// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#include "absl/time/clock.h"
#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cstdint>
#include <ctime>
#include <limits>
#include "absl/base/internal/spinlock.h"
#include "absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h"
#include "absl/base/macros.h"
#include "absl/base/port.h"
#include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
namespace absl {
ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
Time Now() {
// TODO(bww): Get a timespec instead so we don't have to divide.
int64_t n = absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos();
if (n >= 0) {
return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(
time_internal::MakeDuration(n / 1000000000, n % 1000000000 * 4));
}
return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(absl::Nanoseconds(n));
}
ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
} // namespace absl
// Decide if we should use the fast GetCurrentTimeNanos() algorithm
// based on the cyclecounter, otherwise just get the time directly
// from the OS on every call. This can be chosen at compile-time via
// -DABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS=[0|1]
#ifndef ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS
#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
#define ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS 1
#else
#define ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS 0
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32)
#include "absl/time/internal/get_current_time_chrono.inc"
#else
#include "absl/time/internal/get_current_time_posix.inc"
#endif
// Allows override by test.
#ifndef GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_FROM_SYSTEM
#define GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_FROM_SYSTEM() \
::absl::time_internal::GetCurrentTimeNanosFromSystem()
#endif
#if !ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS
namespace absl {
ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanos() {
return GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_FROM_SYSTEM();
}
ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
} // namespace absl
#else // Use the cyclecounter-based implementation below.
// Allows override by test.
#ifndef GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW
#define GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW() \
::absl::time_internal::UnscaledCycleClockWrapperForGetCurrentTime::Now()
#endif
// The following counters are used only by the test code.
static int64_t stats_initializations;
static int64_t stats_reinitializations;
static int64_t stats_calibrations;
static int64_t stats_slow_paths;
static int64_t stats_fast_slow_paths;
namespace absl {
ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace time_internal {
// This is a friend wrapper around UnscaledCycleClock::Now()
// (needed to access UnscaledCycleClock).
class UnscaledCycleClockWrapperForGetCurrentTime {
public:
static int64_t Now() { return base_internal::UnscaledCycleClock::Now(); }
};
} // namespace time_internal
// uint64_t is used in this module to provide an extra bit in multiplications
// Return the time in ns as told by the kernel interface. Place in *cycleclock
// the value of the cycleclock at about the time of the syscall.
// This call represents the time base that this module synchronizes to.
// Ensures that *cycleclock does not step back by up to (1 << 16) from
// last_cycleclock, to discard small backward counter steps. (Larger steps are
// assumed to be complete resyncs, which shouldn't happen. If they do, a full
// reinitialization of the outer algorithm should occur.)
static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosFromKernel(uint64_t last_cycleclock,
uint64_t *cycleclock) {
// We try to read clock values at about the same time as the kernel clock.
// This value gets adjusted up or down as estimate of how long that should
// take, so we can reject attempts that take unusually long.
static std::atomic<uint64_t> approx_syscall_time_in_cycles{10 * 1000};
uint64_t local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles = // local copy
approx_syscall_time_in_cycles.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
int64_t current_time_nanos_from_system;
uint64_t before_cycles;
uint64_t after_cycles;
uint64_t elapsed_cycles;
int loops = 0;
do {
before_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
current_time_nanos_from_system = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_FROM_SYSTEM();
after_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
// elapsed_cycles is unsigned, so is large on overflow
elapsed_cycles = after_cycles - before_cycles;
if (elapsed_cycles >= local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles &&
++loops == 20) { // clock changed frequencies? Back off.
loops = 0;
if (local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles < 1000 * 1000) {
local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles =
(local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles + 1) << 1;
}
approx_syscall_time_in_cycles.store(
local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles,
std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
} while (elapsed_cycles >= local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles ||
last_cycleclock - after_cycles < (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << 16));
// Number of times in a row we've seen a kernel time call take substantially
// less than approx_syscall_time_in_cycles.
static std::atomic<uint32_t> seen_smaller{ 0 };
// Adjust approx_syscall_time_in_cycles to be within a factor of 2
// of the typical time to execute one iteration of the loop above.
if ((local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles >> 1) < elapsed_cycles) {
// measured time is no smaller than half current approximation
seen_smaller.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
} else if (seen_smaller.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed) >= 3) {
// smaller delays several times in a row; reduce approximation by 12.5%
const uint64_t new_approximation =
local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles -
(local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles >> 3);
approx_syscall_time_in_cycles.store(new_approximation,
std::memory_order_relaxed);
seen_smaller.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
*cycleclock = after_cycles;
return current_time_nanos_from_system;
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// An implementation of reader-write locks that use no atomic ops in the read
// case. This is a generalization of Lamport's method for reading a multiword
// clock. Increment a word on each write acquisition, using the low-order bit
// as a spinlock; the word is the high word of the "clock". Readers read the
// high word, then all other data, then the high word again, and repeat the
// read if the reads of the high words yields different answers, or an odd
// value (either case suggests possible interference from a writer).
// Here we use a spinlock to ensure only one writer at a time, rather than
// spinning on the bottom bit of the word to benefit from SpinLock
// spin-delay tuning.
// Acquire seqlock (*seq) and return the value to be written to unlock.
static inline uint64_t SeqAcquire(std::atomic<uint64_t> *seq) {
uint64_t x = seq->fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
// We put a release fence between update to *seq and writes to shared data.
// Thus all stores to shared data are effectively release operations and
// update to *seq above cannot be re-ordered past any of them. Note that
// this barrier is not for the fetch_add above. A release barrier for the
// fetch_add would be before it, not after.
std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_release);
return x + 2; // original word plus 2
}
// Release seqlock (*seq) by writing x to it---a value previously returned by
// SeqAcquire.
static inline void SeqRelease(std::atomic<uint64_t> *seq, uint64_t x) {
// The unlock store to *seq must have release ordering so that all
// updates to shared data must finish before this store.
seq->store(x, std::memory_order_release); // release lock for readers
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// "nsscaled" is unit of time equal to a (2**kScale)th of a nanosecond.
enum { kScale = 30 };
// The minimum interval between samples of the time base.
// We pick enough time to amortize the cost of the sample,
// to get a reasonably accurate cycle counter rate reading,
// and not so much that calculations will overflow 64-bits.
static const uint64_t kMinNSBetweenSamples = 2000 << 20;
// We require that kMinNSBetweenSamples shifted by kScale
// have at least a bit left over for 64-bit calculations.
static_assert(((kMinNSBetweenSamples << (kScale + 1)) >> (kScale + 1)) ==
kMinNSBetweenSamples,
"cannot represent kMaxBetweenSamplesNSScaled");
// A reader-writer lock protecting the static locations below.
// See SeqAcquire() and SeqRelease() above.
ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::SpinLock lock(
absl::kConstInit, base_internal::SCHEDULE_KERNEL_ONLY);
ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<uint64_t> seq(0);
// data from a sample of the kernel's time value
struct TimeSampleAtomic {
std::atomic<uint64_t> raw_ns; // raw kernel time
std::atomic<uint64_t> base_ns; // our estimate of time
std::atomic<uint64_t> base_cycles; // cycle counter reading
std::atomic<uint64_t> nsscaled_per_cycle; // cycle period
// cycles before we'll sample again (a scaled reciprocal of the period,
// to avoid a division on the fast path).
std::atomic<uint64_t> min_cycles_per_sample;
};
// Same again, but with non-atomic types
struct TimeSample {
uint64_t raw_ns; // raw kernel time
uint64_t base_ns; // our estimate of time
uint64_t base_cycles; // cycle counter reading
uint64_t nsscaled_per_cycle; // cycle period
uint64_t min_cycles_per_sample; // approx cycles before next sample
};
static struct TimeSampleAtomic last_sample; // the last sample; under seq
static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
// Read the contents of *atomic into *sample.
// Each field is read atomically, but to maintain atomicity between fields,
// the access must be done under a lock.
static void ReadTimeSampleAtomic(const struct TimeSampleAtomic *atomic,
struct TimeSample *sample) {
sample->base_ns = atomic->base_ns.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
sample->base_cycles = atomic->base_cycles.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
sample->nsscaled_per_cycle =
atomic->nsscaled_per_cycle.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
sample->min_cycles_per_sample =
atomic->min_cycles_per_sample.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
sample->raw_ns = atomic->raw_ns.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
}
// Public routine.
// Algorithm: We wish to compute real time from a cycle counter. In normal
// operation, we construct a piecewise linear approximation to the kernel time
// source, using the cycle counter value. The start of each line segment is at
// the same point as the end of the last, but may have a different slope (that
// is, a different idea of the cycle counter frequency). Every couple of
// seconds, the kernel time source is sampled and compared with the current
// approximation. A new slope is chosen that, if followed for another couple
// of seconds, will correct the error at the current position. The information
// for a sample is in the "last_sample" struct. The linear approximation is
// estimated_time = last_sample.base_ns +
// last_sample.ns_per_cycle * (counter_reading - last_sample.base_cycles)
// (ns_per_cycle is actually stored in different units and scaled, to avoid
// overflow). The base_ns of the next linear approximation is the
// estimated_time using the last approximation; the base_cycles is the cycle
// counter value at that time; the ns_per_cycle is the number of ns per cycle
// measured since the last sample, but adjusted so that most of the difference
// between the estimated_time and the kernel time will be corrected by the
// estimated time to the next sample. In normal operation, this algorithm
// relies on:
// - the cycle counter and kernel time rates not changing a lot in a few
// seconds.
// - the client calling into the code often compared to a couple of seconds, so
// the time to the next correction can be estimated.
// Any time ns_per_cycle is not known, a major error is detected, or the
// assumption about frequent calls is violated, the implementation returns the
// kernel time. It records sufficient data that a linear approximation can
// resume a little later.
int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanos() {
// read the data from the "last_sample" struct (but don't need raw_ns yet)
// The reads of "seq" and test of the values emulate a reader lock.
uint64_t base_ns;
uint64_t base_cycles;
uint64_t nsscaled_per_cycle;
uint64_t min_cycles_per_sample;
uint64_t seq_read0;
uint64_t seq_read1;
// If we have enough information to interpolate, the value returned will be
// derived from this cycleclock-derived time estimate. On some platforms
// (POWER) the function to retrieve this value has enough complexity to
// contribute to register pressure - reading it early before initializing
// the other pieces of the calculation minimizes spill/restore instructions,
// minimizing icache cost.
uint64_t now_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
// Acquire pairs with the barrier in SeqRelease - if this load sees that
// store, the shared-data reads necessarily see that SeqRelease's updates
// to the same shared data.
seq_read0 = seq.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
base_ns = last_sample.base_ns.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
base_cycles = last_sample.base_cycles.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
nsscaled_per_cycle =
last_sample.nsscaled_per_cycle.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
min_cycles_per_sample =
last_sample.min_cycles_per_sample.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
// This acquire fence pairs with the release fence in SeqAcquire. Since it
// is sequenced between reads of shared data and seq_read1, the reads of
// shared data are effectively acquiring.
std::atomic_thread_fence(std::memory_order_acquire);
// The shared-data reads are effectively acquire ordered, and the
// shared-data writes are effectively release ordered. Therefore if our
// shared-data reads see any of a particular update's shared-data writes,
// seq_read1 is guaranteed to see that update's SeqAcquire.
seq_read1 = seq.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
// Fast path. Return if min_cycles_per_sample has not yet elapsed since the
// last sample, and we read a consistent sample. The fast path activates
// only when min_cycles_per_sample is non-zero, which happens when we get an
// estimate for the cycle time. The predicate will fail if now_cycles <
// base_cycles, or if some other thread is in the slow path.
//
// Since we now read now_cycles before base_ns, it is possible for now_cycles
// to be less than base_cycles (if we were interrupted between those loads and
// last_sample was updated). This is harmless, because delta_cycles will wrap
// and report a time much much bigger than min_cycles_per_sample. In that case
// we will take the slow path.
uint64_t delta_cycles = now_cycles - base_cycles;
if (seq_read0 == seq_read1 && (seq_read0 & 1) == 0 &&
delta_cycles < min_cycles_per_sample) {
return base_ns + ((delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale);
}
return GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath();
}
// Return (a << kScale)/b.
// Zero is returned if b==0. Scaling is performed internally to
// preserve precision without overflow.
static uint64_t SafeDivideAndScale(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) {
// Find maximum safe_shift so that
// 0 <= safe_shift <= kScale and (a << safe_shift) does not overflow.
int safe_shift = kScale;
while (((a << safe_shift) >> safe_shift) != a) {
safe_shift--;
}
uint64_t scaled_b = b >> (kScale - safe_shift);
uint64_t quotient = 0;
if (scaled_b != 0) {
quotient = (a << safe_shift) / scaled_b;
}
return quotient;
}
static uint64_t UpdateLastSample(
uint64_t now_cycles, uint64_t now_ns, uint64_t delta_cycles,
const struct TimeSample *sample) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
// The slow path of GetCurrentTimeNanos(). This is taken while gathering
// initial samples, when enough time has elapsed since the last sample, and if
// any other thread is writing to last_sample.
//
// Manually mark this 'noinline' to minimize stack frame size of the fast
// path. Without this, sometimes a compiler may inline this big block of code
// into the fast path. That causes lots of register spills and reloads that
// are unnecessary unless the slow path is taken.
//
// TODO(absl-team): Remove this attribute when our compiler is smart enough
// to do the right thing.
ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE
static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath() ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock) {
// Serialize access to slow-path. Fast-path readers are not blocked yet, and
// code below must not modify last_sample until the seqlock is acquired.
lock.Lock();
// Sample the kernel time base. This is the definition of
// "now" if we take the slow path.
static uint64_t last_now_cycles; // protected by lock
uint64_t now_cycles;
uint64_t now_ns = GetCurrentTimeNanosFromKernel(last_now_cycles, &now_cycles);
last_now_cycles = now_cycles;
uint64_t estimated_base_ns;
// ----------
// Read the "last_sample" values again; this time holding the write lock.
struct TimeSample sample;
ReadTimeSampleAtomic(&last_sample, &sample);
// ----------
// Try running the fast path again; another thread may have updated the
// sample between our run of the fast path and the sample we just read.
uint64_t delta_cycles = now_cycles - sample.base_cycles;
if (delta_cycles < sample.min_cycles_per_sample) {
// Another thread updated the sample. This path does not take the seqlock
// so that blocked readers can make progress without blocking new readers.
estimated_base_ns = sample.base_ns +
((delta_cycles * sample.nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale);
stats_fast_slow_paths++;
} else {
estimated_base_ns =
UpdateLastSample(now_cycles, now_ns, delta_cycles, &sample);
}
lock.Unlock();
return estimated_base_ns;
}
// Main part of the algorithm. Locks out readers, updates the approximation
// using the new sample from the kernel, and stores the result in last_sample
// for readers. Returns the new estimated time.
static uint64_t UpdateLastSample(uint64_t now_cycles, uint64_t now_ns,
uint64_t delta_cycles,
const struct TimeSample *sample)
ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(lock) {
uint64_t estimated_base_ns = now_ns;
uint64_t lock_value = SeqAcquire(&seq); // acquire seqlock to block readers
// The 5s in the next if-statement limits the time for which we will trust
// the cycle counter and our last sample to give a reasonable result.
// Errors in the rate of the source clock can be multiplied by the ratio
// between this limit and kMinNSBetweenSamples.
if (sample->raw_ns == 0 || // no recent sample, or clock went backwards
sample->raw_ns + static_cast<uint64_t>(5) * 1000 * 1000 * 1000 < now_ns ||
now_ns < sample->raw_ns || now_cycles < sample->base_cycles) {
// record this sample, and forget any previously known slope.
last_sample.raw_ns.store(now_ns, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.base_ns.store(estimated_base_ns, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.base_cycles.store(now_cycles, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.nsscaled_per_cycle.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.min_cycles_per_sample.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
stats_initializations++;
} else if (sample->raw_ns + 500 * 1000 * 1000 < now_ns &&
sample->base_cycles + 50 < now_cycles) {
// Enough time has passed to compute the cycle time.
if (sample->nsscaled_per_cycle != 0) { // Have a cycle time estimate.
// Compute time from counter reading, but avoiding overflow
// delta_cycles may be larger than on the fast path.
uint64_t estimated_scaled_ns;
int s = -1;
do {
s++;
estimated_scaled_ns = (delta_cycles >> s) * sample->nsscaled_per_cycle;
} while (estimated_scaled_ns / sample->nsscaled_per_cycle !=
(delta_cycles >> s));
estimated_base_ns = sample->base_ns +
(estimated_scaled_ns >> (kScale - s));
}
// Compute the assumed cycle time kMinNSBetweenSamples ns into the future
// assuming the cycle counter rate stays the same as the last interval.
uint64_t ns = now_ns - sample->raw_ns;
uint64_t measured_nsscaled_per_cycle = SafeDivideAndScale(ns, delta_cycles);
uint64_t assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles =
SafeDivideAndScale(kMinNSBetweenSamples, measured_nsscaled_per_cycle);
int64_t diff_ns = now_ns - estimated_base_ns; // estimate low by this much
// We want to set nsscaled_per_cycle so that our estimate of the ns time
// at the assumed cycle time is the assumed ns time.
// That is, we want to set nsscaled_per_cycle so:
// kMinNSBetweenSamples + diff_ns ==
// (assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale
// But we wish to damp oscillations, so instead correct only most
// of our current error, by solving:
// kMinNSBetweenSamples + diff_ns - (diff_ns / 16) ==
// (assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale
ns = kMinNSBetweenSamples + diff_ns - (diff_ns / 16);
uint64_t new_nsscaled_per_cycle =
SafeDivideAndScale(ns, assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles);
if (new_nsscaled_per_cycle != 0 &&
diff_ns < 100 * 1000 * 1000 && -diff_ns < 100 * 1000 * 1000) {
// record the cycle time measurement
last_sample.nsscaled_per_cycle.store(
new_nsscaled_per_cycle, std::memory_order_relaxed);
uint64_t new_min_cycles_per_sample =
SafeDivideAndScale(kMinNSBetweenSamples, new_nsscaled_per_cycle);
last_sample.min_cycles_per_sample.store(
new_min_cycles_per_sample, std::memory_order_relaxed);
stats_calibrations++;
} else { // something went wrong; forget the slope
last_sample.nsscaled_per_cycle.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.min_cycles_per_sample.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
estimated_base_ns = now_ns;
stats_reinitializations++;
}
last_sample.raw_ns.store(now_ns, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.base_ns.store(estimated_base_ns, std::memory_order_relaxed);
last_sample.base_cycles.store(now_cycles, std::memory_order_relaxed);
} else {
// have a sample, but no slope; waiting for enough time for a calibration
stats_slow_paths++;
}
SeqRelease(&seq, lock_value); // release the readers
return estimated_base_ns;
}
ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
} // namespace absl
#endif // ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS
namespace absl {
ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace {
// Returns the maximum duration that SleepOnce() can sleep for.
constexpr absl::Duration MaxSleep() {
#ifdef _WIN32
// Windows Sleep() takes unsigned long argument in milliseconds.
return absl::Milliseconds(
std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max()); // NOLINT(runtime/int)
#else
return absl::Seconds(std::numeric_limits<time_t>::max());
#endif
}
// Sleeps for the given duration.
// REQUIRES: to_sleep <= MaxSleep().
void SleepOnce(absl::Duration to_sleep) {
#ifdef _WIN32
Sleep(to_sleep / absl::Milliseconds(1));
#else
struct timespec sleep_time = absl::ToTimespec(to_sleep);
while (nanosleep(&sleep_time, &sleep_time) != 0 && errno == EINTR) {
// Ignore signals and wait for the full interval to elapse.
}
#endif
}
} // namespace
ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
} // namespace absl
extern "C" {
ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void AbslInternalSleepFor(absl::Duration duration) {
while (duration > absl::ZeroDuration()) {
absl::Duration to_sleep = std::min(duration, absl::MaxSleep());
absl::SleepOnce(to_sleep);
duration -= to_sleep;
}
}
} // extern "C"
