{-# LANGUAGE AllowAmbiguousTypes #-} {-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-} {-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wno-orphans #-} module Postgres.MonadPostgres where import AtLeast (AtLeast) import Control.Exception import Control.Foldl qualified as Fold import Control.Monad.Logger.CallStack (MonadLogger, logDebug, logWarn) import Control.Monad.Reader (MonadReader (ask), ReaderT (..)) import Control.Monad.Trans.Resource import Data.Aeson (FromJSON) import Data.Error.Tree import Data.HashMap.Strict qualified as HashMap import Data.Int (Int64) import Data.Kind (Type) import Data.List qualified as List import Data.Pool (Pool) import Data.Pool qualified as Pool import Data.Text qualified as Text import Data.Typeable (Typeable) import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple (Connection, FormatError, FromRow, Query, QueryError, ResultError, SqlError, ToRow) import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple qualified as PG import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple qualified as Postgres import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.FromRow qualified as PG import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.ToField (ToField) import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.ToRow (ToRow (toRow)) import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple.Types (Query (..)) import GHC.Records (getField) import Label import OpenTelemetry.Trace.Core qualified as Otel hiding (inSpan, inSpan') import OpenTelemetry.Trace.Monad qualified as Otel import PossehlAnalyticsPrelude import Postgres.Decoder import Postgres.Decoder qualified as Dec import Pretty (showPretty) import Seconds import System.Exit (ExitCode (..)) import Tool import UnliftIO (MonadUnliftIO (withRunInIO)) import UnliftIO.Process qualified as Process import UnliftIO.Resource qualified as Resource import Prelude hiding (init, span) -- | Postgres queries/commands that can be executed within a running transaction. -- -- These are implemented with the @postgresql-simple@ primitives of the same name -- and will behave the same unless othewise documented. class (Monad m) => MonadPostgres (m :: Type -> Type) where -- | Execute an INSERT, UPDATE, or other SQL query that is not expected to return results. -- Returns the number of rows affected. execute :: (ToRow params, Typeable params) => Query -> params -> Transaction m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) -- | Execute a multi-row INSERT, UPDATE, or other SQL query that is not expected to return results. -- -- Returns the number of rows affected. If the list of parameters is empty, -- this function will simply return 0 without issuing the query to the backend. -- If this is not desired, consider using the 'PG.Values' constructor instead. executeMany :: (ToRow params, Typeable params) => Query -> NonEmpty params -> Transaction m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) -- | Execute INSERT ... RETURNING, UPDATE ... RETURNING, -- or other SQL query that accepts multi-row input and is expected to return results. -- Note that it is possible to write query conn "INSERT ... RETURNING ..." ... -- in cases where you are only inserting a single row, -- and do not need functionality analogous to 'executeMany'. -- -- If the list of parameters is empty, this function will simply return [] without issuing the query to the backend. If this is not desired, consider using the 'PG.Values' constructor instead. executeManyReturningWith :: (ToRow q) => Query -> NonEmpty q -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] -- | Run a query, passing parameters and result row parser. queryWith :: (PG.ToRow params, Typeable params, Typeable r) => PG.Query -> params -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] -- | Run a query without any parameters and result row parser. queryWith_ :: (Typeable r) => PG.Query -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] -- | Run a query, passing parameters, and fold over the resulting rows. -- -- This doesn’t have to realize the full list of results in memory, -- rather results are streamed incrementally from the database. -- -- When dealing with small results, it may be simpler (and perhaps faster) to use query instead. -- -- This fold is _not_ strict. The stream consumer is responsible -- for forcing the evaluation of its result to avoid space leaks. -- -- If you can, prefer aggregating in the database itself. foldRowsWithAcc :: (ToRow params, Typeable row, Typeable params) => Query -> params -> Decoder row -> a -> (a -> row -> Transaction m a) -> Transaction m a -- | Run a given transaction in a transaction block, rolling back the transaction -- if any exception (postgres or Haskell Exception) is thrown during execution. -- -- Re-throws the exception. -- -- Don’t do any long-running things on the Haskell side during a transaction, -- because it will block a database connection and potentially also lock -- database tables from being written or read by other clients. -- -- Nonetheless, try to push transactions as far out to the handlers as possible, -- don’t do something like @runTransaction $ query …@, because it will lead people -- to accidentally start nested transactions (the inner transaction is run on a new connections, -- thus can’t see any changes done by the outer transaction). -- Only handlers should run transactions. runTransaction :: Transaction m a -> m a -- | Run a query, passing parameters. Prefer 'queryWith' if possible. query :: forall m params r. (PG.ToRow params, PG.FromRow r, Typeable params, Typeable r, MonadPostgres m) => PG.Query -> params -> Transaction m [r] query qry params = queryWith qry params (Decoder PG.fromRow) -- | Run a query without any parameters. Prefer 'queryWith' if possible. -- -- TODO: I think(?) this can always be replaced by passing @()@ to 'query', remove? query_ :: forall m r. (Typeable r, PG.FromRow r, MonadPostgres m) => PG.Query -> Transaction m [r] query_ qry = queryWith_ qry (Decoder PG.fromRow) -- TODO: implement via fold, so that the result doesn’t have to be realized in memory querySingleRow :: ( MonadPostgres m, ToRow qParams, Typeable qParams, FromRow a, Typeable a, MonadThrow m ) => Query -> qParams -> Transaction m a querySingleRow qry params = do query qry params >>= ensureSingleRow -- TODO: implement via fold, so that the result doesn’t have to be realized in memory querySingleRowWith :: ( MonadPostgres m, ToRow qParams, Typeable qParams, Typeable a, MonadThrow m ) => Query -> qParams -> Decoder a -> Transaction m a querySingleRowWith qry params decoder = do queryWith qry params decoder >>= ensureSingleRow -- TODO: implement via fold, so that the result doesn’t have to be realized in memory querySingleRowMaybe :: ( MonadPostgres m, ToRow qParams, Typeable qParams, FromRow a, Typeable a, MonadThrow m ) => Query -> qParams -> Transaction m (Maybe a) querySingleRowMaybe qry params = do rows <- query qry params case rows of [] -> pure Nothing [one] -> pure (Just one) -- TODO: Should we MonadThrow this here? It’s really an implementation detail of MonadPostgres -- that a database function can error out, should probably handled by the instances. more -> throwM $ SingleRowError {numberOfRowsReturned = (List.length more)} ensureSingleRow :: (MonadThrow m) => [a] -> m a ensureSingleRow = \case -- TODO: Should we MonadThrow this here? It’s really an implementation detail of MonadPostgres -- that a database function can error out, should probably handled by the instances. [] -> throwM (SingleRowError {numberOfRowsReturned = 0}) [one] -> pure one more -> throwM $ SingleRowError { numberOfRowsReturned = -- TODO: this is VERY bad, because it requires to parse the full database output, even if there’s 10000000000 elements List.length more } ensureNoneOrSingleRow :: (MonadThrow m) => [a] -> m (Maybe a) ensureNoneOrSingleRow = \case -- TODO: Should we MonadThrow this here? It’s really an implementation detail of MonadPostgres -- that a database function can error out, should probably handled by the instances. [] -> pure Nothing [one] -> pure $ Just one more -> throwM $ SingleRowError { numberOfRowsReturned = -- TODO: this is VERY bad, because it requires to parse the full database output, even if there’s 10000000000 elements List.length more } -- | Run a query, passing parameters, and fold over the resulting rows. -- -- This doesn’t have to realize the full list of results in memory, -- rather results are streamed incrementally from the database. -- -- When dealing with small results, it may be simpler (and perhaps faster) to use query instead. -- -- The results are folded strictly by the 'Fold.Fold' that is passed. -- -- If you can, prefer aggregating in the database itself. foldRowsWith :: forall row params m b. ( MonadPostgres m, PG.ToRow params, Typeable row, Typeable params ) => PG.Query -> params -> Decoder row -> Fold.Fold row b -> Transaction m b foldRowsWith qry params decoder = Fold.purely f where f :: forall x. (x -> row -> x) -> x -> (x -> b) -> Transaction m b f acc init extract = do x <- foldRowsWithAcc qry params decoder init (\a r -> pure $ acc a r) pure $ extract x newtype Transaction m a = Transaction {unTransaction :: (ReaderT Connection m a)} deriving newtype ( Functor, Applicative, Monad, MonadThrow, MonadLogger, MonadIO, MonadUnliftIO, MonadTrans, Otel.MonadTracer ) -- | [Resource Pool](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/resource-pool-0.2.3.2/docs/Data-Pool.html) configuration. data PoolingInfo = PoolingInfo { -- | Minimal amount of resources that are -- always available. numberOfStripes :: AtLeast 1 Int, -- | Time after which extra resources -- (above minimum) can stay in the pool -- without being used. unusedResourceOpenTime :: Seconds, -- | Max number of resources that can be -- in the Pool at any time maxOpenResourcesAcrossAllStripes :: AtLeast 1 Int } deriving stock (Generic, Eq, Show) deriving anyclass (FromJSON) initMonadPostgres :: (Text -> IO ()) -> -- | Info describing the connection to the Postgres DB Postgres.ConnectInfo -> -- | Configuration info for pooling attributes PoolingInfo -> -- | Created Postgres connection pool ResourceT IO (Pool Postgres.Connection) initMonadPostgres logInfoFn connectInfo poolingInfo = do (_releaseKey, connPool) <- Resource.allocate (logInfoFn "Creating Postgres Connection Pool" >> createPGConnPool) (\pool -> logInfoFn "Destroying Postgres Connection Pool" >> destroyPGConnPool pool) pure connPool where -- \| Create a Postgres connection pool createPGConnPool :: IO (Pool Postgres.Connection) createPGConnPool = Pool.newPool $ Pool.defaultPoolConfig {- resource init action -} poolCreateResource {- resource destruction -} poolfreeResource ( poolingInfo.unusedResourceOpenTime.unSeconds & fromIntegral @Natural @Double ) (poolingInfo.maxOpenResourcesAcrossAllStripes.unAtLeast) where poolCreateResource = Postgres.connect connectInfo poolfreeResource = Postgres.close -- \| Destroy a Postgres connection pool destroyPGConnPool :: -- \| Pool to be destroyed (Pool Postgres.Connection) -> IO () destroyPGConnPool p = Pool.destroyAllResources p -- | Improve a possible error message, by adding some context to it. -- -- The given Exception type is caught, 'show'n and pretty-printed. -- -- In case we get an `IOError`, we display it in a reasonable fashion. addErrorInformation :: forall exc a. (Exception exc) => Text.Text -> IO a -> IO a addErrorInformation msg io = io & try @exc <&> first (showPretty >>> newError >>> errorContext msg) & try @IOError <&> first (showToError >>> errorContext "IOError" >>> errorContext msg) <&> join @(Either Error) >>= unwrapIOError -- | Catch any Postgres exception that gets thrown, -- print the query that was run and the query parameters, -- then rethrow inside an 'Error'. handlePGException :: forall a params tools m. ( ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool ) => tools -> Text -> Query -> -- | Depending on whether we used `format` or `formatMany`. Either params (NonEmpty params) -> IO a -> Transaction m a handlePGException tools queryType query' params io = do withRunInIO $ \unliftIO -> io `catches` [ Handler $ unliftIO . logQueryException @SqlError, Handler $ unliftIO . logQueryException @QueryError, Handler $ unliftIO . logQueryException @ResultError, Handler $ unliftIO . logFormatException ] where -- TODO: use throwInternalError here (after pulling it into the MonadPostgres class) throwAsError = unwrapIOError . Left . newError throwErr err = liftIO $ throwAsError $ prettyErrorTree $ nestedMultiError "A Postgres query failed" err logQueryException :: (Exception e) => e -> Transaction m a logQueryException exc = do formattedQuery <- case params of Left one -> pgFormatQuery' tools query' one Right many -> pgFormatQueryMany' tools query' many throwErr ( singleError [fmt|Query Type: {queryType}|] :| [ nestedError "Exception" (exc & showPretty & newError & singleError), nestedError "Query" (formattedQuery & newError & singleError) ] ) logFormatException :: FormatError -> Transaction m a logFormatException fe = throwErr (fe & showPretty & newError & singleError & singleton) -- | Perform a Postgres action within a transaction withPGTransaction :: -- | Postgres connection pool to be used for the action (Pool Postgres.Connection) -> -- | DB-action to be performed (Postgres.Connection -> IO a) -> -- | Result of the DB-action IO a withPGTransaction connPool f = Pool.withResource connPool (\conn -> Postgres.withTransaction conn (f conn)) runPGTransactionImpl :: (MonadUnliftIO m) => m (Pool Postgres.Connection) -> Transaction m a -> m a {-# INLINE runPGTransactionImpl #-} runPGTransactionImpl zoom (Transaction transaction) = do pool <- zoom withRunInIO $ \unliftIO -> withPGTransaction pool $ \conn -> do unliftIO $ runReaderT transaction conn executeImpl :: (ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> params -> Transaction m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) {-# INLINE executeImpl #-} executeImpl zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry params = Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (execute)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry (HasSingleParam params) conn <- Transaction ask PG.execute conn qry params & handlePGException tools "execute" qry (Left params) >>= toNumberOfRowsAffected "executeImpl" executeImpl_ :: (MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> Transaction m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) {-# INLINE executeImpl_ #-} executeImpl_ zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry = Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (execute)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled @() tools span logDatabaseQueries qry HasNoParams conn <- Transaction ask PG.execute_ conn qry & handlePGException tools "execute_" qry (Left ()) >>= toNumberOfRowsAffected "executeImpl_" executeManyImpl :: (ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> NonEmpty params -> Transaction m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) executeManyImpl zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry params = Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (execute)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry (HasMultiParams params) conn <- Transaction ask PG.executeMany conn qry (params & toList) & handlePGException tools "executeMany" qry (Right params) >>= toNumberOfRowsAffected "executeManyImpl" toNumberOfRowsAffected :: (MonadIO m) => Text -> Int64 -> m (Label "numberOfRowsAffected" Natural) toNumberOfRowsAffected functionName i64 = i64 & intToNatural & annotate [fmt|{functionName}: postgres returned a negative number of rows affected: {i64}|] -- we throw this directly in IO here, because we don’t want to e.g. have to propagate MonadThrow through user code (it’s an assertion) & unwrapIOError & liftIO <&> label @"numberOfRowsAffected" executeManyReturningWithImpl :: (ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> NonEmpty params -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] {-# INLINE executeManyReturningWithImpl #-} executeManyReturningWithImpl zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry params (Decoder fromRow) = do Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (execute)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry (HasMultiParams params) conn <- Transaction ask PG.returningWith fromRow conn qry (params & toList) & handlePGException tools "executeManyReturning" qry (Right params) foldRowsWithAccImpl :: ( ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m ) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> params -> Decoder row -> a -> (a -> row -> Transaction m a) -> Transaction m a {-# INLINE foldRowsWithAccImpl #-} foldRowsWithAccImpl zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry params (Decoder rowParser) accumulator f = do Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (foldRowsWithAcc)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry (HasSingleParam params) conn <- Transaction ask withRunInIO ( \runInIO -> do PG.foldWithOptionsAndParser PG.defaultFoldOptions rowParser conn qry params accumulator (\acc row -> runInIO $ f acc row) & handlePGException tools "fold" qry (Left params) & runInIO ) pgFormatQueryNoParams' :: (MonadIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool) => tools -> Query -> Transaction m Text pgFormatQueryNoParams' tools q = lift $ pgFormatQueryByteString tools q.fromQuery pgFormatQuery :: (ToRow params, MonadIO m) => Query -> params -> Transaction m ByteString pgFormatQuery qry params = Transaction $ do conn <- ask liftIO $ PG.formatQuery conn qry params pgFormatQueryMany :: (MonadIO m, ToRow params) => Query -> NonEmpty params -> Transaction m ByteString pgFormatQueryMany qry params = Transaction $ do conn <- ask liftIO $ PG.formatMany conn qry ( params -- upstream is partial on empty list, see https://github.com/haskellari/postgresql-simple/issues/129 & toList ) queryWithImpl :: ( ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m ) => m tools -> m DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> params -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] {-# INLINE queryWithImpl #-} queryWithImpl zoomTools zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries qry params (Decoder fromRow) = do Otel.inSpan' "Postgres Query (execute)" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ \span -> do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools logDatabaseQueries <- lift @Transaction zoomDebugLogDatabaseQueries traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry (HasSingleParam params) conn <- Transaction ask PG.queryWith fromRow conn qry params & handlePGException tools "query" qry (Left params) queryWithImpl_ :: ( MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool ) => m tools -> Query -> Decoder r -> Transaction m [r] {-# INLINE queryWithImpl_ #-} queryWithImpl_ zoomTools qry (Decoder fromRow) = do tools <- lift @Transaction zoomTools conn <- Transaction ask liftIO (PG.queryWith_ fromRow conn qry) & handlePGException tools "query" qry (Left ()) data SingleRowError = SingleRowError { -- | How many columns were actually returned by the query numberOfRowsReturned :: Int } deriving stock (Show) instance Exception SingleRowError where displayException (SingleRowError {..}) = [fmt|Single row expected from SQL query result, {numberOfRowsReturned} rows were returned instead."|] pgFormatQuery' :: ( MonadIO m, ToRow params, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool ) => tools -> Query -> params -> Transaction m Text pgFormatQuery' tools q p = pgFormatQuery q p >>= lift . pgFormatQueryByteString tools pgFormatQueryMany' :: ( MonadIO m, ToRow params, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool ) => tools -> Query -> NonEmpty params -> Transaction m Text pgFormatQueryMany' tools q p = pgFormatQueryMany q p >>= lift . pgFormatQueryByteString tools -- | Read the executable name "pg_format" postgresToolsParser :: ToolParserT IO (Label "pgFormat" Tool) postgresToolsParser = label @"pgFormat" <$> readTool "pg_format" pgFormatQueryByteString :: ( MonadIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool ) => tools -> ByteString -> m Text pgFormatQueryByteString tools queryBytes = do do (exitCode, stdout, stderr) <- Process.readProcessWithExitCode tools.pgFormat.toolPath ["-"] (queryBytes & bytesToTextUtf8Lenient & textToString) case exitCode of ExitSuccess -> pure (stdout & stringToText) ExitFailure status -> do logWarn [fmt|pg_format failed with status {status} while formatting the query, using original query string. Is there a syntax error?|] logDebug ( prettyErrorTree ( nestedMultiError "pg_format output" ( nestedError "stdout" (singleError (stdout & stringToText & newError)) :| [(nestedError "stderr" (singleError (stderr & stringToText & newError)))] ) ) ) logDebug [fmt|pg_format stdout: stderr|] pure (queryBytes & bytesToTextUtf8Lenient) data DebugLogDatabaseQueries = -- | Do not log the database queries DontLogDatabaseQueries | -- | Log the database queries as debug output; LogDatabaseQueries | -- | Log the database queries as debug output and additionally the EXPLAIN output (from the query analyzer, not the actual values after execution cause that’s a bit harder to do) LogDatabaseQueriesAndExplain deriving stock (Show, Enum, Bounded) data HasQueryParams param = HasNoParams | HasSingleParam param | HasMultiParams (NonEmpty param) -- | Log the postgres query depending on the given setting traceQueryIfEnabled :: ( ToRow params, MonadUnliftIO m, MonadLogger m, HasField "pgFormat" tools Tool, Otel.MonadTracer m ) => tools -> Otel.Span -> DebugLogDatabaseQueries -> Query -> HasQueryParams params -> Transaction m () traceQueryIfEnabled tools span logDatabaseQueries qry params = do -- In case we have query logging enabled, we want to do that let formattedQuery = case params of HasNoParams -> pgFormatQueryNoParams' tools qry HasSingleParam p -> pgFormatQuery' tools qry p HasMultiParams ps -> pgFormatQueryMany' tools qry ps let doLog errs = Otel.addAttributes span $ HashMap.fromList $ ( ("_.postgres.query", Otel.toAttribute @Text errs.query) : ( errs.explain & foldMap ( \ex -> [("_.postgres.explain", Otel.toAttribute @Text ex)] ) ) ) let doExplain = do q <- formattedQuery Otel.inSpan "Postgres EXPLAIN Query" Otel.defaultSpanArguments $ do queryWithImpl_ (pure tools) ( "EXPLAIN " <> ( -- TODO: this is not nice, but the only way to get the `executeMany` form to work with this -- because we need the query with all elements already interpolated. Query (q & textToBytesUtf8) ) ) (Dec.fromField @Text) <&> Text.intercalate "\n" case logDatabaseQueries of DontLogDatabaseQueries -> pure () LogDatabaseQueries -> do q <- formattedQuery doLog (T2 (label @"query" q) (label @"explain" Nothing)) LogDatabaseQueriesAndExplain -> do q <- formattedQuery -- XXX: stuff like `CREATE SCHEMA` cannot be EXPLAINed, so we should catch exceptions here -- and just ignore anything that errors (if it errors because of a problem with the query, it would have been caught by the query itself. ex <- doExplain doLog (T2 (label @"query" q) (label @"explain" (Just ex))) instance (ToField t1) => ToRow (Label l1 t1) where toRow t2 = toRow $ PG.Only $ getField @l1 t2 instance (ToField t1, ToField t2) => ToRow (T2 l1 t1 l2 t2) where toRow t2 = toRow (getField @l1 t2, getField @l2 t2) instance (ToField t1, ToField t2, ToField t3) => ToRow (T3 l1 t1 l2 t2 l3 t3) where toRow t3 = toRow (getField @l1 t3, getField @l2 t3, getField @l3 t3)