. An attribute set is just a list
of key/value pairs where the value is an arbitrary Nix expression.
They take the general form
<literal>{<replaceable>name1</replaceable> =
<replaceable>expr1</replaceable>; <replaceable>...</replaceable>
<replaceable>name1</replaceable> =
<replaceable>expr1</replaceable>;</literal>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-3'>
<para>The attribute <varname>name</varname> specifies the symbolic
name and version of the component. Nix doesn't really care about
these things, but they are used by for instance <command>nix-env
-q</command> to show a <quote>human-readable</quote> name for
components. This attribute is required by
<varname>mkDerivation</varname>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-4'>
<para>The attribute <varname>builder</varname> specifies the
builder. This attribute can sometimes be omitted, in which case
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> will fill in a default builder
(which does a <literal>configure; make; make install</literal>, in
essence). Hello is sufficiently simple that the default builder
would suffice, but in this case, we will show an actual builder
for educational purposes. The value
<command>./builder.sh</command> refers to the shell script shown
in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' />, discussed below.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-5'>
<para>The builder has to know what the sources of the component
are. Here, the attribute <varname>src</varname> is bound to the
result of a call to the <command>fetchurl</command> function.
Given a URL and a MD5 hash of the expected contents of the file at
that URL, this function actually builds a derivation that
downloads the file and checks its hash. So the sources are a
dependency that like all other dependencies is built before Hello
itself is built.</para>
<para>Instead of <varname>src</varname> any other name could have
been used, and in fact there can be any number of sources (bound
to different attributes). However, <varname>src</varname> is
customary, and it's also expected by the default builder (which we
don't use in this example).</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-6'>
<para>Since the derivation requires Perl, we have to pass the
value of the <varname>perl</varname> function argument to the
builder. All attributes in the set are actually passed as
environment variables to the builder, so declaring an attribute
<programlisting>
perl = perl;</programlisting>
will do the trink: it binds an attribute <varname>perl</varname>
to the function argument which also happens to be called
<varname>perl</varname>. However, it looks a bit silly, so there
is a shorter syntax. The <literal>inherit</literal> keyword
causes the specified attributes to be bound to whatever variables
with the same name happen to be in scope.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>The builder</title>
<example id='ex-hello-builder'><title>Build script for GNU Hello
(<filename>builder.sh</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
. $stdenv/setup <co id='ex-hello-builder-co-1' />
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH <co id='ex-hello-builder-co-2' />
tar xvfz $src <co id='ex-hello-builder-co-3' />
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out <co id='ex-hello-builder-co-4' />
make <co id='ex-hello-builder-co-5' />
make install</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> shows the builder referenced
from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
<filename>pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh</filename>).
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the
<emphasis>generic builder</emphasis> functions provided by
<varname>stdenv</varname>, but here we write out the build steps to
elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following
steps:</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-1'>
<para>When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
environment. For instance, the <envar>PATH</envar> variable is
empty<footnote><para>Actually, it's initialised to
<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent Bash from setting it
to a default value.</para></footnote>. This is done to prevent
undeclared inputs from being used in the build process. If for
example the <envar>PATH</envar> contained
<filename>/usr/bin</filename>, then you might accidentally use
<filename>/usr/bin/gcc</filename>.</para>
<para>So the first step is to set up the environment. This is
done by calling the <filename>setup</filename> script of the
standard environment. The environment variable
<envar>stdenv</envar> points to the location of the standard
environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly as an
attribute in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' />, but
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> adds it automatically.)</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-2'>
<para>Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in
the <envar>PATH</envar>. The <envar>perl</envar> environment
variable points to the location of the Perl component (since it
was passed in as an attribute to the derivation), so
<filename><replaceable>$perl</replaceable>/bin</filename> is the
directory containing the Perl interpreter.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-3'>
<para>Now we have to unpack the sources. The
<varname>src</varname> attribute was bound to the result of
fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so the
<envar>src</envar> environment variable points to the location in
the Nix store to which the tarball was downloaded. After
unpacking, we <command>cd</command> to the resulting source
directory.</para>
<para>The whole build is performed in a temporary directory
created in <varname>/tmp</varname>, by the way. This directory is
removed after the builder finishes, so there is no need to clean
up the sources afterwards. Also, the temporary directory is
always newly created, so you don't have to worry about files from
previous builds interfering with the current build.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-4'>
<para>GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first
have to run its <filename>configure</filename> script. In Nix
every component is stored in a separate location in the Nix store,
for instance
<filename>/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1</filename>.
Nix computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes
of the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the
<envar>out</envar> environment variable. So here we give
<filename>configure</filename> the parameter
<literal>--prefix=$out</literal> to cause Hello to be installed in
the expected location.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-5'>
<para>Finally we build Hello (<literal>make</literal>) and install
it into the location specified by <envar>out</envar>
(<literal>make install</literal>).</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the
result of various commands called in the builder: this is because the
shell script is evaluated with Bash's <option>-e</option> option,
which causes the script to be aborted if any command fails without an
error check.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Composition</title>
<example id='ex-hello-composition'><title>Composing GNU Hello
(<filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
...
rec { <co id='ex-hello-composition-co-1' />
hello = (import ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 <co id='ex-hello-composition-co-2' />) { <co id='ex-hello-composition-co-3' />
inherit fetchurl stdenv perl;
};
perl = (import ../development/interpreters/perl) { <co id='ex-hello-composition-co-4' />
inherit fetchurl stdenv;
};
fetchurl = (import ../build-support/fetchurl) {
inherit stdenv; ...
};
stdenv = ...;
}
</programlisting>
</example>
<para>The Nix expression in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> is a
function; it is missing some arguments that have to be filled in
somewhere. In the Nix Packages collection this is done in the file
<filename>pkgs/system/all-packages-generic.nix</filename>, where all
Nix expressions for components are imported and called with the
appropriate arguments. <xref linkend='ex-hello-composition' /> shows
some fragments of
<filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename>.</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-1'>
<para>This file defines a set of attributes, all of which are
concrete derivations (i.e., not functions). In fact, we define a
<emphasis>mutually recursive</emphasis> set of attributes. That
is, the attributes can refer to each other. This is precisely
what we want since we want to <quote>plug</quote> the
various components into each other.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-2'>
<para>Here we <emphasis>import</emphasis> the Nix expression for
GNU Hello. The import operation just loads and returns the
specified Nix expression. In fact, we could just have put the
contents of <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> in
<filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename> at this point. That
would be completely equivalent, but it would make the file rather
bulky.</para>
<para>Note that we refer to
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</filename>, not
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</filename>.
When you try to import a directory, Nix automatically appends
<filename>/default.nix</filename> to the file name.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-3'>
<para>This is where the actual composition takes place. Here we
<emphasis>call</emphasis> the function imported from
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</filename> with an
attribute set containing the things that the function expects,
namely <varname>fetchurl</varname>, <varname>stdenv</varname>, and
<varname>perl</varname>. We use inherit again to use the
attributes defined in the surrounding scope (we could also have
written <literal>fetchurl = fetchurl;</literal>, etc.).</para>
<para>The result of this function call is an actual derivation
that can be built by Nix (since when we fill in the arguments of
the function, what we get is its body, which is the call to
<varname>stdenv.mkDerivation</varname> in <xref
linkend='ex-hello-nix ' />).</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-4'>
<para>Likewise, we have to instantiate Perl,
<varname>fetchurl</varname>, and the standard environment.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Testing</title>
<para>You can now try to build Hello. The simplest way to do that is
by using <command>nix-env</command>:
<screen>
$ nix-env -f pkgs/system/i686-linux.nix -i hello
installing `hello-2.1.1'
building path `/nix/store/632d2b22514dcebe704887c3da15448d-hello-2.1.1'
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
</screen>
This will build Hello and install it into your profile. The file
<filename>i686-linux</filename> is just a simple Nix expression that
imports <filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename> and instantiates
it for Linux on the x86 platform.</para>
<para>Note that the <literal>hello</literal> argument here refers to
the symbolic name given to the Hello derivation (the
<varname>name</varname> attribute in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' />),
<emphasis>not</emphasis> the <varname>hello</varname> attribute in
<filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename>.
<command>nix-env</command> simply walks through all derivations
defined in the latter file, looking for one with a
<varname>name</varname> attribute matching the command-line
argument.</para>
<para>You can test whether it works:
<screen>
$ hello
Hello, world!</screen>
</para>
<para>Generally, however, using <command>nix-env</command> is not the
best way to test components, since you may not want to install them
into your profile right away (they might not work properly, after
all). A better way is to write a short file containging the
following:
<programlisting>
(import pkgs/system/i686-linux.nix).hello</programlisting>
Call it <filename>test.nix</filename>. You can then build it without
installing it using the command <command>nix-build</command>:
<screen>
$ nix-build ./test.nix
...
/nix/store/632d2b22514dcebe704887c3da15448d-hello-2.1.1</screen>
<command>nix-build</command> will build the derivation and print the
output path. It also creates a symlink to the output path called
<filename>result</filename> in the current directory. This is
convenient for testing the component:
<screen>
$ ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!</screen>
</para>
<para>Nix has a transactional semantics. Once a build finishes
succesfully, Nix makes a note of this in its database: it registers
that the path denoted by <envar>out</envar> is now
<quote>valid</quote>. If you try to build the derivation again, Nix
will see that the path is already valid and finish immediately. If a
build fails, either because it returns a non-zero exit code, because
Nix or the builder are killed, or because the machine crashes, then
the output path will not be registered as valid. If you try to build
the derivation again, Nix will remove the output path if it exists
(e.g., because the builder died half-way through <literal>make
install</literal>) and try again. Note that there is no
<quote>negative caching</quote>: Nix doesn't remember that a build
failed, and so a failed build can always be repeated. This is because
Nix cannot distinguish between permanent failures (e.g., a compiler
error due to a syntax error in the source) and transient failures
(e.g., a disk full condition).</para>
<para>Nix also performs locking. If you run multiple Nix builds
simultaneously, and they try to build the same derivation, the first
Nix instance that gets there will perform the build, while the others
block (or perform other derivations if available) until the build
finishes. So it is always safe to run multiple instances of Nix in
parallel (contrary to, say, <command>make</command>).</para>
<para>If you have a system with multiple CPUs, you may want to have
Nix build different derivations in parallel (insofar as possible).
Just pass the option <option>-j <replaceable>N</replaceable></option>,
where <replaceable>N</replaceable> is the maximum number of jobs to be
run in parallel. Typically this should be the number of CPUs.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>The generic builder</title>
<para>Recall from <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> that the builder
looked something like this:
<programlisting>
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make
make install</programlisting>
The builders for almost all Unix packages look like this — set up some
environment variables, unpack the sources, configure, build, and
install. For this reason the standard environment provides some Bash
functions that automate the build process. A builder using the
generic build facilities in shown in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder2'
/>.</para>
<example id='ex-hello-builder2'><title>Build script using the generic
build functions</title>
<programlisting>
buildInputs="$perl" <co id='ex-hello-builder2-co-1' />
. $stdenv/setup <co id='ex-hello-builder2-co-2' />
genericBuild <co id='ex-hello-builder2-co-3' /></programlisting>
</example>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-1'>
<para>The <envar>buildInputs</envar> variable tells
<filename>setup</filename> to use the indicated components as
<quote>inputs</quote>. This means that if a component provides a
<filename>bin</filename> subdirectory, it's added to
<envar>PATH</envar>; if it has a <filename>include</filename>
subdirectory, it's added to GCC's header search path; and so
on.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-2'>
<para>The function <function>genericBuild</function> is defined in
the file <literal>$stdenv/setup</literal>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-3'>
<para>The final step calls the shell function
<function>genericBuild</function>, which performs the steps that
were done explicitly in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' />. The
generic builder is smart enough to figure out whether to unpack
the sources using <command>gzip</command>,
<command>bzip2</command>, etc. It can be customised in many ways;
see <xref linkend='sec-standard-environment' />.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>Discerning readers will note that the
<envar>buildInputs</envar> could just as well have been set in the Nix
expression, like this:
<programlisting>
buildInputs = [perl];</programlisting>
The <varname>perl</varname> attribute can then be removed, and the
builder becomes even shorter:
<programlisting>
. $stdenv/setup
genericBuilder</programlisting>
In fact, <varname>mkDerivation</varname> provides a default builder
that looks exactly like that, so it is actually possible to omit the
builder for Hello entirely.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>The Nix expression language</title>
<para>The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional
language. Purity means that operations in the language don't have
side-effects (for instance, there is no variable assignment).
Laziness means that arguments to functions are evaluated only when
they are needed. Functional means that functions are
<quote>normal</quote> values that can be passed around and
manipulated in interesting ways.</para>
<para>The language is not a full-featured, general purpose language.
It's main job is to describe components, compositions of components,
and the variability within components. For this a functional language
is perfectly suited.</para>
<para>This section presents the various features of the
language.</para>
<simplesect><title>Simple values</title>
<para>Nix has the following basic datatypes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Strings</emphasis>, enclosed between
double quotes, e.g., <literal>"foo bar"</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Integers</emphasis>, e.g.,
<literal>123</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>URIs</emphasis> as defined in appendix B
of <ulink url='http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt'>RFC
2396</ulink>, e.g.,
<literal>https://svn.cs.uu.nl:12443/dist/trace/trace-nix-trunk.tar.bz2</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Paths</emphasis>, e.g.,
<filename>/bin/sh</filename> or <filename>./builder.sh</filename>.
A path must contain at least one slash to be recognised as such; for
instance, <filename>builder.sh</filename> is not a
path<footnote><para>It's parsed as an expression that selects the
attribute <varname>sh</varname> from the variable
<varname>builder</varname>.</para></footnote>. If the filename is
relative, i.e., if it does not begin with a slash, it is made
absolute at parse time relative to the directory of the Nix
expression that contained it. For instance, if a Nix expression in
<filename>/foo/bar/bla.nix</filename> refers to
<filename>../xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>, the absolutised path is
<filename>/foo/xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Booleans</emphasis> with values
<literal>true</literal> and
<literal>false</literal>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Lists</title>
<para>Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of
values between square bracktes. For example,
<programlisting>
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f {x=y;}) ]</programlisting>
defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call
to the function <varname>f</varname>. Note that function calls have
to be enclosed in parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,
<programlisting>
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f {x=y;} ]</programlisting>
the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a
function and the fifth being an attribute set.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Attribute sets</title>
<para>Attribute sets are really the core of the language, since
ultimately it's all about creating derivations, which are really just
sets of attributes to be passed to build scripts.</para>
<para>Attribute sets are just a list of name/value pairs enclosed in
curly brackets, where each value is an arbitrary expression terminated
by a semicolon. For example:
<programlisting>
{ x = 123;
text = "Hello";
y = f { bla = 456; };
}</programlisting>
This defines an attribute set with attributes named
<varname>x</varname>, <varname>test</varname>, <varname>y</varname>.
The order of the attributes is irrelevant. An attribute name may only
occur once.</para>
<para>Attributes can be selected from an attribute set using the
<literal>.</literal> operator. For instance,
<programlisting>
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>"Foo"</literal>.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Recursive attribute sets</title>
<para>Recursive attribute sets are just normal attribute sets, but the
attributes can refer to each other. For example,
<programlisting>
rec {
x = y;
y = 123;
}.x
</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>123</literal>. Note that without
<literal>rec</literal> the binding <literal>x = y;</literal> would
refer to the variable <varname>y</varname> in the surrounding scope,
if one exists, and would be invalid if no such variable exists. That
is, in a normal (non-recursive) attribute set, attributes are not
added to the lexical scope; in a recursive set, they are.</para>
<para>Recursive attribute sets of course introduce the danger of
infinite recursion. For example,
<programlisting>
rec {
x = y;
y = x;
}.x</programlisting>
does not terminate<footnote><para>Actually, Nix detects infinite
recursion in this case and aborts (<quote>infinite recursion
encountered</quote>).</para></footnote>.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Let expressions</title>
<para>A <literal>let</literal> expression is a simple short-hand for a
<literal>rec</literal> expression followed by an attribute selection:
<literal>let { <replaceable>attrs</replaceable> }</literal> translates
to <literal>rec { <replaceable>attrs</replaceable>
}.body</literal>.</para>
<para>For instance,
<programlisting>
let {
x = "foo";
y = "bar";
body = x + y;
}</programlisting>
is equivalent to
<programlisting>
rec {
x = "foo";
y = "bar";
body = x + y;
}.body</programlisting>
and evaluates to <literal>"foobar"</literal>.
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Inheriting attributes</title>
<para>When defining an attribute set itt is often convenient to copy
variables from the surrounding lexical scope (e.g., when you want to
propagate attributes). This can be shortened using the
<literal>inherit</literal> keyword. For instance,
<programlisting>
let {
x = 123;
body = {
inherit x;
y = 456;
};
}</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>{x = 123; y = 456;}</literal>. (Note that this
works because <varname>x</varname> is added to the lexical scope by
the <literal>let</literal> construct.) It is also possible to inherit
attributes from another attribute set. For instance, in this fragment
from <filename>all-packages-generic.nix</filename>,
<programlisting>
graphviz = (import ../tools/graphics/graphviz) {
inherit fetchurl stdenv libpng libjpeg expat x11 yacc;
inherit (xlibs) libXaw;
};
xlibs = {
libX11 = ...;
libXaw = ...;
...
}
libpng = ...;
libjpg = ...;
...</programlisting>
the attribute set used in the function call to the function defined in
<filename>../tools/graphics/graphviz</filename> inherits a number of
variables from the surrounding scope (<varname>fetchurl</varname>
... <varname>yacc</varname>), but also inherits
<varname>libXaw</varname> (the X Athena Widgets) from the
<varname>xlibs</varname> (X11 client-side libraries) attribute
set.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Functions</title>
<para>Functions have the following form:
<programlisting>
{<replaceable>params</replaceable>}: <replaceable>body</replaceable></programlisting>
This defines a function that must be called with an attribute set
containing the attributes listed in <replaceable>params</replaceable>,
which is a comma-separated list of attribute names. Optionally, for
each parameter a <emphasis>default value</emphasis> may be specified
by writing <literal><replaceable>param</replaceable> ?
<replaceable>e</replaceable></literal>, where
<replaceable>e</replaceable> is an arbitrary expression. If a
parameter has a default, the corresponding attribute may be omitted in
function calls.</para>
<para>Note that functions do not have names. If you want to give them
a name, you can bind them to an attribute, e.g.,
<programlisting>
let {
concat = {x, y}: x + y;
body = concat {x = "foo"; y = "bar";};
}</programlisting>
</para>
<para>It is also possible to define a function that takes a single
argument and that does need to be called with an attribute set as
argument. The syntax is
<programlisting>
<replaceable>var</replaceable>: <replaceable>body</replaceable></programlisting>
where <replaceable>var</replaceable> is the name of the argument. It
is not possible to define a default. Example:
<programlisting>
let {
negate = x: !x;
concat = x: y: x + y;
body = if negate true then concat "foo" "bar" else "";
}</programlisting>
Note that <function>concat</function> is a function that takes one
arguments and returns a function that takes another argument. This
allows partial parameterisation (i.e., only filling some of the
arguments of a function); e.g.,
<programlisting>
map (concat "foo") ["bar", "bla", "abc"]</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>["foobar" "foobla" "fooabc"]</literal>.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Conditionals</title>
<para>Conditionals look like this:
<programlisting>
if <replaceable>e1</replaceable> then <replaceable>e2</replaceable> else <replaceable>e3</replaceable></programlisting>
where <replaceable>e1</replaceable> is an expression that should
evaluate to a boolean value (<literal>true</literal> or
<literal>false</literal>).</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Assertions</title>
<para>Assertions are generally used to check that certain requirements
on or between features and dependencies hold. They look like this:
<programlisting>
assert <replaceable>e1</replaceable>; <replaceable>e2</replaceable></programlisting>
where <replaceable>e1</replaceable> is an expression that should
evaluate to a boolean value. If it evaluates to
<literal>true</literal>, <replaceable>e2</replaceable> is returned;
otherwise expression evaluation is aborted and a backtrace is printed.</para>
<example id='ex-subversion-nix'><title>Nix expression for Subversion</title>
<programlisting>
{ localServer ? false
, httpServer ? false
, sslSupport ? false
, pythonBindings ? false
, javaSwigBindings ? false
, javahlBindings ? false
, stdenv, fetchurl
, openssl ? null, httpd ? null, db4 ? null, expat, swig ? null, j2sdk ? null
}:
assert localServer -> db4 != null; <co id='ex-subversion-nix-co-1' />
assert httpServer -> httpd != null && httpd.expat == expat; <co id='ex-subversion-nix-co-2' />
assert sslSupport -> openssl != null && (httpServer -> httpd.openssl == openssl); <co id='ex-subversion-nix-co-3' />
assert pythonBindings -> swig != null && swig.pythonSupport;
assert javaSwigBindings -> swig != null && swig.javaSupport;
assert javahlBindings -> j2sdk != null;
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "subversion-1.1.1";
...
openssl = if sslSupport then openssl else null; <co id='ex-subversion-nix-co-4' />
...
}</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-subversion-nix' /> show how assertions are
used in the Nix expression for Subversion.</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-1'>
<para>This assertion states that if Subversion is to have support
for local repositories, then Berkeley DB is needed. So if the
Subversion function is called with the
<varname>localServer</varname> argument set to
<literal>true</literal> but the <varname>db4</varname> argument
set to <literal>null</literal>, then the evaluation fails.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-2'>
<para>This is a more subtle condition: if Subversion is built with
Apache (<literal>httpServer</literal>) support, then the Expat
library (an XML library) used by Subversion should be same as the
one used by Apache. This is because in this configuration
Subversion code ends up being linked with Apache code, and if the
Expat libraries do not match, a build- or runtime link error or
incompatibility might occur.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-2'>
<para>This assertion says that in order for Subversion to have SSL
support (so that it can access <literal>https</literal> URLs), an
OpenSSL library must be passed. Additionally, it says
<emphasis>if</emphasis> Apache support is enabled, then Apache's
OpenSSL should much Subversion's. (Note that if Apache support is
not enabled, we don't care about Apache's OpenSSL.)</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-4'>
<para>The conditional here is not really related to assertions,
but is worth pointing out: it ensures that if SSL support is
disabled, then the Subversion derivation is not dependent on
OpenSSL, even if a non-<literal>null</literal> value was passed.
This prevents an unnecessary rebuild of Subversion if OpenSSL
changes.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>With expressions</title>
<para>A <emphasis>with</emphasis> expression,
<programlisting>
with <replaceable>e1</replaceable>; <replaceable>e2</replaceable></programlisting>
introduces the attribute set <replaceable>e1</replaceable> into the
lexical scope of the expression <replaceable>e2</replaceable>. For
instance,
<programlisting>
let {
as = {x = "foo"; y = "bar";};
body = with as; x + y;
}</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>"foobar"</literal> since the
<literal>with</literal> adds the <varname>x</varname> and
<varname>y</varname> attributes of <varname>as</varname> to the
lexical scope in the expression <literal>x + y</literal>. The most
common use of <literal>with</literal> is in conjunction with the
<function>import</function> function. E.g.,
<programlisting>
with (import ./definitions.nix); ...</programlisting>
makes all attributes defined in the file
<filename>definitions.nix</filename> available as if they were defined
locally in a <literal>rec</literal>-expression.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Operators</title>
<para><xref linkend='table-operators' /> lists the operators in the
Nix expression language, in order of precedence (from strongest to
weakest binding).</para>
<table id='table-operators'>
<title>Operators</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Syntax</entry>
<entry>Associativity</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> ~ <replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Construct a reference to a subpath of a derivation.
E.g., <literal>hello ~ "/bin/sh"</literal> refers to the
<filename>/bin/sh</filename> path within the Hello derivation.
Useful in specifying derivation attributes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e</replaceable> ?
<replaceable>id</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Test whether attribute set <replaceable>e</replaceable>
contains an attribute named
<replaceable>id</replaceable>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> + <replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>String or path concatenation.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>! <replaceable>e</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Boolean negation.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> //
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>right</entry>
<entry>Return an attribute set consisting of the attributes in
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
<replaceable>e2</replaceable> (with the latter taking
precedence over the former in case of equally named attributes).</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> ==
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Equality.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> !=
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Inequality.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> &&
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Logical AND.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> ||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Logical OR.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> ->
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Logical implication (equivalent to
<literal>!<replaceable>e1</replaceable> ||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></literal>).</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Derivations</title>
<para>The most important built-in function is
<function>derivation</function>, which is used to describe a
single derivation (a build action). It takes as input an attribute
set, the attributes of which specify the inputs of the build.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>system</varname> whose value must be a string specifying a
Nix platform identifier, such as <literal>"i686-linux"</literal> or
<literal>"powerpc-darwin"</literal><footnote><para>To figure out
your platform identifier, look at the line <quote>Checking for the
canonical Nix system name</quote> in the output of Nix's
<filename>configure</filename> script.</para></footnote> The build
can only be performed on a machine and operating system matching the
platform identifier. (Nix can automatically forward builds for
other platforms by forwarding them to other machines; see <xref
linkend='sec-distributed-builds' />.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>name</varname> whose value must be a string. This is used
as a symbolic name for the component by <command>nix-env</command>,
and it is appended to the hash in the output path of the
derivation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>builder</varname> that identifies the program that is
executed to perform the build. It can be either a derivation or a
source (a local file reference, e.g.,
<filename>./builder.sh</filename>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Every attribute is passed as an environment variable
to the builder. Attribute values are translated to environment
variables as follows:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Strings, URIs, and integers are just passed
verbatim.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A <emphasis>path</emphasis> (e.g.,
<filename>../foo/sources.tar</filename>) causes the referenced
file to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put
in the environment variable. The idea is that all sources
should reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation
should reside in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A <emphasis>derivation</emphasis> causes that
derivation to be built prior to the present derivation; the
output path is put in the environment
variable.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Lists of the previous types are also allowed.
They are simply concatenated, separated by
spaces.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The optional argument <varname>args</varname>
specifies command-line arguments to be passed to the builder. It
should be a list.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>(Note that <function>mkDerivation</function> in the standard
environment is a wrapper around <function>derivation</function> that
adds a default value for <varname>system</varname> and always uses
Bash as the builder, to which the supplied builder is passed as a
command-line argument. See <xref linkend='sec-standard-environment'
/>.)</para>
<para>The builder is executed as follows:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>A temporary directory is created under the directory
specified by <envar>TMPDIR</envar> (default
<filename>/tmp</filename>) where the build will take place. The
current directory is changed to this directory.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The environment is cleared and set to the derivation
attributes, as specified above.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>In addition, the following variables are set:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><envar>NIX_BUILD_TOP</envar> contains the path of
the temporary directory for this build.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Also, <envar>TMPDIR</envar>,
<envar>TEMPDIR</envar>, <envar>TMP</envar>, <envar>TEMP</envar>
are set to point to the temporary directory. This is to prevent
the builder from accidentally writing temporary files anywhere
else. Doing so might cause interference by other
processes.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>PATH</envar> is set to
<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent shells from
initialising it to their built-in default value.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>HOME</envar> is set to
<filename>/homeless-shelter</filename> to prevent programs from
using <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or the like to find the
user's home directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when
<envar>HOME</envar> is set, it is used as the location of the home
directory, even if it points to a non-existent
path.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>NIX_STORE</envar> is set to the path of the
top-level Nix store directory (typically,
<filename>/nix/store</filename>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>out</envar> is set to point to the output
path of the derivation, which is a subdirectory of the Nix store.
The output path is a concatenation of the cryptographic hash of
all build inputs, and the <varname>name</varname>
attribute.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>If the output path already exists, it is removed.
Also, locks are acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from
performing the same build at the same time.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A log of the combined standard output and error is
written to <filename>/nix/var/log/nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The builder is executed with the arguments specified
by the attribute <varname>args</varname>. If it exit with exit code
0, it is considered to have succeeded.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The temporary directory is removed (unless the
<option>-K</option> option was specified).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>If the build was succesful, Nix scans the output for
references to the paths of the inputs. These so-called
<emphasis>retained dependencies</emphasis> could be used when the
output of the derivation is used (e.g., when it's executed or used
as input to another derivation), so if we deploy the derivation, we
should copy the retained dependencies as well. The scan is
performed by looking for the hash parts of file names of the
inputs.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Other built-in functions</title>
<para>TODO</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Comments</title>
<para>Comments can be single-line, started with a <literal>#</literal>
character, or inline/multi-line, enclosed within <literal>/*
... */</literal>.</para>
</simplesect>
</sect1>
<sect1 id='sec-standard-environment'><title>The standard environment</title>
<para>TODO</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
