path: root/doc/manual/command-ref/nix-push.xml

<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
      xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
      xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
      version="5.0"
      xml:id="sec-nix-push">

<refmeta>
  <refentrytitle>nix-push</refentrytitle>
  <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  <refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
  <refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>

<refnamediv>
  <refname>nix-push</refname>
  <refpurpose>generate a binary cache</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>

<refsynopsisdiv>
  <cmdsynopsis>
    <command>nix-push</command>
    <arg choice='plain'><option>--dest</option> <replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable></arg>
    <arg><option>--bzip2</option></arg>
    <arg><option>--none</option></arg>
    <arg><option>--force</option></arg>
    <arg><option>--link</option></arg>
    <arg><option>--manifest</option></arg>
    <arg><option>--manifest-path</option> <replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
    <arg><option>--url-prefix</option> <replaceable>url</replaceable></arg>
    <arg><option>--key-file</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
    <arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>paths</replaceable></arg>
  </cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>


<refsection><title>Description</title>

<para>The command <command>nix-push</command> produces a
<emphasis>binary cache</emphasis>, a directory containing compressed
Nix archives (NARs) plus some metadata of the closure of the specified
store paths.  This directory can then be made available through a web
server to other Nix installations, allowing them to skip building from
source and instead download binaries from the cache
automatically.</para>

<para><command>nix-push</command> performs the following actions.

<orderedlist>

  <listitem><para>Each path in <replaceable>paths</replaceable> is
  built (using <link
  linkend='rsec-nix-store-realise'><command>nix-store
  --realise</command></link>).</para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>All paths in the closure of
  <replaceable>paths</replaceable> are determined (using
  <command>nix-store --query --requisites
  --include-outputs</command>).  Note that since the
  <option>--include-outputs</option> flag is used, if
  <replaceable>paths</replaceable> includes a store derivation, you
  get a combined source/binary distribution (e.g., source tarballs
  will be included).</para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>All store paths determined in the previous step are
  packaged into a NAR (using <command>nix-store --dump</command>) and
  compressed using <command>xz</command> or <command>bzip2</command>.
  The resulting files have the extension <filename>.nar.xz</filename>
  or <filename>.nar.bz2</filename>.  Also for each store path, Nix
  generates a file with extension <filename>.narinfo</filename>
  containing metadata such as the references, cryptographic hash and
  size of each path.</para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>Optionally, a single <emphasis>manifest</emphasis>
  file is created that contains the same metadata as the
  <filename>.narinfo</filename> files.  This is for compatibility with
  Nix versions prior to 1.2 (see <command>nix-pull</command> for
  details).</para></listitem>

  <listitem><para>A file named <option>nix-cache-info</option> is
  placed in the destination directory.  The existence of this file
  marks the directory as a binary cache.</para></listitem>

</orderedlist>

</para>

</refsection>


<refsection><title>Options</title>

<variablelist>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--dest</option> <replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable></term>

    <listitem><para>Set the destination directory to
    <replaceable>dir</replaceable>, which is created if it does not
    exist.  This flag is required.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--bzip2</option></term>

    <listitem><para>Compress NARs using <command>bzip2</command>
    instead of <command>xz -9</command>.  The latter compresses about
    30% better on typical archives, decompresses about twice as fast,
    but compresses a lot slower and is not supported by Nix prior to
    version 1.2.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--none</option></term>

    <listitem><para>Do not compress NARs.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--force</option></term>

    <listitem><para>Overwrite <filename>.narinfo</filename> files if
    they already exist.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--link</option></term>

    <listitem><para>By default, NARs are generated in the Nix store
    and then copied to <replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable>.  If this
    option is given, hard links are used instead.  This only works if
    <replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable> is on the same filesystem as
    the Nix store.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--manifest</option></term>

    <listitem><para>Force the generation of a manifest suitable for
    use by <command>nix-pull</command>.  The manifest is stored as
    <filename><replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable>/MANIFEST</filename>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--manifest-path</option> <replaceable>filename</replaceable></term>

    <listitem><para>Like <option>--manifest</option>, but store the
    manifest in <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--url-prefix</option> <replaceable>url</replaceable></term>

    <listitem><para>Manifests are expected to contain the absolute
    URLs of NARs.  For generating these URLs, the prefix
    <replaceable>url</replaceable> is used.  It defaults to
    <uri>file://<replaceable>dest-dir</replaceable></uri>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><option>--key-file</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></term>

    <listitem><para>Sign the binary cache using the secret key stored
    in <replaceable>path</replaceable>. This secret key must have been
    created using <command
    linkend="rsec-nix-store-generate-binary-cache-key">nix-store
    --generate-binary-cache-key</command>. Users of this binary cache
    should add the corresponding public key to the option
    <option>binary-cache-public-keys</option> in
    <filename>nix.conf</filename>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsection>


<refsection><title>Examples</title>

<para>To add the closure of Thunderbird to a binary cache:

<screen>
$ nix-push --dest /tmp/cache $(nix-build -A thunderbird)
</screen>

Assuming that <filename>/tmp/cache</filename> is exported by a web
server as <uri>http://example.org/cache</uri>, you can then use this
cache on another machine to speed up the installation of Thunderbird:

<screen>
$ nix-build -A thunderbird --option binary-caches http://example.org/cache
</screen>

Alternatively, you could add <literal>binary-caches =
http://example.org/cache</literal> to
<filename>nix.conf</filename>.</para>

<para>To also include build-time dependencies (such as source
tarballs):

<screen>
$ nix-push --dest /tmp/cache $(nix-instantiate -A thunderbird)
</screen>

</para>

<para>To generate a manifest suitable for <command>nix-pull</command>:

<screen>
$ nix-push --dest /tmp/cache $(nix-build -A thunderbird) --manifest
</screen>

On another machine you can then do:

<screen>
$ nix-pull http://example.org/cache
</screen>

to cause the binaries to be used by subsequent Nix operations.</para>

<para>To generate a signed binary cache, you must first generate a key
pair, in this example called <literal>cache.example.org-1</literal>,
storing the secret key in <filename>./sk</filename> and the public key
in <filename>./pk</filename>:

<screen>
$ nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key cache.example.org-1 sk pk

$ cat sk
cache.example.org-1:jcMRQYFo8pQKzTtimpQLIPeHkMYZjfhB24hGfwF+u9PuX8H8FO7q564+X3G/JDlqqIqGar3OXRRwS9N3Wh3vbw==

$ cat pk
cache.example.org-1:7l/B/BTu6ueuPl9xvyQ5aqiKhmq9zl0UcEvTd1od728=
</screen>

You can then generate a binary cache signed with the secret key:

<screen>
$ nix-push --dest /tmp/cache --key-file ./sk $(type -p firefox)
</screen>

Users who wish to verify the integrity of binaries downloaded from
your cache would add the following to their
<filename>nix.conf</filename>:

<programlisting>
binary-caches = http://cache.example.org
signed-binary-caches = *
binary-cache-public-keys = cache.example.org-1:7l/B/BTu6ueuPl9xvyQ5aqiKhmq9zl0UcEvTd1od728=
</programlisting>

Nix will then ignore any binary that has a missing, incorrect or
unrecognised signature.</para>

</refsection>


<refsection><title>Binary cache format and operation</title>

<para>A binary cache with URL <replaceable>url</replaceable> only
denotes a valid binary cache if the file
<uri><replaceable>url</replaceable>/nix-cache-info</uri> exists.  If
this file does not exist (or cannot be downloaded), the cache is
ignored.  If it does exist, it must be a text file containing cache
properties.  Here’s an example:

<screen>
StoreDir: /nix/store
WantMassQuery: 1
Priority: 10
</screen>

The properties that are currently supported are:

<variablelist>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>StoreDir</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The path of the Nix store to which this binary
    cache applies.  Binaries are not relocatable — a binary built for
    <filename>/nix/store</filename> won’t generally work in
    <filename>/home/alice/store</filename> — so to prevent binaries
    from being used in a wrong store, a binary cache is only used if
    its <literal>StoreDir</literal> matches the local Nix
    configuration.  The default is
    <filename>/nix/store</filename>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>WantMassQuery</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>Query operations such as <command>nix-env
    -qas</command> can cause thousands of cache queries, and thus
    thousands of HTTP requests, to determine which packages are
    available in binary form.  While these requests are small, not
    every server may appreciate a potential onslaught of queries.  If
    <literal>WantMassQuery</literal> is set to <literal>0</literal>
    (default), “mass queries” such as <command>nix-env -qas</command>
    will skip this cache.  Thus a package may appear not to have a
    binary substitute.  However, the binary will still be used when
    you actually install the package.  If
    <literal>WantMassQuery</literal> is set to <literal>1</literal>,
    mass queries will use this cache.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>Priority</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>Each binary cache has a priority (defaulting to
    50).  Binary caches are checked for binaries in order of ascending
    priority; thus a higher number denotes a lower priority.  The
    binary cache <uri>https://cache.nixos.org</uri> has priority
    40.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</para>

<para>Every time Nix needs to build some store path
<replaceable>p</replaceable>, it will check each configured binary
cache to see if it has a NAR file for <replaceable>p</replaceable>,
until it finds one.  If no cache has a NAR, Nix will fall back to
building the path from source (if applicable).  To see if a cache with
URL <replaceable>url</replaceable> has a binary for
<replaceable>p</replaceable>, Nix fetches
<replaceable>url/h</replaceable>, where <replaceable>h</replaceable>
is the hash part of <replaceable>p</replaceable>.  Thus, if we have a
cache <uri>https://cache.nixos.org</uri> and we want to obtain the
store path
<screen>
/nix/store/a8922c0h87iilxzzvwn2hmv8x210aqb9-glibc-2.7
</screen>
then Nix will attempt to fetch
<screen>
https://cache.nixos.org/a8922c0h87iilxzzvwn2hmv8x210aqb9.narinfo
</screen>
(Commands such as <command>nix-env -qas</command> will issue an HTTP
HEAD request, since it only needs to know if the
<filename>.narinfo</filename> file exists.)  The
<filename>.narinfo</filename> file is a simple text file that looks
like this:

<screen>
StorePath: /nix/store/a8922c0h87iilxzzvwn2hmv8x210aqb9-glibc-2.7
URL: nar/0zzjpdz46mdn74v09m053yczlz4am038g8r74iy8w43gx8801h70.nar.bz2
Compression: bzip2
FileHash: sha256:0zzjpdz46mdn74v09m053yczlz4am038g8r74iy8w43gx8801h70
FileSize: 24473768
NarHash: sha256:0s491y1h9hxj5ghiizlxk7ax6jwbha00zwn7lpyd5xg5bhf60vzg
NarSize: 109521136
References: 2ma2k0ys8knh4an48n28vigcmc2z8773-linux-headers-2.6.23.16 ...
Deriver: 7akyyc87ka32xwmqza9dvyg5pwx3j212-glibc-2.7.drv
Sig: cache.example.org-1:WepnSp2UT0odDpR3NRjPVhJBHmdBgSBSTbHpdh4SCz92nGXwFY82bkPEmISoC0hGqBXDXEmB6y3Ohgna3mMgDg==
</screen>

The fields are as follows:

<variablelist>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>StorePath</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The full store path, including the name part
    (e.g., <literal>glibc-2.7</literal>).  It must match the
    requested store path.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>URL</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The URL of the NAR, relative to the binary cache
    URL.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>Compression</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The compression method; either
    <literal>xz</literal> or
    <literal>bzip2</literal>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>FileHash</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The SHA-256 hash of the compressed
    NAR.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>FileSize</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The size of the compressed NAR.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>NarHash</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The SHA-256 hash of the uncompressed NAR.  This is
    equal to the hash of the store path as returned by
    <command>nix-store -q --hash
    <replaceable>p</replaceable></command>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>NarSize</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The size of the uncompressed NAR.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>References</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The references of the store path, without the Nix
    store prefix.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>Deriver</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The deriver of the store path, without the Nix
    store prefix.  This field is optional.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>System</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>The Nix platform type of this binary, if known.
    This field is optional.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry><term><literal>Sig</literal></term>

    <listitem><para>A signature of the the form
    <literal><replaceable>key-name</replaceable>:<replaceable>sig</replaceable></literal>,
    where <replaceable>key-name</replaceable> is the symbolic name of
    the key pair used to sign and verify the cache
    (e.g. <literal>cache.example.org-1</literal>), and
    <replaceable>sig</replaceable> is the actual signature, computed
    over the <varname>StorePath</varname>, <varname>NarHash</varname>,
    <varname>NarSize</varname> and <varname>References</varname>
    fields using the <link
    xlink:href="http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/">Ed25519 public-key signature
    system</link>.</para></listitem>

  </varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</para>

<para>Thus, in our example, after recursively ensuring that the
references exist (e.g.,
<filename>/nix/store/2ma2k0ys8knh4an48n28vigcmc2z8773-linux-headers-2.6.23.16</filename>),
Nix will fetch <screen>
https://cache.nixos.org/nar/0zzjpdz46mdn74v09m053yczlz4am038g8r74iy8w43gx8801h70.nar.bz2
</screen> and decompress and unpack it to
<filename>/nix/store/a8922c0h87iilxzzvwn2hmv8x210aqb9-glibc-2.7</filename>.</para>

</refsection>


</refentry>