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diff --git a/tvix/docs/src/store/api.md b/tvix/docs/src/store/api.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..c5a5c477aa17 --- /dev/null +++ b/tvix/docs/src/store/api.md @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +tvix-[ca]store API +============== + +This document outlines the design of the API exposed by tvix-castore and tvix- +store, as well as other implementations of this store protocol. + +This document is meant to be read side-by-side with +[castore.md](../../castore/docs/data-model.md) which describes the data model +in more detail. + +The store API has four main consumers: + +1. The evaluator (or more correctly, the CLI/coordinator, in the Tvix + case) communicates with the store to: + + * Upload files and directories (e.g. from `builtins.path`, or `src = ./path` + Nix expressions). + * Read files from the store where necessary (e.g. when `nixpkgs` is + located in the store, or for IFD). + +2. The builder communicates with the store to: + + * Upload files and directories after a build, to persist build artifacts in + the store. + +3. Tvix clients (such as users that have Tvix installed, or, depending + on perspective, builder environments) expect the store to + "materialise" on disk to provide a directory layout with store + paths. + +4. Stores may communicate with other stores, to substitute already built store + paths, i.e. a store acts as a binary cache for other stores. + +The store API attempts to reuse parts of its API between these three +consumers by making similarities explicit in the protocol. This leads +to a protocol that is slightly more complex than a simple "file +upload/download"-system, but at significantly greater efficiency, both in terms +of deduplication opportunities as well as granularity. + +## The Store model + +Contents inside a tvix-store can be grouped into three different message types: + + * Blobs + * Directories + * PathInfo (see further down) + +(check `castore.md` for more detailed field descriptions) + +### Blobs +A blob object contains the literal file contents of regular (or executable) +files. + +### Directory +A directory object describes the direct children of a directory. + +It contains: + - name of child (regular or executable) files, and their [blake3][blake3] hash. + - name of child symlinks, and their target (as string) + - name of child directories, and their [blake3][blake3] hash (forming a Merkle DAG) + +### Content-addressed Store Model +For example, lets consider a directory layout like this, with some +imaginary hashes of file contents: + +``` +. +├── file-1.txt hash: 5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fb +└── nested + └── file-2.txt hash: abc6fd595fc079d3114d4b71a4d8 +``` + +A hash for the *directory* `nested` can be created by creating the `Directory` +object: + +```json +{ + "directories": [], + "files": [{ + "name": "file-2.txt", + "digest": "abc6fd595fc079d3114d4b71a4d8", + "size": 123, + }], + "symlink": [], +} +``` + +And then hashing a serialised form of that data structure. We use the blake3 +hash of the canonical protobuf representation. Let's assume the hash was +`ff0029485729bcde993720749232`. + +To create the directory object one layer up, we now refer to our `nested` +directory object in `directories`, and to `file-1.txt` in `files`: + +```json +{ + "directories": [{ + "name": "nested", + "digest": "ff0029485729bcde993720749232", + "size": 1, + }], + "files": [{ + "name": "file-1.txt", + "digest": "5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fb", + "size": 124, + }] +} +``` + +This Merkle DAG of Directory objects, and flat store of blobs can be used to +describe any file/directory/symlink inside a store path. Due to its content- +addressed nature, it'll automatically deduplicate (re-)used (sub)directories, +and allow substitution from any (untrusted) source. + +The thing that's now only missing is the metadata to map/"mount" from the +content-addressed world to a physical path. + +### PathInfo +As most paths in the Nix store currently are input-addressed [^input-addressed], +and the `tvix-castore` data model is also not intrinsically using NAR hashes, +we need something mapping from an input-addressed "output path hash" (or a Nix- +specific content-addressed path) to the contents in the `tvix-castore` world. + +That's what `PathInfo` provides. It embeds the root node (Directory, File or +Symlink) at a given store path. + +The root nodes' `name` field is populated with the (base)name inside +`/nix/store`, so `xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-pname-1.2.3`. + +The `PathInfo` message also stores references to other store paths, and some +more NARInfo-specific metadata (signatures, narhash, narsize). + + +## API overview + +There's three different services: + +### BlobService +`BlobService` can be used to store and retrieve blobs of data, used to host +regular file contents. + +It is content-addressed, using [blake3][blake3] +as a hashing function. + +As blake3 is a tree hash, there's an opportunity to do +[verified streaming][bao] of parts of the file, +which doesn't need to trust any more information than the root hash itself. +Future extensions of the `BlobService` protocol will enable this. + +### DirectoryService +`DirectoryService` allows lookups (and uploads) of `Directory` messages, and +whole reference graphs of them. + + +### PathInfoService +The PathInfo service provides lookups from a store path hash to a `PathInfo` +message. + +## Example flows + +Below there are some common use cases of tvix-store, and how the different +services are used. + +### Upload files and directories +This is needed for `builtins.path` or `src = ./path` in Nix expressions (A), as +well as for uploading build artifacts to a store (B). + +The path specified needs to be (recursively, BFS-style) traversed. + * All file contents need to be hashed with blake3, and submitted to the + *BlobService* if not already present. + A reference to them needs to be added to the parent Directory object that's + constructed. + * All symlinks need to be added to the parent directory they reside in. + * Whenever a Directory has been fully traversed, it needs to be uploaded to + the *DirectoryService* and a reference to it needs to be added to the parent + Directory object. + +Most of the hashing / directory traversal/uploading can happen in parallel, +as long as Directory objects only refer to Directory objects and Blobs that +have already been uploaded. + +When reaching the root, a `PathInfo` object needs to be constructed. + + * In the case of content-addressed paths (A), the name of the root node is + based on the NAR representation of the contents. + It might make sense to be able to offload the NAR calculation to the store, + which can cache it. + * In the case of build artifacts (B), the output path is input-addressed and + known upfront. + +Contrary to Nix, this has the advantage of not having to upload a lot of things +to the store that didn't change. + +### Reading files from the store from the evaluator +This is the case when `nixpkgs` is located in the store, or IFD in general. + +The store client asks the `PathInfoService` for the `PathInfo` of the output +path in the request, and looks at the root node. + +If something other than the root of the store path is requested, like for +example `maintainers/maintainer-list.nix`, the root_node Directory is inspected +and potentially a chain of `Directory` objects requested from +*DirectoryService*. [^n+1query]. + +When the desired file is reached, the *BlobService* can be used to read the +contents of this file, and return it back to the evaluator. + +FUTUREWORK: define how importing from symlinks should/does work. + +Contrary to Nix, this has the advantage of not having to copy all of the +contents of a store path to the evaluating machine, but really only fetching +the files the evaluator currently cares about. + +### Materializing store paths on disk +This is useful for people running a Tvix-only system, or running builds on a +"Tvix remote builder" in its own mount namespace. + +In a system with Nix installed, we can't simply manually "extract" things to +`/nix/store`, as Nix assumes to own all writes to this location. +In these use cases, we're probably better off exposing a tvix-store as a local +binary cache (that's what `//tvix/nar-bridge-go` does). + +Assuming we are in an environment where we control `/nix/store` exclusively, a +"realize to disk" would either "extract" things from the `tvix-store` to a +filesystem, or expose a `FUSE`/`virtio-fs` filesystem. + +The latter is already implemented, and particularly interesting for (remote) +build workloads, as build inputs can be realized on-demand, which saves copying +around a lot of never- accessed files. + +In both cases, the API interactions are similar. + * The *PathInfoService* is asked for the `PathInfo` of the requested store path. + * If everything should be "extracted", the *DirectoryService* is asked for all + `Directory` objects in the closure, the file structure is created, all Blobs + are downloaded and placed in their corresponding location and all symlinks + are created accordingly. + * If this is a FUSE filesystem, we can decide to only request a subset, + similar to the "Reading files from the store from the evaluator" use case, + even though it might make sense to keep all Directory objects around. + (See the caveat in "Trust model" though!) + +### Stores communicating with other stores +The gRPC API exposed by the tvix-store allows composing multiple stores, and +implementing some caching strategies, that store clients don't need to be aware +of. + + * For example, a caching strategy could have a fast local tvix-store, that's + asked first and filled with data from a slower remote tvix-store. + + * Multiple stores could be asked for the same data, and whatever store returns + the right data first wins. + + +## Trust model / Distribution +As already described above, the only non-content-addressed service is the +`PathInfo` service. + +This means, all other messages (such as `Blob` and `Directory` messages) can be +substituted from many different, untrusted sources/mirrors, which will make +plugging in additional substitution strategies like IPFS, local network +neighbors super simple. That's also why it's living in the `tvix-castore` crate. + +As for `PathInfo`, we don't specify an additional signature mechanism yet, but +carry the NAR-based signatures from Nix along. + +This means, if we don't trust a remote `PathInfo` object, we currently need to +"stream" the NAR representation to validate these signatures. + +However, the slow part is downloading of NAR files, and considering we have +more granularity available, we might only need to download some small blobs, +rather than a whole NAR file. + +A future signature mechanism, that is only signing (parts of) the `PathInfo` +message, which only points to content-addressed data will enable verified +partial access into a store path, opening up opportunities for lazy filesystem +access etc. + + + +[blake3]: https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3 +[bao]: https://github.com/oconnor663/bao +[^input-addressed]: Nix hashes the A-Term representation of a .drv, after doing + some replacements on refered Input Derivations to calculate + output paths. +[^n+1query]: This would expose an N+1 query problem. However it's not a problem + in practice, as there's usually always a "local" caching store in + the loop, and *DirectoryService* supports a recursive lookup for + all `Directory` children of a `Directory` |