Introduction

About Nix Nix is a purely functional package manager. This means that it treats packages like values in purely functional programming languages such as Haskell — they are built by functions that don’t have side-effects, and they never change after they have been built. Nix stores packages in the Nix store, usually the directory /nix/store, where each package has its own unique subdirectory such as /nix/store/r8vvq9kq18pz08v249h8my6r9vs7s0n3-firefox-2.0.0.1/ where r8vvq9kq… is a unique identifier for the package that captures all its dependencies (it’s a cryptographic hash of the package’s build dependency graph). This enables many powerful features. Multiple versions You can have multiple versions or variants of a package installed at the same time. This is especially important when different applications have dependencies on different versions of the same package — it prevents the “DLL hell”. Because of the hashing scheme, different versions of a package end up in different paths in the Nix store, so they don’t interfere with each other. An important consequence is that operations like upgrading or uninstalling an application cannot break other applications, since these operations never “destructively” update or delete files that are used by other packages. Complete dependencies Nix helps you make sure that package dependency specifications are complete. In general, when you’re making a package for a package management system like RPM, you have to specify for each package what its dependencies are, but there are no guarantees that this specification is complete. If you forget a dependency, then the package will build and work correctly on your machine if you have the dependency installed, but not on the end user's machine if it's not there. Since Nix on the other hand doesn’t install packages in “global” locations like /usr/bin but in package-specific directories, the risk of incomplete dependencies is greatly reduced. This is because tools such as compilers don’t search in per-packages directories such as /nix/store/5lbfaxb722zp…-openssl-0.9.8d/include, so if a package builds correctly on your system, this is because you specified the dependency explicitly. Runtime dependencies are found by scanning binaries for the hash parts of Nix store paths (such as r8vvq9kq…). This sounds risky, but it works extremely well. Multi-user support Starting at version 0.11, Nix has multi-user support. This means that non-privileged users can securely install software. Each user can have a different profile, a set of packages in the Nix store that appear in the user’s PATH. If a user installs a package that another user has already installed previously, the package won’t be built or downloaded a second time. At the same time, it is not possible for one user to inject a Trojan horse into a package that might be used by another user. Atomic upgrades and rollbacks Since package management operations never overwrite packages in the Nix store but just add new versions in different paths, they are atomic. So during a package upgrade, there is no time window in which the package has some files from the old version and some files from the new version — which would be bad because a program might well crash if it’s started during that period. And since package aren’t overwritten, the old versions are still there after an upgrade. This means that you can roll back to the old version: $ nix-env --upgrade some-packages $ nix-env --rollback Garbage collection When you uninstall a package like this… $ nix-env --uninstall firefox the package isn’t deleted from the system right away (after all, you might want to do a rollback, or it might be in the profiles of other users). Instead, unused packages can be deleted safely by running the garbage collector: $ nix-collect-garbage This deletes all packages that aren’t in use by any user profile or by a currently running program. Functional package language Packages are built from Nix expressions, which is a simple functional language. A Nix expression describes everything that goes into a package build action (a “derivation”): other packages, sources, the build script, environment variables for the build script, etc. Nix tries very hard to ensure that Nix expressions are deterministic: building a Nix expression twice should yield the same result. Because it’s a functional language, it’s easy to support building variants of a package: turn the Nix expression into a function and call it any number of times with the appropriate arguments. Due to the hashing scheme, variants don’t conflict with each other in the Nix store. Transparent source/binary deployment Nix expressions generally describe how to build a package from source, so an installation action like $ nix-env --install firefox could cause quite a bit of build activity, as not only Firefox but also all its dependencies (all the way up to the C library and the compiler) would have to built, at least if they are not already in the Nix store. This is a source deployment model. For most users, building from source is not very pleasant as it takes far too long. However, Nix can automatically skip building from source and download a pre-built binary instead if it knows about it. Nix channels provide Nix expressions along with pre-built binaries. Binary patching In addition to downloading binaries automatically if they’re available, Nix can download binary deltas that patch an existing package in the Nix store into a new version. This speeds up upgrades. Nix Packages collection We provide a large set of Nix expressions containing hundreds of existing Unix packages, the Nix Packages collection (Nixpkgs). Service deployment Nix can be used not only for rolling out packages, but also complete configurations of services. This is done by treating all the static bits of a service (such as software packages, configuration files, control scripts, static web pages, etc.) as “packages” that can be built by Nix expressions. As a result, all the features above apply to services as well: for instance, you can roll back a web server configuration if a configuration change turns out to be undesirable, you can easily have multiple instances of a service (e.g., a test and production server), and because the whole service is built in a purely functional way from a Nix expression, it is repeatable so you can easily reproduce the service on another machine. Portability Nix should run on most Unix systems, including Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X. It is also supported on Windows using Cygwin. NixOS NixOS is a Linux distribution based on Nix. It uses Nix not just for package management but also to manage the system configuration (e.g., to build configuration files in /etc). This means, among other things, that it’s possible to easily roll back the entire configuration of the system to an earlier state. Also, users can install software without root privileges. For more information and downloads, see the NixOS homepage.